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Investigation of biomass surface modification using non-thermal plasma treatment

Plasma Science and Technology 2018年第11期20卷 101-107页

作者： Mooktzeng LIM ahmad zulazlan shah zulkifli TNB Research Sdn.Bhd. Research Institution Area43000 KajangSelangorMalaysi

The effects of non-thermal plasma （NTP） treatment on biomass in the form of pulverized palmbased empty fruit bunches （EFB） are investigated. Specifically, this study investigates the effects of NTP treatment on the surface reactivity, morphology, oxygen-to-carbon （O/C） ratio of the EFB at varying treatment times. The surface reactivity is determined by the reaction of antioxidant functional groups or reactive species with 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH）. By measuring the concentration of the DPPH with a spectrophotometer, the change in the amount of antioxidant functional groups can be measured to determine the surface reactivity. The reactions of the various lignin components in the EFB with respect to the NTP treatment are discussed by qualitatively assessing the changes in the Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectra. The surface morphology is examined by a scanning electron microscope. To determine the amount of oxygen deposited on the EFB by the air-based NTP treatment, the oxygen and carbon contents are measured by an energy dispersive x-ray detector to determine the O/C ratio. The results show that the NTP reactor produced reactive species such as atomic oxygen and ozone, increasing the surface reactivity and chemical scavenging rate of the EFB. Consequently, the surface morphology changed, with an observed rougher surface from the images of the EFB samples. The change in the appearance of the surface is accompanied by a high O/C ratio, and is caused by reactions of certain components of lignin due to the NTP treatment, The lignin component that was modified is believed to be syringyl, as the syringyl portion in the lignin of EFBs is higher compared to the other components. Syringyl components are detected in the range of F-FIR wavenumbers of 1109-1363 cm-1. With increasing NTP treatment times, the absorbance （of the peaks in the PTIR spectra） for syringyl related C-H and lignin associated C=C bonds decreases as the syringyl decomposes. The resulting re

关键词： biomass surface modification empty fruit bunch low temperature plasma lignin components syringyl

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Development of a dimensionless parameter for characterization of dielectric barrier discharge devices with respect to geometrical features

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Plasma Science and Technology 2017年第9期19卷 56-65页

作者：林木森 ahmad zulazlan shah zulkifli Kanesh Kumar JAYAPALAN Oihoong CHIN Fuels and Combustion Generation UnitTNB Research Sdn.Bhd. Plasma Technology Research Center Physics DepartmentUniversiti Malaya

Non-thermal plasma（NTP） devices produce excited and radical species that have higher energy levels than their ground state and are utilized for various applications. There are various types of NTP devices, with dielectric barrier discharge（DBD） reactors being widely used. These DBD devices vary in geometrical configuration and operating parameters, making a comparison of their performance in terms of discharge power characteristics difficult. Therefore, this study proposes a dimensionless parameter that is related to the geometrical features, and is a function of the discharge power with respect to the frequency, voltage, and capacitance of a DBD. The dimensionless parameter, in the form of a ratio of the discharge energy per cycle to the gap capacitive energy, will be useful for engineers and designers to compare the energy characteristics of devices systematically, and could also be used for scaling up DBD *** the results in this experiment and from the literature, different DBD devices are categorized into three separate groups according to different levels of the energy ratio. The larger DBD devices have lower energy ratios due to their lower estimated surface discharge areas and capacitive reactance. Therefore, the devices can be categorized according to the energy ratio due to the effects of the geometrical features of the DBD devices, since it affects the surface discharge area and capacitance of the DBD. The DBD devices are also categorized into three separate groups using the Kriegseis factor, but the categorization is different from that of the energy ratio.

关键词： dimensionless dielectric separate capacitive capacitance excited utilized cycle systematically exponent

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Alternative Strategy for Development of Dielectric Calcium Copper Titanate‑Based Electrolytes for Low‑Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

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Nano-Micro Letters 2025年第1期17卷 310-332页

作者： Sajid Rauf Muhammad Bilal Hanif Zuhra Tayyab Matej Veis MAKYousaf shah Naveed Mushtaq Dmitry Medvedev Yibin Tian Chen Xia Martin Motola Bin Zhu College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060People’s Republic of China Department of Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Natural SciencesComenius University BratislavaIlkovicova684215 BratislavaSlovakia Energy Storage Joint Research Center School of Energy and EnvironmentSoutheast UniversityNanjing 210096People’s Republic of China Hydrogen Energy Laboratory Ural Federal University620002 EkaterinburgRussia Laboratory of Electrochemical Devices Based on Solid Oxide Proton Electrolytes Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry620066 EkaterinburgRussia School of Microelectronics Hubei UniversityWuhan 430062People’s Republic of China

The development of low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells(LT-SOFCs)is of significant importance for realizing the widespread application of *** has stimulated a substantial materials research effort in developing high oxide-ion conductivity in the electrolyte layer of *** this context,for the first time,a dielectric material,CaCu_(3)Ti_(4)O_(12)(CCTO)is designed for LT-SOFCs electrolyte application in this *** individual CCTO and its heterostructure materials with a p-type Ni_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)LiO_(2−δ)(NCAL)semiconductor are evaluated as alternative electrolytes in LT-SOFC at 450–550℃.The single cell with the individual CCTO electrolyte exhibits a power output of approximately 263 mW cm^(-2) and an open-circuit voltage(OCV)of 0.95 V at 550℃,while the cell with the CCTO–NCAL heterostructure electrolyte capably delivers an improved power output of approximately 605 mW cm^(-2) along with a higher OCV over 1.0 V,which indicates the introduction of high hole-conducting NCAL into the CCTO could enhance the cell performance rather than inducing any potential short-circuiting *** is found that these promising outcomes are due to the interplay of the dielectric material,its structure,and overall properties that led to improve electrochemical mechanism in CCTO–***,density functional theory calculations provide the detailed information about the electronic and structural properties of the CCTO and NCAL and their heterostructure CCTO–*** study thus provides a new approach for developing new advanced electrolytes for LT-SOFCs.

关键词： LT-SOFCs Dielectric CaCu_(3)Ti_(4)O_(12) Semiconductor Ni_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)LiO_(2−δ) Ionic conductivity Heterostructure electrolyte

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FIAs(Foliation Intersection/Inflection Axes) Preserved in Porphyroblasts,the DNA of Deformation:A Solution to the Puzzle of Deformation and Metamorphism in the Colorado,Rocky Mountains,USA

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2009年第5期83卷 971-984页

作者： shah Afroz ahmad School of Earth and Environmental Sciences James Cook UniversityTownsville Queensland Australia

FIAs have been used extensively for more than a decade to unravel deformation and metamorphic puzzles. Orogenic processes developing early during the history or orogenesis challenge scientists because compositional layering in rocks always reactivates where multiple deformations have occurred, leaving little evidence of the history of foliation development preserved in the matrix. The foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, USA contain a succession of four FIA sets （trends） that would not have been distinguishable if porphyroblasts had not grown during the multiple deformation events that affected these rocks or if they had rotated as these events took place. They reveal that both the partitioning of deformation and the location of isograds changed significantly as the deformation proceeded.

关键词： foliation intersection/inflection axes porphyroblast deformational partitioning

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Distinguishing and Correlating Multiple Phases of Metamorphism across Multiply Deformed Regions Using the Axes of Inclusion Trails in Porphyroblasts

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2011年第4期85卷 784-791页

作者： ahmad Afroz shah Asghar ALI School of Earth and Environmental Sciences James Cook UniversityTownsvilleQld 4811Australia

Successions of FIAs（foliation inflection/intersection axes preserved within porphyroblasts） provide a relative time scale for deformation and ***-situ dating of monazite grains preserved as inclusions within garnet and staurolite porphyroblasts within the foliations defining each FIA from such successions provides a rigorous approach to grouping ages that formed over extended periods of deformation and *** age and FIA progressions confirms the suitability of this approach plus provides access to lengthy histories that cannot otherwise be *** in the Big Thompson region of the Colorado Rocky Mountains,USA began about a SW-NE trending axis defined by FIA set 1 at around 1761±13 *** periods of tectonism occurred around 1712±25 and 1672±21 Ma about W-E and NW-SE trending FIAs 2 and 3, *** in the Balcooma Metamorphic Group NW of Greenvale in NE Queensland, Australia began around 470 Ma with the growth of garnet porphyroblasts about a W-E trending axis defined by FIA set *** monazite grains were preserved as inclusions in this mineral phase but they were in subsequently grown *** then occurred around 443.2±3.8,424±4 and 408.9±8.9 Ma about NNW-SSE,SSW-NNE and W-E trending FIAs 2,3 and 4,*** test of a FIA based approach to monazite dating in tectonic regimes in different parts of the world and with dramatically different ages suggests it can be used in all orogens containing porphyroblasts preserving inclusion trails.

关键词： FIAs porphyroblast monazite Colorado Balcooma Metamorphic Group

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Spherical Gravitational Collapse in f(R) Gravity with Linear Equation of State

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Communications in Theoretical Physics 2018年第8期69卷 185-189页

作者： Zahid ahmad Hassan shah Suhail Khan Department of Mathematics COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Department of Mathematics University of Peshawar

In a paper [Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 48(2016) 57] Chakrabarti and Banerjee investigated perfect fluid collapse in f(R) gravity model and claimed that such a collapse is possible. In this paper we show that without the assumption of dark energy it is not possible that perfect fluid spherical gravitational collapse will occur. We have solved the field equations by assuming linear equation of state(p = ωμ) in metric f(R) gravity with ω =-1. It is shown that Chakrabarti and Banerjee reached to false conclusion as they derived wrong field equations. We have also discussed formation of apparent horizon and singularity.

关键词： gravitational collapse matching conditions dark energy apparent horizon

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Restless head syndrome:A retrospective study

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World Journal of Methodology 2025年第1期15卷 51-59页

作者： Sanjay Prakash Varoon Vadodaria Niraj Chawda Chetsi S shah Anurag Prakash Department of Neurology Smt.B.K.Shah Medical Institute and Research CentreSumandeep VidyapeethVadodara 391760GujarātIndia Department of Medicine Smt.B.K.Shah Medical Institute and Research CentreSumandeep VidyapeethVadodara 391760GujarātIndia Department of Medicine Parul Institute of Medical Sciences and Research CentreParul University WaghodiaVadodara 391760India

BACKGROUND Restless legs syndrome(RLS)is characterized by an urge to move with an unpleasant sensation in the lower *** typically affects the ***,it can also affect several other body regions,such as the arms,abdomen,face,neck,head,and genital *** are only a few reports of the RLS variant affecting the *** To assess the epidemiological,clinical,and other aspects of the RLS variant affecting the *** We conducted a retrospective study of 17 adult patients(>18 years)who met the RLS criteria and simultaneously experienced RLS-like symptoms in the *** The median age at which symptoms appeared was 41.6 *** and females were equally affected(1.1:1).All 17 patients had uncomfortable sensations in the lower *** or disturbed sleep was the most common comorbidity(n=16,88.2%).However,headache was the most common presenting or primary symptom(n=10,70.5%).Dizziness or an abnormal sensation in the head was the second most common presenting symptom(5 patients,29.4%).Other presenting features were leg pain,backache,and generalized body *** patients responded favorably to dopaminergic *** If RLS-related unpleasant sensations and pain are felt in the head,they may be misinterpreted as headache,dizziness,or psychosomatic *** and headaches in a subset of patients may be two phenotypic manifestations of the same disorder.

关键词： Restless legs syndrome Restless head syndrome Dopamine Headache Migraine Tension-type headache

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Nitriding of Aluminium Alloy in Nitrogen and Nitrogen-Helium Mixture Using 100 Hz-Pulsed DC Glow Discharge

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Plasma Science and Technology 2010年第4期12卷 452-460页

作者： Nasrullah KHAN M.SHOAIB shah R.ahmad Department of Physics GC University

Nitriding of aluminium alloy （***0.8） in nitrogen and nitrogen-helium mixture was carried out by using 100 Hz-pulsed DC glow discharge. Samples are treated for different durations, namely 4 h, 8 h and 12 h, in nitrogen plasma as well as in a mixture of nitrogen- helium plasma for the same processing duration of 4 h. All nitriding treatments are carried out at an input power of 100 W, filling pressure of 1 mbar and substrates temperature of 250~C. X-ray diffraction （XRD） results show an expansion in lattice spacing and consequently shift of diffraction peaks towards lower angle with the addition of helium in nitrogen plasma. Surface morphology of the treated sample is investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive X-ray analysis （EDX）. Vickers micro-hardness testing results show increases in surface hardness with processing duration as well as with the addition of helium in nitrogen plasmas. This increase of surface hardness may be attributed to the diffusion of nitrogen content in the surface layer generating internal stresses. It is observed that the addition of helium positively affects the nitriding of samples.

关键词： nitrogen-helium mixture plasma nitriding X-ray diffraction surface hardness

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Comparative field performance of some agricultural crops under a canopy of Populus deltoides and Ulmus wallichiana

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Journal of Forestry Research 2013年第4期24卷 783-790页

作者： Tariq Hussian Masoodi Nasir ahmad Masoodi Sajad ahmad Gangoo shah Murtaza Mushtaq Hillal ahmad Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir

The performance of maize, beans and sunflower was evalu- ated under a canopy ofPopulus deltoides and Ulmus wallichiana at Fac- ulty of Agriculture, Wadura. The germination, growth and yield of the three test crops were suppressed under both tree species. The reduction, however, decreased when the cultivation of test crops was continued for three years. The inhibition potential generally is in the order of P del- toides 〈 U. wallichiana for maize and sunflower and P. deltoides 〉 U. wallichiana for beans. Available soil N, P and K increased under the canopy of the selected tree species. The soils under U. wallichiana were more fertile than those under P deltoides. Chromatographic investigation of extracts showed that the soils under P deltoides and U. wallichiana differed in their composition of phenolic acids and phenolic glycocides. Except for caffic acid, all other allelochemicals disappeared and were no longer recovered in soil samples obtained after the second or third year of cultivation. Tree-crop compatibility can be explored in greater detail for improved management of traditional agro-ecosystems in Kashmir to increase the overall productivity of the land.

关键词： allelopathy agroforestry phenolic acids glycocides growthperformance yield

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Gravitational Tectonics versus Plate Tectonics in the Himalayan Intermontane Basins: NW Himalaya

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2021年第S1期95卷 3-6页

作者： Afroz ahmad shah Nurhafizah MANAN Department of Geosciences Universiti of Brunei DarussalaamJalan Tungku LinkGadong BE 1410Brunei Darussalam

The intermontane basins are some of the critical regions to investigate the formation,growth,and development of basins during the collisional orogenesis,and in the NW Himalaya several such basins are observed to have ... 详细信息

关键词： gravitational tectonics active tectonics Himalaya normal faults deformation domains

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