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Modified partially wide tangents technique in post-mastectomy radiotherapy for patients with left-sided breast cancer

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Chinese Medical Journal 2010年第20期123卷 2825-2831页

作者： zhang qian chen jia-yi hu wei-gang guo xiao-mao Department of Radiation Oncology Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center Department of Oncology Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai 200032China

Background The role of internal mammary nodes （IMN） irradiation for breast cancer patients after mastectomy remains controversial. This study aimed to compare different techniques for radiation of the chest wall （CW） and IMN post-mastectomy for left-breast cancer patients in terms of dose homogeneity within planning target volume （PTV） and dose to critical *** Thirty patients underwent CT simulation, while CW, IMN, left lung, heart and contralateral breast were contoured. Three three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy （3D-CRT） techniques, namely, standard tangents, partially wide tangents （PWT）, and modified PWT techniques plus intensity modulated radiotherapy （IMRT） technique have been used to radiate CW and IMN. In addition to the target coverage and dose homogeneity, we also evaluated the dose to the critical structures including heart, left lung and contralateral *** All three 3D-CRT techniques provided satisfactory coverage regarding total PTV. The PWT and the modified PWT gave better coverage of IMN PTV with V47.5 of （96.83±4.56）% and （95.19±3.90）% compared to standard tangents （（88.16±7.77）%）, P 〈0.05. The standard tangents also contributed the biggest IMN VD105%, VD110%, VD115% and VD120%. The lowest mean dose of the heart was achieved by the modified PWT （（8.47±2.30） Gy）, compared with PWT （（11.97±3.54）Gy） and standard tangents （（11.18±2.53） Gy）. The mean dose of lung and contralateral breast with the modified PWT was significantly lower than those with PWT. Comparing IMRT with the modified PWT, both techniques provided satisfactory coverage. The conformity indexes （CI） with IMRT （CI1： 0.71±0.02; CI2： 0.64±0.02） were better than those with the modified PWT （CI1： 0.50±0.02; CI2： 0.45±0.02）. The mean dose, V5, V10 and V5-10 of heart and left lung with the modified PWT were significantly lower than those with the IMRT. The mean dose and VD2% of contralateral breast with the modified PWT were not significantly different from the IMRT （

关键词： breast cancer internal mammary nodes postmastectomy radiotherapy intensity modulated radiotherapy

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Alcohol consumption in relation to the incidence of atrial fibrillation in an elderly Chinese population

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Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2022年第1期19卷 52-60页

作者： xiao-Fei YE wei zhang yi chen Chao-ying MIAO Qi-Fang huANG Chang-Sheng SHENG Shuai SHAO Dian WANG Shao-Kun XU Lei LEI Di zhang yi-Lin chen Lei-xiao hu jia-hui XIA yi-Bang chenG ying WANG qian-hui guo Yan LI Nicole Lowres Ben Freedman Ji-Guang WANG School of Public Health Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina Department of Cardiovascular Medicine The Shanghai Institute of HypertensionRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina Heart Research Institute Sydney Medical SchoolCharles Perkins Centerand Cardiology DepartmentConcord HospitalUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia

BACKGROUND Alcohol consumption is a known modifiable risk factor for atrial *** association,however,might differ according to *** investigated gender-specific associations between alcohol consumption and incident atrial fibrillation in an elderly Chinese *** Our study participants were elderly residents(≥65 years)recruited from five community health centers in the urban area of Shanghai(n=6,618).Alcohol intake was classified as never drinkers and current light-to-moderate(<40 g/day)and heavy drinkers(≥40 g/day).Atrial fibrillation was detected by a 30-s single-lead electrocardiography(ECG,AliveCor®Heart Monitor)and further evaluated with a regular 12-lead *** During a median of 2.1 years(interquartile range:2.0−2.2)follow-up,the incidence rate of atrial fibrillation was 1.10%in all study *** was slightly but non-significantly higher in men(n=2849)than women(n=3769,1.30%vs.0.96%,P=0.19)and in current drinkers(n=793)than never drinkers(n=5825,1.64%vs.1.03%,P=0.12).In both unadjusted and adjusted analyses,there was interaction between sex and current alcohol intake in relation to the incidence of atrial fibrillation(P<0.0001).After adjustment for confounding factors,current drinkers had a significantly higher incidence rate of atrial fibrillation than never drinkers in women(12.96%[7/54]vs.0.78%[29/3715],adjusted odds ratio[OR]=10.25,95%confidence interval[CI]:3.54−29.67,P<0.0001),but not in men(0.81%[6/739]vs.1.47%[31/2110],OR=0.62,95%CI:0.25−1.51,P=0.29).CONCLUSIONS Our study showed a significant association between alcohol intake and the incidence of atrial fibrillation in elderly Chinese women,but not men.

关键词： fibrillation intake Alcohol

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From severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus to 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak:similarities in the early epidemics and prediction of future trends

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Chinese Medical Journal 2020年第9期133卷 1112-1114页

作者： Ze-Liang chen Wen-Jun zhang yi Lu cheng guo Zhong-Min guo Cong-hui Liao Xi zhang yi zhang xiao-hu Han qian-Lin Li jia-Hai Lu One Health Center School of Public HealthSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong 510080China Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China Ministry of EducationShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoning 110866China Department of Biological Science and Technology School of Life SciencesSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong 510080China Department of Health Law Policy and ManagementSchool of Public HealthBoston UniversityBostonMA 02215USA Center for Infection and Immunity Mailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY 10032USA Animal Experiment Center Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong 510080China

Emerging infectious diseases represent a serious threat for human public health worldwide.[1,2]The 2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV)caused a pneumonia outbreak,which is spreading around the country and has affected 32 provinces and regions of China as of January 27,2020.[3,4]Countries outside China,including Japan,the United States,Thailand,and South Korea,have also reported cases imported from other countries.[5]With the joint efforts of Chinese scientists,health workers,and related departments,the pathogen causing this epidemic was quickly identified as a new type of coronavirus,10 days after the first official *** confirming the pathogen,specific detection methods were rapidly developed,with improvement in etiological *** of January 22,2020,it has been confirmed that the new coronavirus came from wild bats and belonged to group 2b of the beta coronavirus,which includes severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus(SARS-CoV).[6]Although 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV belong to the same sub-group of beta coronaviruses,the similarity at the genome level is only 80%,[7,8]meaning that the new virus is genetically different from SARS-CoV[Supplementary Figure 1A,http://***/CM9/A209].Rapid discovery of the causative agent and development of diagnostic reagents demonstrated that technology has greatly improved in the 17 years since the SARS ***,no effective anti-viral medication or vaccines are available for this new virus,and many of its aspects remain to be *** to the SARS outbreak,this outbreak also occurred during the spring festival,the most important of the Chinese traditional festivals,when 3 billion people travel throughout the country.[9]This unexpectedly provides beneficial conditions for the transmission of this highly infectious disease and correspondingly poses great challenges for the prevention and control of the outbreak.

关键词： prevention prediction Figure

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Distribution of the COVID-19 epidemic and correlation with population emigration from Wuhan,China

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Chinese Medical Journal 2020年第9期133卷 1044-1050页

作者： Ze-Liang chen Qi zhang yi Lu Zhong-Min guo Xi zhang Wen-Jun zhang cheng guo Cong-hui Liao qian-Lin Li xiao-hu Han jia-Hai Lu One Health Center School of Public HealthSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong 510080China Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China Ministry of EducationShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoning 110866China College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoning 110866China Department of Health Law Policy and ManagementSchool of Public HealthBoston UniversityBostonMA 02215USA Animal Experiment Center Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong 510080China Department of Biological Science and Technology School of Life SciencesSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong 510080China Center for Infection and Immunity Mailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY 10032USA

Background:The ongoing new coronavirus pneumonia(Corona Virus Disease 2019,COVID-19)outbreak is spreading in China,but it has not yet reached its *** million people emigrated from Wuhan before lockdown,potentially representing a source of virus *** case distribution and its correlation with population emigration from Wuhan in the early stage of the epidemic is of great importance for early warning and for the prevention of future ***:The official case report on the COVID-19 epidemic was collected as of January 30,*** and location information on COVID-19 cases was extracted and analyzed using ArcGIS and WinBUGS *** on population migration from Wuhan city and hubei province were extracted from Baidu qianxi,and their correlation with the number of cases was ***:The COVID-19 confirmed and death cases in hubei province accounted for 59.91%(5806/9692)and 95.77%(204/213)of the total cases in China,*** spot provinces included Sichuan and Yunnan,which are adjacent to *** time risk of hubei province on the following day was 1.960 times that on the previous *** number of cases in some cities was relatively low,but the time risk appeared to be continuously *** correlation coefficient between the provincial number of cases and emigration from Wuhan was up to *** lockdown of 17 cities in hubei province and the implementation of nationwide control measures efficiently prevented an exponential growth in the number of ***:The population that emigrated from Wuhan was the main infection source in other cities and *** cities with a low number of cases showed a rapid increase in case *** to the upcoming Spring Festival return wave,understanding the risk trends in different regions is crucial to ensure preparedness at both the individual and organization levels and to prevent new outbreaks.

关键词： Corona Virus Disease 2019 Temporal Spatial Distribution Outbreak

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Simplified pulmonary embolism severity index is associated with recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with pulmonary embolism

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Chinese Medical Journal 2021年第3期134卷 359-361页

作者： jia-Rui zhang chen Zhou Hai-Xia Zhou xiao-qian Li Yue-Hong hu mao-Yun Wang Yong-jiang Tang Qun yi Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan 610041China West China School of Medicine Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuan 610041China

Pulmonary embolism(PE)patients have a high recurrence rate of venous thromboembolism(VTE)and recurrences are more often *** can be effectively prevented by prolonged anticoagulation treatment,but the risk of bleeding also ***,risk assessment of VTE recurrence is important in PE patients,as high-risk patients will benefit from long-term anticoagulation treatment,whereas low-risk patients will unnecessarily be exposed to an increased bleeding *** risk factors for VTE recurrence have been identified in non-Asian populations,including male gender,advanced age,thrombophilia,obesity,persistent elevation of D-dimer one month after discontinuation of anticoagulation and residual ***,risk factors for VTE recurrence have not been clearly evaluated in Chinese and Asian populations.A recent study found that the European Society of Cardiology(ESC)risk stratification for PE patients(2008 version),which is used to assess the disease severity of acute PE patients,was associated with VTE recurrence.[1]The simplified pulmonary embolism severity index(sPESI)is also widely validated for the assessment of disease severity of PE,has good prognostic value for early and even long-term *** is less clear whether the model predicts VTE *** aim of this prospective study was to investigate the short-term and long-term incidence of recurrent VTE after a first episode of acute PE and associated risk factors of recurrent *** association between VTE recurrence and disease severity assessed by sPESI was also evaluated.

关键词： patients severity embolism

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Frontiers in high entropy alloys and high entropy functional materials

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Rare Metals 2024年第10期43卷 4639-4776页

作者： Wen-Tao zhang Xue-qian Wang Feng-Qi zhang xiao-Ya Cui Bing-Bing Fan jia-Ming guo Zhi-Min guo Rui huang Wen huang Xu-Bo Li Meng-Ru Li Yan Ma Zhi-hua Shen Yong-gang Sun De-Zhuang Wang Fei-Yang Wang Li-qiang Wang Nan Wang Tian-Li Wang wei Wang xiao-Yang Wang yi-Han Wang Fu-Jie Yu Yu-Zhen yin Ling-Kun zhang yi zhang jian-Yang zhang Qi Zhao Yu-Ping Zhao Xin-Dong Zhu Yasir Sohail Ya-Nan chen Tao Feng Qi-Long Gao Hai-Yan He Yong-jiang huang Zeng-Bao jiao hua Ji Yao jiang qiang Li xiao-Ming Li wei-Bing Liao huai-Jun Lin hui Liu Qi Liu Qing-Feng Liu wei-Di Liu Xiong-Jun Liu Yang Lu yi-Ping Lu Wen Ma Xue-Fei Miao Jie Pan Qing Wang Hong-hui Wu Yuan Wu Tao Yang wei-Ming Yang qian Yu Jin-Yu zhang Zhi-gang chen Liang mao Yang Ren Bao-Long Shen Xun-Li Wang Zhe jia He Zhu Zhen-Duo Wu Si Lan School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing 210094China jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing 211189China Department of Physics City University of Hong KongHongKong 999077China School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China School of Physics and Microelectronics Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450001China Department of Mechanical Engineering Research Institute for Advanced ManufacturingThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong Kong 100872China Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China Key Laboratory of Solidification Control and Digital Preparation Technology(Liaoning Province) School of Materials Science and EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024China Institute of Advanced Wear&Corrosion Resistance and Functional Materials Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510632China School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering China University of Mining and TechnologyXuzhou 221116China School of Physical Sciences Great Bay UniversityDongguan 523000China School of Materials Science and Engineering Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001China State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing 211816China Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering Research Institute for Carbon NeutralityUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong KongHong Kong 999077China School of Computing Macquarie UniversitySydney 2113Australia Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China State Key Laborato

Owing to their exceptional properties,high-entropy alloys(HEAs)and high-entropy materials have emerged as promising research areas and shown diverse ***,the recent advances in the field are comprehensively reviewed,organized into five *** first section introduces the background of HEAs,covering their definition,significance,application prospects,basic properties,design principles,and *** subsequent section focuses on cutting-edge high-entropy structural materials,highlighting developments such as nanostructured alloys,grain boundary engineering,eutectic systems,cryogenic alloys,thin films,micro-nano-lattice structures,additive manufacturing,high entropy metallic glasses,nano-precipitate strengthened alloys,composition modulation,alloy fibers,and refractory *** the following section,the emphasis shifts to functional materials,exploring HEAs as catalysts,magneto-caloric materials,corrosion-resistant alloys,radiation-resistant alloys,hydrogen storage systems,and materials for ***,the review encompasses functional high-entropy materials outside the realm of alloys,including thermoelectric,quantum dots,nanooxide catalysts,energy storage materials,negative thermal expansion ceramics,and high-entropy wave absorption *** paper concludes with an outlook,discussing future directions and potential growth areas in the *** this comprehensive review,researchers,engineers,and scientists may gain valuable insights into the recent progress and opportunities for further exploration in the exciting domains of high-entropy alloys and functional materials.

关键词： High entropy alloys Cutting-edge structural materials Cutting-edgefunctional materials

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Timing analysis of the black hole candidate EXO 1846–031 with Insight-HXMT monitoring

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2021年第3期21卷 193-204页

作者： He-Xin Liu Yue huang Guang-cheng xiao Qing-Cui Bu Jin-Lu Qu Shu zhang Shuang-Nan zhang Shu-Mei jia Fang-Jun Lu Xiang Ma Lian Tao wei zhang Li chen Li-Ming Song Ti-Pei Li Yu-Peng Xu Xue-Lei Cao Yong chen Cong-Zhan Liu Ce Cai Zhi Chang gang chen Tian-Xiang chen yi-Bao chen Yu-Peng chen wei Cui wei-wei Cui Jing-Kang Deng Yong-wei Dong Yuan-Yuan Du Min-Xue Fu Guan-hua Gao He Gao Min Gao Ming-Yu Ge Yu-Dong Gu Ju Guan cheng-cheng guo Da-wei Han jia huo Lu-hua jiang wei-Chun jiang Jing Jin Yong-Jie Jin Ling-Da Kong Bing Li cheng-Kui Li gang Li mao-Shun Li wei Li Xian Li xiao-Bo Li Xu-Fang Li Yang-guo Li Zheng-wei Li xiao-hua Liang Jing-Yuan Liao Bai-Sheng Liu guo-Qing Liu Hong-wei Liu xiao-Jing Liu yi-Nong Liu Bo Lu Xue-Feng Lu Qi Luo Tao Luo Bin Meng yi Nang jian-yin Nie Ge Ou Na Sai Ren-cheng Shang Xin-ying Song Liang Sun ying Tan You-Li Tuo chen Wang guo-Feng Wang Juan Wang Ling-Jun Wang Weng-Shuai Wang Yu-Sa Wang Xiang-Yang Wen Bai-Yang Wu Bo-Bing Wu Mei Wu Shuo xiao Shao-Lin Xiong He Xu jia-wei Yang Sheng Yang Yan-Ji Yang yi-Jung Yang Qi-Bin yi qian-Qing yin Yuan You Ai-Mei zhang cheng-Mo zhang Fan zhang Hong-Mei zhang Juan zhang Tong zhang Wan-Chang zhang Wen-Zhao zhang yi zhang yi-Fei zhang Yong-Jie zhang Yuan-Hang zhang Yue zhang Zhao zhang Zhi zhang Zi-Liang zhang Hai-Sheng Zhao xiao-Fan Zhao Shi-Jie Zheng Yao-Guang Zheng Deng-Ke Zhou jian-Feng Zhou Yu-Xuan Zhu Ren-Lin Zhuang Yue Zhu Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Institut fur Astronomie und Astrophysik Kepler Center for Astro and Particle PhysicsEberhard Karls Universität72076 TubingenGermany Department of Astronomy Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100088China Department of Astronomy Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Department of Physics Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Department of Engineering Physics Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Key Laboratory of Space Astronomy and Technology National Astronomical ObservatoriesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China College of Physics Sciences&Technology Hebei UniversityBaoding 071002Hebei ProvinceChina

We present the observational results from a detailed timing analysis of the black hole candidate EXO 1846-031 during its outburst in 2019 with the observations of Insight-HXMT,NICER and *** outburst can be classified roughly into four different ***-C quasi-periodic oscillations(QPOs)observed by NICER(about 0.1-6 Hz)and Insight-HXMT(about 0.7-8 Hz)are also reported in this ***,we study various physical quantities related to QPO *** QPO rms-frequency relationship in the energy band 1-10 keV indicates that there is a turning pointing in frequency around2 Hz,which is similar to that of GRS 1915+105.A possible hypothesis for the relationship above may be related to the inclination of the source,which may require a high inclination to explain *** relationships between QPO frequency and QPO rms,hardness,total fractional rms and count rate have also been found in other transient sources,which can indicate that the origin of type-C QPOs is non-thermal.

关键词： X-ray binaries black hole candidate QPO EXO 1846–031

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Protective Efficacy of Inactivated Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Mice and Non-human Primates

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Virologica Sinica 2021年第5期36卷 879-889页

作者： Yan-Feng Yao Ze-Jun Wang Ren-Di jiang Xue hu hua-Jun zhang yi-Wu Zhou Ge Gao ying chen Yun Peng Mei-Qin Liu Ya-Nan zhang Juan Min jia Lu xiao-xiao Gao Jing guo cheng Peng Xu-Rui Shen qian Li Kai Zhao Lian Yang Xin Wan Bo zhang Wen-hui Wang jia Wu Peng Zhou Xing-Lou Yang Shuo Shen Chao Shan Zhi-Ming Yuan Zheng-Li Shi Center for Biosafety Mega-Science Wuhan Institute of VirologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071China Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co.Ltd Jiangxia DistrictWuhan 430024China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Department of Forensic Medicine Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430074China Department of Radiology Union HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430074China

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic caused more than 96 million infections and over 2 million deaths worldwide so ***,there is no approved vaccine available for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),the disease causative *** is the most effective approach to eradicate a *** tests of safety and efficacy in animals are pivotal for developing a vaccine and before the vaccine is applied to human *** we evaluated the safety,immunogenicity,and efficacy of an inactivated vaccine based on the whole viral particles in human ACE2 transgenic mouse and in non-human *** data showed that the inactivated vaccine successfully induced SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies in mice and non-human primates,and subsequently provided partial(in low dose)or full(in high dose)protection of challenge in the tested *** addition,passive serum transferred from vaccine-immunized mice could also provide full protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection in *** results warranted positive outcomes in future clinical trials in humans.

关键词： Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) Inactivated vaccine Transgenic mouse Non-human primate

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Towards the full realization of the RIBLL2 beam line at the HIRFL-CSR complex

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Science Bulletin 2018年第2期63卷 78-80页

作者： Bao-hua Sun jian-wei Zhao Xue-Heng zhang Li-Na Sheng Zhi-Yu Sun Isao Tanihata Satoru Terashima Yong Zheng Li-hua Zhu Li-Min Duan Liu-Chun He Rong-jiang hu Guang-Shuai Li Wen-jian Lin wei-Ping Lin Chuan-Ye Liu Zhong Liu chen-Gui Lu Xin-Wen Ma Li-Jun mao yi Tian Feng Wang Meng Wang Shi-Tao Wang jia-Wen Xia xiao-Dong Xu hu-Shan Xu Zhi-guo Xu jian-cheng Yang Da-Yu yin You-Jin Yuan Wen-Long Zhan Yu-hu zhang xiao-Hong Zhou School of Physics and Nuclear Energy Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 China International Research Center for Nuclei and Particles in the Cosmos Beijing 100191 China Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China

More than 99%of the mass in the visible universe—the material that makes up ourselves,our planet,stars—is in the atomic *** the matter has existed for billions of years,only over the past few decades have we had the tools and the knowledge necessary to get a basic understanding of the structure and dynamic of *** physicists around the world have made tremendous strides by initiating a broad range of key

关键词： HIRFL-CSR 横梁建筑群排队原子核物理学家试验性世界

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The Chromosome-Based Rubber Tree Genome Provides New Insights into Spurge Genome Evolution and Rubber Biosynthesis

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Molecular Plant 2020年第2期13卷 336-350页

作者： Jin Liu Cong Shi cheng-cheng Shi wei Li Qun-Jie zhang Yun zhang Kui Li hui-Fang Lu Chao Shi Si-Tao Zhu Zai-Yun xiao Hong Nan Yao Yue Xun-Ge Zhu Yu Wu xiao-Ning Hong Guang-yi Fan Yan Tong Dan zhang Chang-Li mao Yun-Long Liu Shi-Jie Hao wei-Qing Liu Mei-Qi Lv Hai-Bin zhang Yuan Liu Ge-Ran hu-tang Jin-Peng Wang jia-Hao Wang ying-huai Sun Shu-Bang Ni Wen-Bin chen Xing-Cai zhang Yuan-Nian jiao Evan E.Eichler guo-hua Li Xin Liu Li-Zhi Gao Yunnan Institute of Tropical Crops Jinghong 666100China Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern ChinaKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650204China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China BGI-Qingdao Qingdao 266555China lnstitution of Genomics and Bioinformatics South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou 510642China Asia-Pacific Tropical Forestry Germplasm Institution Southwest China Forestry UniversityKunming 650224China School of Life Sciences Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China Novogene Bioinformatics Institute Beijing 100083China BGI-Shenzhen Shenzhen 518083China State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100093China John A.Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard UniversityCambridgeMA 02138USA Howard hughes Medical Institute University of WashingtonSeattleWA 98195USA

The rubber tree,Hevea brasiliensis,produces natural rubber that serves as an essential industrial raw ***,we present a high-quality reference genome for a rubber tree cultivar GT1 using single-molecule real-time sequencing(SMRT)and Hi-C technologies to anchor the～1.47-Gb genome assembly into 18 *** chromosome-based genome analysis enabled us to establish a model of spurge chromosome evolution,since the common paleopolyploid event occurred before the split of Hevea and *** show recent and rapid bursts of the three Hevea-specific LTR-retrotransposon families during the last 10 million years,leading to the massive expansion by～65.88%(～970 Mbp)of the whole rubber tree genome since the divergence from *** identify large-scale expansion of genes associated with whole rubber biosynthesis processes,such as basal metabolic processes,ethylene biosynthesis,and the activation of polysaccharide and glycoprotein lectin,which are important properties for latex production.A map of genomic variation between the cultivated and wild rubber trees was obtained,which contains～15.7 million high-quality single-nucleotide *** identified hundreds of candidate domestication genes with drastically lowered genomic diversity in the cultivated but not wild rubber trees despite a relatively short domestication history of rubber tree,some of which are involved in rubber *** genome assembly represents key resources for future rubber tree research and breeding,providing novel targets for improving plant biotic and abiotic tolerance and rubber production.

关键词： rubber tree rubber biosynthesis chromosome evolution whole-genome duplication domestication

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