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De.0}sion and c.ordination of an e.c.mme.c. Supply c.ain c.nside.ing Re.urns and Ne.work e.te.nalitie.

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Journal of Syste.s Sc.e.c. and Syste.s e.gine.ring 2024年第5期33卷 552-575页

作者： Liang She. Fe. Lin Yuyan Wang Luping Ding T.c.e.c.e.g De.ia Wang Sc.ool of Public.Financ. and Taxation Shandong University of Finance and Economicsjinan 250014China bsc.ool of Manage.e.t Sc.e.c. and e.gine.ring Shandong University of Finance and EconomicsJinan 250014China PolyU Busine.s Sc.ool The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong 999077China

c.nside.ing the.large.numbe. of re.urns in online.sale. and the.ne.work e.te.nalitie. of e.platforms,we.de.e.op a de.0}ntralize. mode. and a c.ntralize. mode. to e.plore.the.impac.s of re.urns and ne.work e.te.nalitie. on e.c.mme.c. supply c.ain(e.0}c.*** show that in the.de.0}ntralize. mode.,the.se.vic. le.e.,pric.,marke. de.and,and e.0}c.me.be.s’profits inc.e.se.with the.ne.work e.te.nality ***,the.se.vic. le.e. and pric. inc.e.se.while.the.marke. de.and and e.0}c.me.be.s’profits de.0}e.se.with the.produc. re.urn *** c.ntralize. mode. is the.optimal ope.ating mode.whe. it is prope.ly *** de.ign the.c.mmission and re.urn c.st-sharing”c.ntrac. to optimize.e.0}c.in whic. the.proportion of the.e.platform’s sharing of the.re.urn handling c.st is e.ac.ly e.ual to the.proportion of the.syste. profit afte. *** on the.de.0}ntralize. mode.,we.de.e.op two e.te.de. mode.s in whic. we.e.doge.ize.the.impac.s of the.se.vic. le.e. and re.urn rate.on the.ne.work e.te.nality *** c.mparisons be.we.n the.e.te.de. and de.0}ntralize. mode.s,we.show that high-quality se.vic. c.n improve.e.0}c.s profitability,while.a high re.urn rate.hurts its e.0}nomic.pe.formanc..

关键词： e.c.mme.c. supply c.ain c.ordination me.0}anism ne.work e.te.nalitie. re.urn produc.s

Slope.stability of re.0}aime. c.al mine. through a ne. wate. filling inde.

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Journal of Roc. Me.0}anic. and Ge.te.0}nic.l e.gine.ring 2024年第3期16卷 828-839页

作者： Antonios Mikroutsikos Ale.andros I.The.c.aris Nikolaos c.Koukouzas Ioannis e.Ze.golis c.e.ic.l Proc.ss&e.e.gy Re.ourc.s Institute Centre for Research&Technology HellasAthensGreece Sc.ool of Mining and Me.allurgic.l e.gine.ring National Technical University of AthensAthensGreece

A c.mmon re.0}amation prac.ic. for c.ose. c.al surfac. mine. is filling the. with wate. to form pit *** c.e.tion and sustainability of the.e.lake. are.signific.ntly affe.0}e. by the.stability of the.c.rre.ponding *** pre.e.t study provide. a ge.e.al frame.ork for analyzing the.wate. filling’s e.fe.0} on slope.stability base. on a ne. wate. filling inde.,whic. c.n indire.0}ly c.nside. the.fac.ors affe.0}ing the.proc.ss and e.fic.e.tly quantify the.filling spe.d’s *** assumptions of the.propose. approac. are.thoroughly disc.sse.,and the.range.of the.wate. filling inde. is ***,the.safe.y fac.or is c.lc.late. using the.finite.e.e.e.t me.hod with the.she.r stre.gth re.uc.ion te.0}nique.during the.filling proc.ss for various c.nditions(soil prope.tie.,slope.ge.me.ry,hydraulic.c.nditions,and wate. filling spe.d).Re.ults are.pre.e.te. as normalize. stability c.arts for prac.ic.l *** the.wate. filling,the.stability gradually de.0}e.se. until the.re.e.voir re.c.e. a c.itic.l le.e. of 10%e.0%of the.total he.ght;it the. inc.e.se. to e.e. more.stable.c.nditions than the.initial ***,the.pre.e.t analysis allows for the.pre.iminary stability e.aluation of a c.al mine.during the.formation of a pit lake.and the.appropriate.quantific.tion of the.wate. filling’s e.fe.0}.

关键词： Post-c.al e.a Ope.-pit flooding Stability c.arts c.itic.l le.e.

c.mparisons of oxbow lake.fish asse.blage. in re.ation to bighe.de. c.rp e.tablishme.t in the.lowe. White.Rive., Arkansas

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e.0}logic.l Proc.sse. 2024年第1期13卷 188-205页

作者： Mic.ae. A.e.gle.on c.dy J.Salzmann Jose.h e.Kaise. Shannon c.F.Smith De.artme.t of Aquac.lture.and Fishe.ie. University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Arkansas Game.and Fish c.mmission Virginia Institute.of Marine.Sc.e.c.

Bac.ground Sinc. the.late.1990s, bighe.de. c.rps(large.y silve. c.rp [Hypophthalmic.thys molitrix] but also bighe.d c.rp [H. nobilis]) have.e.tablishe. throughout the.lowe. Mississippi Rive. basin. Using pre.iously studie. oxbow lake. in the.lowe. White.Rive. basin, Arkansas, we.c.mpare. c.rre.t(2017, “post-c.rp” e.tablishme.t) fish asse.blage. to historic.l(2002, “pre.c.rp” e.tablishme.t) fish asse.blage.. Fish asse.blage. we.e.c.mpre.e.sive.y asse.se. using multiple.ge.rs, inc.uding boat e.e.0}rofishing, mini-fyke.ne.s, and e.pe.ime.tal small-me.h gill *** T-te.ts sugge.te. that fish asse.blage.indic.s of ric.ne.s, dive.sity, e.e.ne.s, and dominanc. we.e.ofte. gre.te.(P e.post-c.rp pe.iod as re.le.0}e. by boat e.e.0}rofishing and e.pe.ime.tal gill ne.s. Howe.e., all indic.s we.e.ge.e.ally similar(P > 0.05) be.we.n the.pre.c.rp and post-c.rp pe.iod with fish asse.blage. de.ic.e. using mini-fyke.ne.s. Nonme.ric.multidime.sional sc.ling analyse. indic.te. that fish asse.blage. diffe.e. struc.urally be.we.n pre.c.rp and post-c.rp pe.iods. Asse.blage.diffe.e.c.s we.e.linke. to both small and large.abundanc. c.ange. for more.than 20 spe.0}e.. Abundanc.s of gizzard shad(Dorosoma c.pe.ianum), e.e.ald shine.(Notropis athe.inoide.), pugnose.minnow(Opsopoe.dus e.iliae., c.appie.(Pomoxis spp.), blue.ill(Le.omis mac.oc.irus), orange.potte. sunfish(L. humilis), and ye.low bass(Morone.mississippie.sis) de.0}ine. be.we.n the.pre.c.rp and postc.rp pe.iods. c.nve.se.y, abundanc.s of we.d shine.(N. te.anus), pallid shine.(Hybopsis amnis), longe.r sunfish(L. me.alotis), buffalofishe.(Ic.iobus spp.), and gars(Le.isoste.s spp.) ge.e.ally inc.e.se. during the.same.*** Although not possible.to c.nc.ude.asse.blage.shifts we.e.e.tire.y re.ate. to bighe.de. c.rps due.to the.abse.c. of an appropriate.re.e.e.c. syste. whe.e.c.rps did not e.tablish, the.wide.e.tablishme.t of the.e.c.rps is one.of the.most pe.vasive.c.ange. to have.oc.urre. in the.lowe. White

关键词： Bighe.de. c.rp Silve. c.rp Aquatic.nuisanc. spe.0}e. Fish asse.blage Oxbow lake Large.rive.

Broad Hormonal Re.ponse. Induc.d by Aluminum in Roots of Dwarf Transge.ic. of Solanum lyc.pe.sic.m L. c. “Mic.o-Tom”

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Ame.ic.n Journal of Plant Sc.e.c.s 2024年第5期15卷 349-358页

作者： Arthur B. Rate. Danie.a Boanare. Danie.e.S. G. Piane.ti Fe.ipe.De.la-Torre.Joni e. Lima Marc.l G. c. França De.artme.t of Botany and Plant Physiology Laboratory Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil

The.spatial patte.n distribution of plant hormone. in re.ponse.to aluminum (Al) toxic.ty in roots re.ains to be.shown. This study was pe.forme. to asse.s the.root hormonal ac.umulation and ge.e.e.pre.sion in re.ponse.to Al toxic.ty in five.transge.ic.miniature.dwarf tomatoe. c.. Mic.o-Tom (MT). MT and MT transge.ic. to ac.d indole.ac.tic. c.tokinin, gibbe.e.lin, absc.sic.ac.d and e.hyle.e.we.e.c.ltivate. in nutrie.t solutions c.ntaining diffe.e.t Al c.nc.ntrations. Root growth e.ongation was me.sure. and c.llular damage.was visualize. by staining e.ans’s blue. The.GUS re.orte. ge.e.staining te.0}nique.was use. to visualize.hormonal c.ange. in MT ape. root tissue.. Data indic.te. that the.MT is se.sitive.to Al that induc.d signific.nt growth inhibition and c.llular damage. Al c.nc.ntration of 27 μM was signific.ntly toxic. induc.ng root ape. darke.ing and inhibition of root de.e.opme.t. The.qualitative.e.aluation of GUS re.orte. ge.e.e.pre.sion showe. inte.se.c.osstalk among all hormone. studie., unde.sc.ring the.c.mple.ity of signaling induc.d by Al in ape. roots. Re.ults point out to a major unde.standing of the.hormonal signaling in re.ponse.to Al toxic.ty, whic. may induc. a c.ange.of root growth and arc.ite.0}ure.with growth inhibition and c.ll c.nstraints modulate. by all diffe.e.t hormone. e.aluate..

关键词： Ge.e.Re.orte. Me.al Plant Hormone. Root Staining

e.iste.c. of a Hölde. c.ntinuous e.te.sion on e.be.de. Balls of the.3-Torus for the.Pe.iodic.Navie. Stoke. e.uations

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Advanc.s in Pure.Mathe.atic. 2024年第2期14卷 118-138页

作者： Te.ry e. Mosc.andre.u Inte.me.iate.Sc.e.c. and Mathe.atic. TVDSB London Ontario Canada

This artic.e.give. a ge.e.al mode. using spe.0}fic.pe.iodic.spe.0}al func.ions, whic. is de.e.e.ate.e.liptic.We.e.strass P func.ions whose.pre.e.c. in the.gove.ning e.uations through the.forc.ng te.ms simplify the.pe.iodic.Navie. Stoke. e.uations (PNS) at the.c.nte.s of c.lls of the.3-Torus. Satisfying a dive.ge.c.-fre. ve.0}or fie.d and pe.iodic.boundary c.nditions re.pe.0}ive.y with a ge.e.al spatio-te.poral forc.ng te.m whic. is smooth and spatially pe.iodic. the.e.iste.c. of solutions whic. have.finite.time.singularitie. c.n oc.ur starting with the.first de.ivative.and highe. with re.pe.0} to time. The.e.iste.c. of a subspac. of the.solution spac. whe.e.v3 is c.ntinuous and {c. y1, y12}, is line.rly inde.e.de.t in the.additive.argume.t of the.solution in te.ms of the.Lambe.t W func.ion, (y12=y2, c.R) toge.he. with the.c.ndition v2=-2y1v1. On this subspac., the.Biot Savart Law holds e.ac.ly [se. Se.0}ion 2 (e.uation (13))]. Also on this subspac., an e.pre.sion X (part of PNS e.uations) vanishe. whic. c.ntains all the.e.pre.sions in de.ivative. of v1 and v2 and the.forc.ng te.ms in the.plane.whic. are.re.ate. as with the.c.nc.llation of all suc. te.ms in gove.ning PDe. The.y3 c.mpone.t forc.ng te.m is arbitrarily small in ε ball whe.e.We.e.strass P func.ions touc. the.c.nte. of the.ball both for invisc.d and visc.us c.se.. As a re.ult, a signific.nt simplific.tion oc.urs with a v3 only gove.ning PDe.re.ulting. With visc.sity pre.e.t as v c.ange. from ze.o to the.fully visc.us c.se.at v =1 the.solution for v3 re.c.e. a pe.k in the.third c.mpone.t y3. c.nse.ue.tly, the.e.e.ists a dipole.whic. is not c.nte.e. at the.c.nte. of the.c.ll of the.Lattic.. He.c. sinc. the.dipole.by de.inition has an e.ual in magnitude.positive.and ne.ative.pe.k in y3, the. the.dipole.Rie.ann c.t-off surfac. is c

关键词： Navie.-Stoke. PNS 3-Torus Pe.iodic Ball Sphe.e Hölde. c.ntinuous Rie.ann-Surfac. Unique.e.s

e.fe.0}s of improve. amino ac.d balanc. die. on lysine.mammary utilization, whole.body prote.n turnove. and musc.e.prote.n bre.kdown on lac.ating sows

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JOURNAL OF ANIMAL Sc.e.c. AND BIOTe.0}NOLOGY 2024年第1期15卷 1-13页

作者： Zhang, Sai Marini, Juan c. Mavangira, Ve.gai c.aude. Andre. Moore. Julie.Mohammad, Mahmoud A. Trottie., Nathalie.L. Mic.igan State.Univ Dept Anim Sci E Lansing MI 48824 USA Guangdong Ac.d Agr Sc. Minist Agr & Rural Affairs State Key Lab Swine & Poultry Breeding Ind Inst Anim SciKey Lab Anim Nutr & Feed Sci South C Guangzhou 510640 Peoples R China c.rne.l Univ Dept Anim Sci Frank Morrison Hall507 Tower Rd Ithaca NY 14853 USA Baylor c.ll Me. USDA ARS Childrens Nutr Res Ctr Houston TX 77030 USA Baylor c.ll Me. Dept Pediat Pediat Crit Care Med Houston TX 77030 USA Mic.igan State.Univ Dept Large Anim Clin Sci E Lansing MI 48824 USA

Bac.ground The.study obje.0}ive.was to te.t the.hypothe.is that low c.ude.prote.n (c.) die. with c.ystalline.amino ac.ds (c.A) supple.e.tation improve. Lys utilization e.fic.e.c. for milk produc.ion and re.uc.s prote.n turnove. and musc.e.prote.n bre.kdown. e.ghte.n lac.ating multiparous Yorkshire.sows we.e.allotte. to 1 of 2 isoc.loric.die.s (10.80 MJ/kg ne. e.e.gy): c.ntrol (c.N; 19.24% c.) and re.uc.d c. with "optimal" AA profile.(OPT; 14.00% c.). Sow body we.ght and bac.fat we.e.re.0}rde. on d 1 and 21 of lac.ation and pigle.s we.e.we.ghe. on d 1, 14, 18, and 21 of lac.ation. Be.we.n d 14 and 18, a subse. of 9 sows (c.N = 4, OPT = 5) was infuse. with a mixe. solution of 3-[me.hyl-H-2(3)]histidine.(bolus inje.0}ion) and [c.13]bic.rbonate.(priming dose. first, the. a c.nstant 2-h [c.13]bic.rbonate.infusion followe. by a 6-h prime. c.nstant [1-c.13]lysine.infusion. Se.ial blood and milk sampling we.e.pe.forme. to de.e.mine.plasma and milk Lys e.ric.me.t, Lys oxidation rate. whole.body prote.n turnove., and musc.e.prote.n bre.kdown. Re.ults Ove. the.21-d lac.ation pe.iod, c.mpare. to c.N, sows fe. OPT had gre.te. litte. growth rate.(P c.mpare. to c.N, sows fe. OPT had gre.te. e.fic.e.c. of Lys (P e.body prote.n turnove. e.fic.e.c. (P c.mpare. to c.N, sows fe. OPT te.de. to have.lowe. whole.body prote.n bre.kdown rate.(P = 0.069). Musc.e.prote.n bre.kdown rate.did not diffe. be.we.n OPT and c.N (P = 0.197). c.nc.usion Fe.ding an improve. AA balanc. die. inc.e.se. e.fic.e.c. of Lys and re.uc.d whole.body prote.n turnove. and prote.n bre.kdown. The.e.re.ults imply that the.lowe. mate.nal N re.e.tion obse.ve. in lac.ating sows fe. improve. AA balanc. die.s in pre.ious studie. may be.a re.ult of gre.te. partitioning of AA towards milk rathe. than gre.te. body prote.n bre.kdown.

关键词： Amino ac.d e.fic.e.c. Lac.ating sows Prote.n bre.kdown Prote.n turnove. Re.uc.d prote.n die. NUTRITIONALLY INDUc.D Re.ATIONSHIPS TO-OVULATION INTe.VAL 3-Me.HYLHISTIDINe.PRODUc.ION Re.RODUc.IVe.c.ARAc.e.ISTIc. INSULIN Le.e.S e.FIc.e.c. IMPAc.

e.trate.re.trial Life.in the.The.mosphe.e. Plasmas, UAP, Pre.Life. Fourth State.of Matte.

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Journal of Mode.n Physic. 2024年第3期15卷 322-376页

作者： R. Jose.h c. Impe. O. Planc.on R. de. Gaudio M. Abu Safa A. R. Sumanarathna e. Ansbro D. Duvall G. Bianc.ardi c. H. Gibson R. Sc.ild Astrobiology Re.e.rc. c.nte. California USA De.artme.t of Astronomy University of Arizona Tucson USA Biogéosc.e.c.s Laboratory University of Burgundy Dijon France De.artme.t of Biology University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy De.artme.t of Applie. Physic. Palestine Polytechnic University Hebron Palestine De.artme.t of Re.e.rc. and Innovation Eco Astronomy International Research Center Tetouan Morocco Spac. e.ploration Ltd. Boyle County Roscommon Ireland De.artme.t of Zoology Oklahoma State University (Emeritus) Stillwater USA De.artme.t of Sc.e.c. and Me.ic.ne Università Degli Studi di Siena Tuscany Italy c.nte. for Astrophysic. and Spac. Sc.e.c.s University of California (Emeritus) San Diego USA c.nte. for Astrophysic. Harvard-Smithsonian (Emeritus) Cambridge USA

“Plasmas” up to a kilome.e. in size.and be.aving similarly to multic.llular organisms have.be.n filme. on 10 se.arate.NASA spac. shuttle.missions, ove. 200 mile. above.e.rth within the.the.mosphe.e. The.e.se.f-illuminate. “plasmas” are.attrac.e. to and may “fe.d on” e.e.0}romagne.ic.radiation. The. have.diffe.e.t morphologie.: 1) c.ne. 2) c.oud, 3) donut, 4) sphe.ic.l-c.lindric.l;and have.be.n filme. flying towards and de.c.nding from the.the.mosphe.e.into thunde.storms;c.ngre.ating by the.hundre.s and inte.ac.ing with sate.lite. ge.e.ating e.e.0}romagne.ic.ac.ivity;approac.ing the.Spac. Shuttle.. c.mpute.ize. analysis of flight path traje.0}orie. doc.me.ts the.e.plasmas trave. at diffe.e.t ve.oc.tie. from diffe.e.t dire.0}ions and c.ange.the.r angle.of traje.0}ory making 45°, 90°, and 180° shifts and follow e.c. othe.. The.’ve.be.n filme. ac.e.e.ating, slowing down, stopping, c.ngre.ating, e.gaging in “hunte.-pre.atory” be.avior and inte.se.0}ing plasmas le.ving a plasma dust trail in the.r wake. Similar life.like.be.aviors have.be.n de.onstrate. by plasmas c.e.te. e.pe.ime.tally. “Plasmas” may have.be.n photographe. in the.1940s by WWII pilots (ide.tifie. as “Foo fighte.s”);re.e.te.ly obse.ve. and filme. by astronauts and military pilots and c.assifie. as Unide.tifie. Ae.ial—Anomalous Phe.ome.on. Plasmas are.not biologic.l but may re.re.e.t a form of pre.life.that via the.inc.rporation of e.e.e.ts c.mmon in spac., c.uld re.ult in the.synthe.is of RNA. Plasmas c.nstitute.a fourth state.of matte., are.attrac.e. to e.e.0}romagne.ic.ac.ivity, and whe. obse.ve. in the.lowe. atmosphe.e.like.y ac.ount for many of the.UFO-UAP sightings ove. the.c.nturie..

关键词： e.trate.re.trials Plasmas Dusty Plasmas e.tre.ophile. Life.in Spac. Abioge.e.is Origins of Life RNA World

Re.ie. of Ne.worke. Mic.ogrid Prote.0}ion:Arc.ite.0}ure.,c.alle.ge.,Solutions,and Future.Tre.ds

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c.e. Journal of Powe. and e.e.gy Syste.s 2024年第2期10卷 448-467页

作者： Jorge.de.la c.uz Ying Wu John e.c.nde.o-Be.0}rra Juan c.Vasque. Jose. M.Gue.re.o c.nte. for Re.e.rc. on Mic.ogrids(c.OM) Department of Energy TechnologyAalborg University9220 AalborgDenmark Fac.ltad de.Minas Departamento de Energia Eléctrica y AutomaticaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaSede MedellinCarrera 80 No.65-223RobledoMedellin 050041Colombia. c.nte. for Re.e.rc. on Mic.ogrids at UPc.UPc.c.OM) Department of Electronic EngineeringTechnical University of Catalonia(UPC)08019 Barcelona Spain Ic.e. Pg.Lluis Companys 2308010 BarcelonaSpain c.nte. for Re.e.rc. on Mic.ogrids at AAU(AAU c.OM) AAU EnergyAalborg University(AAU)9220 Aalborg EastDenmark

De.ign and se.e.0}ion of advanc.d prote.0}ion sc.e.e. have.be.0}me.e.se.tial for re.iable.and se.0}re.ope.ation of ne.worke. *** prote.0}ion sc.e.e. that allow c.rre.0} ope.ation of mic.ogrids have.be.n propose. for individual syste.s in diffe.e.t topologie. and ***,prote.0}ion sc.e.e. for ne.worke. mic.ogrids are.still in de.e.-opme.t,and furthe. re.e.rc. is re.uire. to de.ign and ope.ate.advanc.d prote.0}ion in inte.c.nne.0}e. *** of the.e.mic.ogrids in diffe.e.t node. with various inte.c.n-ne.0}ion te.0}nologie. inc.e.se. fault oc.urre.c. and c.mplic.te. prote.0}ion *** pape. aims to point out c.alle.ge. in de.e.oping prote.0}ion for ne.worke. mic.ogrids,pote.tial solutions,and re.e.rc. are.s that ne.d to be.addre.se. for the.r ***,this artic.e.pre.e.ts a syste.atic.analysis of diffe.e.t mic.ogrid c.uste.s propose. sinc. 2016,inc.uding se.e.al arc.ite.0}ure. of ne.worke. mic.ogrids,ope.ation mode.,c.mpone.ts,and utilization of re.e.able.sourc.s,whic. have.not be.n wide.y e.plore. in pre.ious re.ie. ***,the.pape. pre.e.ts a disc.ssion on prote.0}ion syste.s c.rre.tly available.for mic.ogrid c.uste.s,c.rre.t c.alle.ge.,and solutions that have.be.n propose. for the.e.***,it disc.sse. the.tre.d of prote.0}ion sc.e.e. in ne.worke. mic.ogrids and pre.e.ts some.c.nc.usions re.ate. to ***—Adaptive.e.rote.0}ion,mic.ogrid c.uste.,mic.ogrid,multiple.mic.ogrid,ne.worke. mic.ogrid,re.l-time.simulation,smart grid.

关键词： Adaptive.e.rote.0}ion mic.ogrid c.uste. mic.ogrid multiple.mic.ogrid ne.worke. mic.ogrid re.l-time.simulation smart grid

A Baye.ian Mixture.Mode. Approac. to Disparity Te.ting

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Applie. Mathe.atic. 2024年第3期15卷 214-234页

作者： Gary c. Mc.onald De.artme.t of Mathe.atic. and Statistic. Oakland University Rochester USA

The.topic.of this artic.e.is one.side. hypothe.is te.ting for disparity, i.e., the.me.n of one.group is large. than that of anothe. whe. the.e.is unc.rtainty as to whic. group a datum is drawn. For e.c. datum, the.unc.rtainty is c.pture. with a give. disc.e.e.probability distribution ove. the.groups. Suc. situations arise. for e.ample. in the.use.of Baye.ian imputation me.hods to asse.s rac. and e.hnic.ty disparitie. with c.rtain insuranc., he.lth, and financ.al data. A wide.y use. me.hod to imple.e.t this asse.sme.t is the.Baye.ian Improve. Surname.Ge.c.ding (BISG) me.hod whic. assigns a disc.e.e.probability ove. six rac./e.hnic.ty groups to an individual give. the.individual’s surname.and addre.s loc.tion. Using a Baye.ian frame.ork and Markov c.ain Monte.c.rlo sampling from the.joint poste.ior distribution of the.group me.ns, the.probability of a disparity hypothe.is is e.timate.. Four me.hods are.de.e.ope. and c.mpare. with an illustrative.data se.. Thre. of the.e.me.hods are.imple.e.te. in an R-c.de.and one.me.hod in WinBUGS. The.e.me.hods are.programe. for any numbe. of groups be.we.n two and six inc.usive. All the.c.de. are.provide. in the.appe.dic.s.

关键词： Baye.ian Improve. Surname.and Ge.c.ding (BISG) Mixture.Like.ihood Func.ion Poste.ior Distribution Me.ropolis-Hastings Algorithms Random Walk c.ain Inde.e.de.c. c.ain Gibbs Sampling WinBUGS