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Interpreting uninterpretable predictors:kernel methods,Shtarkov solutions,and random forests

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Statistical Theory and Related Fields 2022年第1期6卷 10-28页

作者： T.M.Le bertrand clarke Department of mathematics scienceand informaticsmercer universityatlantagausa department of statistics university of nebraska-lincolnlincolnneusa

Many of the best predictors for complex problems are typically regarded as hard to interpret *** include kernel methods,Shtarkov solutions,and random *** show that,despite the inability to interpret these three predictors to infinite precision,they can be asymptotically approximated and admit conceptual interpretations in terms of their mathe-matical/statistical *** resulting expressions can be in terms of polynomials,basis elements,or other functions that an analyst may regard as interpretable.

关键词： Bayes boosting kernel methods random forest Shtarkov predictor stacking

Geometric morphometric analysis of the early Pleistocene hominin teeth from Jianshi,Hubei Province,China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2010年第8期53卷 1141-1152页

作者： Ronald clarke University of the Witwatersrand JohannesburgSouth Africa

Although the early Pleistocene hominin fossils found in East Asia continent are widely recognized as the earliest hominins migrated from Africa, debates remain on the morphology and taxonomy of these fossils. In this study, dental crown shape of the three early Pleistocene hominin teeth (P3, M1, and M1) found in Jianshi, Hubei Province of China was analyzed by means of geometric morphometrics. The comparative samples of fossil hominins from Africa, Asia, and Europe as well as those of modern humans (N=257) were used. The results indicate that the contour, asymmetry, and cusp patterns of these three types of teeth differ obviously between the fossil hominins and modern humans. The crown shape of P3 in most fossil hominins including Australopithecus, African early Homo, and Asian Pleistocene hominins are asymmetric with their crown occlusal contours long and curving elliptic-shaped. The occlusal contour of the fossil hominin M1 is symmetric and rectangle-shaped with no marked cusp protrusion. The crown shape of fossil M1 is characterized by asymmetric contour with slightly projected metaconid and hypoconid. On the contrary, in modern Chinese and some European late Pleistocene hominins, the crowns of P3s show symmetric contours with buccal side wider than lingual side; the crown shape of M1 is asymmetric with lingual cusp distalplaced, especially for hypoconid; the M1 has symmetric and round crown contour. Our study reveals that Australopithecus has wide variations in its crown shape, whereas these dental morphospaces of Asian hominins are closely placed. The crown contour, symmetry, and cusp patterns of these three teeth of Jianshi hominin resemble those of Asian early and middle Pleistocene hominins. No marked difference in dental crown shape is shown between the Jianshi hominin and other Chinese Homo erectus, and there is also no evidence in support of the Jianshi hominin's closeness to Australopithecus and African early Homo members.

关键词： human evolution tooth shape geometric morphometric Jianshi Hubei China

Science as the Basis for Public Health Decisions in Nutrition and Food Safety in Asia

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2001年第1期14卷 1-13页

作者： KRAISID TONTISIRIN RENATA clarke Director Food and Nutrition DivisionNutrition OfficerFood Quality and Consumer Protection GroupFood and Nutrition DivisionFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly

Worldwide,great advances have been made in public health protection over the last *** this is most cogently illustrated by the improvements in life experctancy that have been achieved in countries throughout the ***,the average life expectancy at birth from 1950 to 1955 was 46.1 years.^[1]Forty years later,this statistic increased to 64.3 *** this global average masks important differences between less and more developed countries,for all countries at all stages of development,substantial increases in life expectancy at birth have been *** Asia,the average life expectancy increased from 56.3 years to 64.5years in the two decades between 1975 and 1995,While there remains much to be done to further improve public health and well-being of the people,the achievements are *** increase in the duration and quality of life has been largely attributable to advances in science and the sensible application of these scientific and medical advances in public health services,Developments in a wide range of scientific domains continue to abound and policy makers realize that it is necessary to develop processes and procedures that reliably utilize available acientific achivements to arrive at appropriate polity decisions in nutrition and food safety.

关键词： Science as the Basis for Public Health Decisions in Nutrition and Food Safety in Asia

Model-based cross-layer monitoring and adaptation of multilayer systems

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2013年第8期56卷 6-20页

作者： SONG Hui RAJ Amit HAJEBI Saeed clarke Aidan clarke Siobhn Lero:The Irish Software Engineering Research Centre School of Computer Science and Statistics Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland IBM Software Ireland Laboratory

With the vision of "Internet as a computer", complex software-intensive systems running on the Internet, or the "Internetwares", can be also divided into multiple layers. Each layer has a different focus, implementation technique, and stakeholders. Monitoring and adaptation of such multilayer systems are challenging, because the mismatches and adaptations are interrelated across the layers. This interrelation makes it difficult to find out: 1) When a system change causes mismatches in one layer, how to identify all the cascaded mismatches on the other layers? 2) When an adaptation is performed at one layer, how to find out all the complementary adaptations required in other layers? This paper presents a model-based approach towards cross-layer monitoring and adaptation of multilayer systems. We provide standard meta-modelling languages for system experts to specify the concepts and constraints separately for each layer, as well as the relations among the concepts from different layers. Within each individual layer, we use run-time models to represent the system state specific to this layer, monitor the systems by evaluating model changes according to specified constraints, and support manual or semi-automated adaption by modifying the models. When a change happens in the run-time model for one layer, either caused by system changes or by the adaptation, we synchronize the models for other layers to identify cascaded mismatches and complementary adaptations across the layers. We illustrate the approach on a simulated crisis management system, and are using it on a number of ongoing projects.

关键词： multilayer systems monitoring dynamic adaptation model driven engineering bidirectional model transformation

The “sequential cues hypothesis”: a conceptual model to explain host location and ranking by polyphagous herbivores

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Insect Science 2020年第6期27卷 1136-1147页

作者： Rehan Silva Anthony R.clarke School of Earth.Environmental and Biological Sciences Queensland University of Technology(QUT)BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia

Successfully locating a host plant is crucial for an insect herbivore to feed and/or ***,locating a host within a complex environment that may contain an array of different plant species is a difficult *** is particularly the case for polyphagous herbivores,which must locate a host within environments that may simultaneously contain multiple suitable and unsuitable *** we review the mechanisms of host selection used by polyphagous herbivores,as well as exploring how prior experience may modify a generalist's response to host *** show that recent research demonstrates that polyphagous herbivores have the capacity to detect both common cues from multiple host species,as well as specific cues from individual host *** creates a paradox in that generalists invariably rank hosts when given a choice,a finding at odds with the“neural limitations”hypothesis that says generalist insect herbivores should not have the neural capacity to identify cues specific to every possible *** explain this paradox we propose a model,akin to parasitoid host location,that postulates that generalist herbivores use different cues sequentially in host *** propose that initially common host cues,associated with all potential hosts,are used to place the herbivore within the host habitat and that,in the absence of any other host cues,these cues are sufficient in themselves to lead to host *** such they are true “generalist”***,once within the host habitat,we propose that the presence of a smaller group of cues may lead to further host searching and the location of preferred hosts:these are“specialist”*** model explains the current conflict in the literature where generalists can respond to both common and specific host-plant cues,while also exhibiting specialist and generalist host use behavior under different conditions.

关键词： diet breadth foraging insect behavior insect-plant relationship learning neural constraints visual cues volatile cues

Simulation of the deformable lateral boundaries in biaxial test using DEM

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Particuology 2024年第5期88卷 161-175页

作者： Ali Momeni Barry clarke Yong Sheng Ali Hassanpour WSP 3 Wellington PlaceLeedsLS1 4APUK Hull University HullHU6 7RXUK School of Civil Engineering University of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK School of Computer Science University of HullHullHU6 7RXUK School of Chemical and Process Engineering University of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK

Applying the discrete element method(DEM)in soil mechanics can provide abundant information at the particle-scale and facilitates illustration of the macro-mechanical behaviour of soils based on the inter-particle *** triaxial test is one of the most common laboratory methods to study the macro-mechanical behaviour of particulate materials such as ***,many problems in geotechnical design can be assumed and simplified as a plane strain *** a biaxial test can be conducted to reproduce the macro-mechanical behaviour of soil,where the sample is enclosed by two horizontal rigid platens and a vertical latex membrane,which is a deformable continuous element and allows the enclosed specimen to deform freely while maintaining confining stress during *** paper presents an algorithm to represent physical and mechanical characteristics of latex membrane in the 2D DEM simulation of biaxial test using the PFC^(2D) *** investigate the impact of the lateral boundary conditions on the micro-macro mechanical behaviours of soil samples,two sets of DEM biaxial tests are conducted,*** rigid and deformable lateral boundary *** DEM modeling results indicate that the lateral boundary conditions have a significant effect on the micro-scale fabric properties,thickness and inclination of the shear *** comparison between these two simulations also demonstrates that the lateral boundary conditions play a major role in the peak and post-peak stress-strain behaviours as well as the dilation and critical state behaviours of granular soils.

关键词： Discrete element method Biaxial test Deformable boundaries Shear band Critical state Fabric anisotropy Geometrical stability index

Energy efficient route prediction for solar powered vehicles

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Green Energy and Intelligent Transportation 2023年第1期2卷 26-38页

作者： Julie Gallagher Siobhán clarke Trinity College DublinIreland

Solar powered vehicles are currently being developed towards entirely self-sustaining vehicles that harness their energy directly from the *** such vehicles,it is important to optimise their solar exposure while driving,thereby reducing their energy consumption through fossil *** has emerged to estimate optimised routes for solar vehicles,and this paper builds on this work to expand on the parameters used to calculate the route,thereby improving the energy-harnessing quality of the route together with its overall utility for the *** ArcGIS tool and the open weather API are used to predict the solar potential of a vehicle by taking into account shade based on surrounding topography,vehicle type,weather,distance and time of *** model was implemented as a user mobile application‘Drive Solar’that calculates the optimal route for the user based on their preferences for time and energy *** effectiveness of the prediction model was tested using a solar irradiance sensor in Dublin *** results show that the model predicts the route with the most energy absorbed with a 51.65%accuracy and chooses the route with the most energy consumed with a 86.65%*** conclude that Drive Solar can aid in the transition to widespread use of self-sustaining solar vehicles.

关键词： Solar vehicle Solar potential GIS Mobile application Prediction model

WHAT ROLE PLACE AND LOCALNESS IN THE DESIGN OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS?

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Journal of Green Building 2008年第2期3卷 20-25页

作者： Dick clarke the Building Designers Association(BDA)NSW

INTRODUCTION Is“the new modernism”in domestic architecture—sometimes called“internationalism”—a useful step on the road toward sustainable buildings?Mindless recreations of traditional forms from other times and places are no better,as many writers have noted,but any building’s natural and cultural context must play a fundamental role in the design,materials selection,and even the detailing,if sustainability is to be more readily *** role of place-based planning has been well researched and reported(clarke 2006;Mant 1998,2000;NSW Department of Urban Affairs and Planning 2001).Less well understood is the role of“localness”in building *** informs the overall form of buildings,and their detailing,as well as their technical functionality.A local understanding stems from a sense of materials,climate,and indigenous or local culture,and informs the design process at every *** this article,the position of internationalist domestic architecture(espoused in glossy architecture publications)is criticised,drawing also on previous research(a case study of the outcomes of a place-based planning instrument,by the author,and a joint paper on locality-based design written jointly with Trevor King).The internationalist design approach is shown not to provide culturally appropriate or technically sustainable buildings.

关键词： LOCAL jointly instrument

Colorectal cancer surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease:Practice guidelines and recent developments

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2019年第30期25卷 4148-4157页

作者： William T clarke Joseph D Feuerstein Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School

Patients with long-standing inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)involving at least 1/3 of the colon are at increased risk for colorectal cancer(CRC).Advancements in CRC screening and surveillance and improved treatment of IBD has reduced CRC incidence in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s *** cases of CRC are thought to arise from dysplasia,and recent evidence suggests that the majority of dysplastic lesions in patients with IBD are visible,in part thanks to advancements in high definition colonoscopy and *** practice guidelines have supported the use of chromoendoscopy with targeted biopsies of visible lesions rather than traditional random *** are encouraged to endoscopically resect visible dysplasia and only recommend surgery when a complete resection is not *** technologies such as virtual chromoendoscopy are emerging as potential tools in CRC *** with IBD at increased risk for developing CRC should undergo surveillance colonoscopy using new approaches and techniques.

关键词： Inflammatory bowel disease Colorectal cancer screening Ulcerative colitis Crohn’s disease Colonoscopy Chromoendoscopy