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中国科技考古的发展历程、研究方法和展望——以全国科技考古学术讨论会为例

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文物保护与考古科学 2024年第1期36卷 176-181页

作者：胡耀武复旦大学科技考古研究院上海200433 复旦大学文物与博物馆学系上海200433

如今,中国的科技考古正处于方兴未艾之势。然而,迄今为止,我国尚缺乏对国内外科技考古发展历程的系统梳理,对现阶段科技考古的特点、科技考古研究方法(或研究范式)也缺乏深入探讨。为此,本文以全国科技考古学术讨论会为主线,在回顾国内... 详细信息

如今,中国的科技考古正处于方兴未艾之势。然而,迄今为止,我国尚缺乏对国内外科技考古发展历程的系统梳理,对现阶段科技考古的特点、科技考古研究方法(或研究范式)也缺乏深入探讨。为此,本文以全国科技考古学术讨论会为主线,在回顾国内外科技考古发展历程的基础上,讨论中国现阶段科技考古的特点以及研究方法(或研究范式),最后对今后如何开展科技考古研究进行了思考。

关键词：中国考古学科技考古全国科技考古学术讨论会研究方法

Wire-feed laser additive manufacturing of dissimilar metals via dual molten pool interface interlocking mechanism

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2023年第4期66卷 976-986页

作者： HE Yi ZHANG XiaoHan ZHAO Zhe XU ShuoHeng XIA Min ZHANG Chen hu yaowu The Institute of Technological Sciences Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430072China Department of Engineering Lancaster UniversityLancasterLAI 4YWUnited Kingdom School of Power and Mechanical Engineering Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430072China

Intermetallic compounds produced in laser additive manufacturing are the main factors restricting the joint performance of dissimilar *** solve this problem,a dual molten pool interface interlocking mechanism was proposed in this *** on a dual molten pool interface interlocking mechanism,the dissimilar metals,aluminum alloy and stainless steel,were produced as single-layer and multilayer samples,using the wire-feed laser additive manufacturing directed energy deposition *** preferred parameters for the dual molten pool interface interlocking mechanism process of the dissimilar metals,aluminum alloy and stainless steel,were *** matching relationship between the interface connection of dissimilar metals and the process parameters was *** results demonstrated excellent mechanical occlusion at the connection interface and no apparent intermetallic compound *** feature size and high microhardness were observed under a laser power of 660 W,a wire feeding speed of 55 mm/s,and a platform moving speed of 10 mm/*** dynamics simulations demonstrated a faster rate of aluminum diffusion in the aluminum alloy substrate to stainless steel under the action of the initial contact force than without the initial contact ***,the dual molten pool interface interlocking mechanism can effectively reduce the intermetallic compound layer when dissimilar metals are connected in the aerospace field.

关键词： laser additive manufacturing dissimilar metals dual molten pool interface interlocking mechanism interface connection processparameters

Extraction of soluble collagen and its feasibility in the palaeodietary research

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Science China Earth Sciences 2014年第8期57卷 1039-1047页

作者： WANG Ning hu yaowu HOU LiangLiang YANG RuiPing SONG GuoDing WANG ChangSui Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of Sciences Department of Scientific History and Archaeometry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences School of History and Culture Shanxi University

In current palaeodietary research, gelatinization is the main method to extract insoluble collagen(ISC) from ancient bones. However, the degradation products of ISC, i.e., soluble collagen(SC), is often neglected and abandoned. In this work, we try to separate the extracts of ancient bones using gel chromatography and compare the contents of carbon and nitrogen, atomic C/N ratio, and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic values of the extracts from three peaks to determine which peak can be attributed to SC. At last, the potential application of SC in palaeodietary research is discussed based on the comparison of stable isotopic values between ISC and SC. Among the three peaks, the second with the retention time between 17.5 min and 27.5 min had the most broad peak shape, indicating that the molecular weights of proteins collected were most variable. Besides, the contents of carbon and nitrogen and atomic C/N ratio of extracts in this peak were closest to the corresponding ISC. Based on the above, we conclude that the extract in second peak is SC. More important, the δ 13C and δ 15N values of ISC and SC are very similar. For ISC and SC with atomic C/N ratios within the normal range(2.9–3.6), the mean difference of δ 13C value was only(0.3±0.2)‰(n=2) while δ 15N value was(0.6±0.1)‰(n=2). Although the atomic C/N ratios of some SC are slightly beyond the normal range, the mean differences of δ 13C and δ 15N values were still only(0.4±0.1)‰ and(0.3±0)‰(n=2) respectively. These isotopic differences are quite below the isotope fractionation in one trophic level(δ 13C values of 1‰–1.5‰ and δ 15N values of 3‰–5‰), suggesting that SC had great application potentials in palaeodietary research.

关键词：胶原蛋白提取物食谱水溶性白及 ISC 氮同位素氮原子

The subsistence patterns of the Shengedaliang site(-4,000 yr BP)revealed by stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in northern Shaanxi,China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2017年第2期60卷 268-276页

作者： CHEN XiangLong GUO XiaoNing WANG WeiLin hu SongMei YANG MiaoMiao WU Yan hu yaowu Institute of Archaeology Chinese Academy of Social SciencesBeijing 100710China Shaanxi Provincial Academy of Archaeology Xi'an 710054China Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and human Origins Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100044China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

In order to explore subsistence patterns in northern Shaanxi Province around 4,000 yr BP,28 human and 24 animal bones from the Shengedaliang site were sampled for stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratio *** results show that most people primarily subsisted on C_4 resources,*** and millet-related animal products,despite the fact that there was some intake of C_3 plants by some *** nitrogen isotope values indicate that there were differences in meat consumption between individuals at the *** were mainly foddered with millet and millet byproducts,as well as some cattle,according to their highδ^(13)C ***,most cattle and the sheep/goats consumed wild C_3 plants at *** above findings indicates that subsistence patterns in northern Shaanxi around 4,000 yr BP were characterized by millet farming,while the grassland animal husbandry,*** and sheep/goats raising,displayed very little contribution to local *** intensive millet farming in northern Shaanxi provided enough food for population growth,ensured the accumulation of wealth,and consequently accelerated social differentiation and complexity.

关键词：稳定同位素陕西北部 BP 生存模式显示碳氮遗址中国

A Pilot Study of Trophic Level and human Origins at the Xiaoshuangqiao Site, China(ca. 1400 BC) Using 8D Values of Collagen

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2017年第5期91卷 1884-1892页

作者： WANG Ning LI Suting hu yaowu SONG Guoding School of History Culture and Tourism Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou 221116 China Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044 China Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Zhengzhou 450000 China Department of archaeology and anthropology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

We present here a pilot study to examine trophic level effects and migration patterns at the middle Shang Dynasty site of Xiaoshuangqiao in Henan Province using δD results combined with δ^13C and δ^15N values. A total of 33 specimens（17 humans, 7 cattle, 5 pigs, 3 sheep, 1 dog） of bone collagen were isotopically analyzed for δ^13C, δ^15N, and dD values. A strong positive correlation（R^2 = 0.94）between mean δ^15N and δD values of herbivores（cattle and sheep）, omnivores（pig）, carnivores（dog）and humans was observed. The δD results were found to increase by -10‰ to 20‰ from herbivores to omnivores to carnivorous, evidence that collagen δD results are a useful indicator for the study of trophic levels and dietary patterns at archaeological sites. The δD results were also used to examine the origins of two different groups of individuals buried at Xiaoshuangqiao. Individuals buried in sacrificial pits of district V had mean δD values（-47.0 ± 2.9‰, n = 11） that were significantly（p =0.049） elevated compared to the people buried in the stratigraphy of district IX（-51.3 ± 3.3‰, n = 3）,indicating that they were ingesting water from different locations. In addition, the D values of the people buried in the stratigraphy were similar to the pigs（-54.5 ± 4.2‰, n = 5） at Xiaoshuangqiao,suggesting that they were most probably of the local population, and that the individuals buried in the sacrificial pits were most possibly from the coast and prisoners of the Dongyi（“东夷”）people. Thus,δD results have the potential to examine human origins and migration patterns and should be increasingly used in conjunction with δ^13C and δ^15N values at archaeological sites.

关键词： Hydrogen stable isotope ratios trophic level migration collagen Xiaoshuangqiao site

The influence of agriculture in the process of population integration and cultural interaction during the Eastern Zhou Period in central-south, Inner Mongolia: Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of human bones from the Dabaoshan cemetery, Helingee

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Science China Earth Sciences 2018年第2期61卷 205-214页

作者： ZHANG XinYu ZHANG Xu SUO MingJie WEI Dong hu yaowu Department of Archaeology and Anthropology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and human Origins Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044 China Institute of Archaeology Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Beijing 100710 China College of Culture and History Inner Mongolia Normal University Hohhot 010022 China Research Center of Chinese Frontier Archaeology of Jilin University Changchun 130012 China

Central-south Inner Mongolia, China, is highly sensitive to the cultural interactions between sedentary agriculturalists and nomadic pastoralists during the Eastern Zhou Period(770–256 BC). The previous pattern of multiple cultures and diverse ethnic groups has been transformed to the increasingly dominated cultural system of Central Plain since the middle and late Warring States Period, when the states of Zhao and Qin have conquered the most parts of central-south Inner ***, the variation of subsistence strategies during this historical process has never been evaluated. Particularly, as the typical representative of Central Plain cultures, the effect of intensive millet agriculture is still unknown in the process of population integration and culture interaction. Thus, to explore the shift of subsistence pattern, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of bone collagen from Dabaoshan site(410–180 BC) have been performed. The isotopic result indicates a large amount of C_4-based animal protein consumed by Dabaoshan humans. According to the archaeological backgrounds, we propose the Dabaoshan persons intensively relied on the millet agriculture and developed the agro-pastoral economy, which hinted the comprehensive influences from Central plain civilizations in late Warring States Period. Further compared with other published isotopic data in the same region during different periods, we suggest the millet agriculture has played the positive role in the process of population integration and culture fusion in central-south Inner Mongolia during the Eastern Zhou Period.

关键词：同位素分析文化系统相互作用中央南方农业蒙古集成

稳定同位素生物考古学的学科规范、认知误区和分析模型

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第四纪研究 2023年第5期43卷 1503-1512页

作者：胡耀武复旦大学科技考古研究院上海200433 复旦大学文物与博物馆学系上海200433

自20世纪70年代以来,稳定同位素生物考古学在科技考古研究中的重要性越发凸显。21世纪初以降,本学科的发展进入“快车道”,吸引了大量的自然科学学者和考古学者涉足其中。然而,学科的快速发展不可避免地暴露出与稳定同位素分析密切相关... 详细信息

自20世纪70年代以来,稳定同位素生物考古学在科技考古研究中的重要性越发凸显。21世纪初以降,本学科的发展进入“快车道”,吸引了大量的自然科学学者和考古学者涉足其中。然而,学科的快速发展不可避免地暴露出与稳定同位素分析密切相关的一些重要问题,如学科规范有所欠缺、一些认知误区仍然存在等。近些年来,国际学界业已开始关注这些问题并提出了相应的对策或建议。本研究拟在笔者之前反思的基础上,基于近些年以来的研究实践和思考,结合国际学界在此方面的认知,详细阐述了稳定同位素生物考古的学科规范(包括同位素的术语规范、同位素的测试规范、成岩作用的检验规范),重点聚焦和澄清同位素生物考古研究的8个认知误区。最后,首次构建了科学诠释同位素数据的分析模型。本项工作对于规范稳定同位素生物考古学的学科建设、聚焦重要科学问题或考古学问题具有重要意义。

关键词：稳定同位素生物考古学学科规范认知误区分析模型

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科技考古研究范式之思考

人类学学报 2022年第5期41卷 952-958页

作者：胡耀武复旦大学文物与博物馆学系上海200433 复旦大学科技考古研究院上海200433

范式自20世纪60年代创立以来,已普遍使用于多个科学研究领域,并于七八十年代引入至考古学。目前,国内外学界对考古学的研究范式有不少讨论,但对科技考古的研究范式的认知仍属空白。本文在简要介绍科学研究范式和考古学研究范式的基础上... 详细信息

范式自20世纪60年代创立以来,已普遍使用于多个科学研究领域,并于七八十年代引入至考古学。目前,国内外学界对考古学的研究范式有不少讨论,但对科技考古的研究范式的认知仍属空白。本文在简要介绍科学研究范式和考古学研究范式的基础上,首次提出了科技考古研究的3种范式,即科技范式、考古范式、科技考古融合范式,详细阐述了3种研究范式的理论、方法、实践等。此外,本文还指出:科技范式是推动科技考古研究发展的“发动机”,考古范式是掌控科技考古研究方向的“方向盘”,而科技考古融合范式则是协调科技考古各研究领域的“中控台”,真正让科技与考古融为一体。最后,笔者还对在科技考古研究范式下如何构建研究人员的知识体系提出了一些看法。

关键词：科学技术考古范式融合

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同位素视角下中华文明和中华民族共同体形成与发展的物质基础

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学术前沿 2023年第12期 48-59页

作者：胡耀武复旦大学科技考古研究院

了解中华文明和中华民族共同体形成和发展的物质基础,尤其是其中的“饮食文化基因”,是探讨中华文明和中华民族形成与发展史的重要组成部分,也是回答“何以中国”问题的关键所在。近年来,我国蓬勃发展的稳定同位素生物考古学研究积累了... 详细信息

了解中华文明和中华民族共同体形成和发展的物质基础,尤其是其中的“饮食文化基因”,是探讨中华文明和中华民族形成与发展史的重要组成部分,也是回答“何以中国”问题的关键所在。近年来,我国蓬勃发展的稳定同位素生物考古学研究积累了大量的同位素数据,为我们揭示我国先民的生存策略提供了前所未有的良机。通过对北方地区中华文明形成期和中华民族形成期人骨同位素数据的收集、梳理和分析,我们可以发现,粟作农业是中华文明和中华民族共同体形成和发展的物质基础,可谓中华文明“饮食文化基因”。

关键词：中华文明中华民族共同体粟作农业稳定同位素饮食文化基因