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Association of Overlapped and Un-overlapped Comorbidities with COVID-19 Severity and Treatment Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Study from Nine Provinces in China

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Biomedical and Environmental sciences 2020年第12期33卷 893-905页

作者： MA Yan ZHU Dong Shan CHEN Ren Bo SHI Nan Nan liU Si Hong FAN Yi Pin WU Gui hui {2. Pu Ye BAI Jiang Feng CHEN Hong CHEN li Ying FENG qiao GUO Tuan Mao HOU Yong HU Gui Fen HU Xiao Mei HU Yun Hong HUANG Jin HUANG Qiu Hua HUANG Shao Zhen JI liang JIN Hai Hao LEI Xiao li Chun Yan li Min Qing li Qun Tang li Xian Yong liU Hong De liU Jin Ping liU Zhang MA Yu Ting MAO Ya MO liu Fen NA hui WANG Jing Wei SONG Fang li SUN Sheng WANG Dong Ting WANG Ming Xuan WANG Xiao Yan WANG Yin Zhen WANG Yu Dong WU Wei WU Lan Ping XIAO Yan Hua XIE Hai Jun XU Hong Ming XU Shou Fang XUE Rui Xia {2. Chun {2. Kai Jun YUAN Sheng li ZHANG Gong Qi ZHANG Jin Bo ZHANG lin Song ZHAO Shu Sen ZHAO Wan Ying ZHENG Kai ZHOU Ying Chun ZHU Jun Teng ZHU Tian Qing ZHANG Hua Min WANG Yan Ping WANG Yong Yan 无 Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing 100700China Centre for Health Management and Policy Research School of Public HealthCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan 250012ShandongChina Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing 100700China Department of Tuberculosis The Public Health Clinical Center of ChengduChengdu 610066SichuanChina Department of Infectious Disease Shaanxi Infectious Disease HospitalXi'an 610113ShaanxiChina Department of Infectious Disease Yulin Chinese Medicine HospitalYulin 719000ShaanxiChina President's Office The First Hospital of QiqiharQiqihar 161005HeilongjiangChina Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shangluo Central HospitalShangluo 726000ShaanxiChina Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine The People's Hospital of QitaiheQitaihe 154603HeilongjiangChina Department of Scientific Research Xianyang Central HospitalXianyang 712000ShaanxiChina Department of traditional Chinese medicine The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese MedicineHefei 230012AnhuiChina Department of Infectious Disease Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical CollegeChangzhi 046000ShanxiChina Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Langfang Hospital of Chinese MedicineLangfang 065000HeibeiChina Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Xingtai Hospital of Chinese MedicineXingtai 054001HeibeiChina Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanning 168600GuangxiChina Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine The First People'sHospital of FangchenggangFangchenggang 538001GuangxiChina Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Mianyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineMianyang 621000SichuanChina Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Liuzhou People's HospitalLiuzhou 545006GansuChina Department of Traditional Chinese Medici

Objective Several COVID-19 patients have overlapping comorbidities. The independent role of each component contributing to the risk of COVID-19 is unknown, and how some non-cardiometabolic comorbidities affect the risk of COVID-19 remains *** A retrospective follow-up design was adopted. A total of 1,160 laboratory-confirmed patients were enrolled from nine provinces in China. Data on comorbidities were obtained from the patients’ medical records. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio(OR) and 95% confidence interval(95% CI) of the associations between comorbidities(cardiometabolic or non-cardiometabolic diseases), clinical severity, and treatment outcomes of *** Overall, 158(13.6%) patients were diagnosed with severe illness and 32.2.7%) had unfavorable outcomes. Hypertension(2.87, 1.30–6.32., type 2.diabetes(T2.DM)(3.57, 2.32.5.49),cardiovascular disease(CVD)(3.78, 1.81–7.89), fatty liver disease(7.53, 1.96–2..96), hyperlipidemia(2.15, 1.2.–3.67), other lung diseases(6.00, 3.01–11.96), and electrolyte imbalance(10.40, 3.00–2..10)were independently linked to increased odds of being severely ill. T2.DM(6.07, 2.89–12.75), CVD(8.47,6.03–11.89), and electrolyte imbalance(19.44, 11.47–32.96) were also strong predictors of unfavorable outcomes. Women with comorbidities were more likely to have severe disease on admission(5.46,3.2.–9.19), while men with comorbidities were more likely to have unfavorable treatment outcomes(6.58, 1.46–2..64) within two *** Besides hypertension, diabetes, and CVD, fatty liver disease, hyperlipidemia, other lung diseases, and electrolyte imbalance were independent risk factors for COVID-19 severity and poor treatment outcome. Women with comorbidities were more likely to have severe disease, while men with comorbidities were more likely to have unfavorable treatment outcomes.

关键词： Comorbidities COVID-19 Severity Gender Age Treatment outcome

AtMCM10 promotes DNA replication-coupled nucleosome assembly in Arabidopsis

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2023年第1期65卷 203-222页

作者： Xinjie Zhao Jingyi Wang Dan Jin Jinkui Cheng hui Chen Zhen li Yu Wang huiqiang Lou Jian-Kang Zhu Xuan Du Zhizhong Gong State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry College of Biological Sciences China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193 China National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement Institute of Crop Sciences The Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081 China State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology College of Biological Sciences China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193 China Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes Institute of Plant and Food ScienceSchool of Life ScienceDepartment of Biology Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055 China Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International Cancer Center Shenzhen University Medical SchoolShenzhen 518060 China Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical UltrasoundSchool of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen University Medical SchoolShenzhen 518060 China school of life {2. Institute of Life Science and Green Development Hebei UniversityBaoding 071002 China

Minichromosome Maintenance protein 10(MCM10)is essential for DNA replication initiation and DNA elongation in yeasts and *** the functions of MCM10 in DNA replication and repair have been well documented,the detailed mechanisms for MCM10 in these processes are not well ***,we identified AtMCM10 gene through a forward genetic screening for releasing a silenced marker *** plant MCM10 possesses a similar crystal structure as animal MCM10,AtMCM10 is not essential for plant growth or development in ***10 can directly bind to histone H3-H4 and promotes nucleosome assembly in *** nucleosome density is decreased in Atmcm10,and most of the nucleosome density decreased regions in Atmcm10 are also regulated by newly synthesized histone chaperone Chromatin Assembly Factor-1(CAF-1).Loss of both AtMCM10 and CAF-1 is embryo lethal,indicating that AtM CM10 and CAF-1 are indispensable for replication-coupled nucleosome ***10 interacts with both new and parental ***10 mutants have lower H3.1abundance and reduced H3K2.me1/3 levels with releasing some silenced *** propose that AtM CM10 deposits new and parental histones during nucleosome assembly,maintaining proper epigenetic modifications and genome stability during DNA replication.

关键词： AtMCM10 H3K2.me1 nucleosomes assembly

Identification of Human Hepatocyte Proliferation Related Gene C2.rf69

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国际感染病学（电子版） 2014年第1期3卷 1-9页

作者： Ren-wen Zhang Yong qiao Xiao-hua Hao Hong-min li {2. Ren Xiao-jing Zhang Hong-shan Wei Xiao-yuan Xu Peking university Health science Center Beijing Ditan Hospital Institute of Infectious Diseases Department of Infectious Disease Peking University First Hospital beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University

Objective To construct the prokaryotic expression vector p ET-32.(+)-C2.rf69 and induce the expression of recombinant proteins in vitro. Then the possible effects of recombinant protein on cell proliferation was observed and rabbit-anti-C2.rf69 protein polyclonal antibodies was *** Gene fragment of C2.rf69 was amplified by PCR and then prokaryotic expression plasmid pE T-32.(+)-C2.rf69 was constructed. Recombinant protein C2.rf69 expression was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The white-ear rabbits were immunized with purified recombinant protein C2.rf69, and the potency and specificity of polyclonal antibody were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(EliSA) and Western blot. Also, different liver cells were incubated with recombinant protein C2.rf69 in vitro. Results C2.rf69 gene fragment was successfully amplified, results of gene sequencing were consistent with the sequence in Gen Bank. Recombinant protein of C2.rf69 was successfully induced and expressed. The polyclonal antibody titer was up to 1︰1 2.0 000 through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results of cell proliferation showed that the recombinant protein could inhibit the proliferation of different liver cells. Conclusions The recombinant protein C2.rf69 could inhibit the proliferation of different liver cells, and we speculated that it may be a widely roled inhibitor of hepatocyte proliferation. Our experiment showed that the proliferation inhibition of cells may be realized by G1 phase extending and S phase shortening.

关键词： C2.rf69 Polyclonal antibody Hepatocyte proliferation

Water-ultrastable perovskite CsPbBr_(3)nanocrystals for fluorescence-enhanced cellular imaging

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Rare Metals 2023年第5期42卷 1624-1634页

作者： Cai-li He Zi-Qi Meng Shu-Xia Ren Jian li Ye Wang Hao Wu {2. Bu Yu Zhang Wei-Zhong Hao Shu-lin Chen Rong-Rong Yan Huan liu Yu-Fang Zhu Jin-Jin Zhao Department of Neurology The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang050000China Institute of Materials for Energy Conversion School of Materials Science and EngineeringShijiazhuang Tiedao UniversityShijiazhuang050043China General Practice Department Liaocheng City People’s HospitalLiaocheng252000China Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular DiseaseEye Institute and School of OptometryTianjin Medical University Eye HospitalTianjin300000China General Practice Department Hengshui People’s HospitalHengshui053000China The 984th Hospital of the PLA Integrated TCM&Western Medicine Department Beijing100094China KAUST Catalysis Center(KCC) Division of Physical Sciences and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology(KAUST)Thuwal23955-6900Saudi Arabia State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure Shanghai Institute of CeramicsChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050China Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials College of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHebei Normal UniversityShijiazhuang050024China

Metal halide perovskites have attracted much attention in biomedicine because of their excellent fluorescence energy conversion properties;however,poor water-stability and cytotoxicity limit its applications as a biomedical tracer,especially in cellular ***,water-ultrastable perovskites C sPbBr_(3):Cs_(4)PbBr_(6)nanocrystals(NCs)encapsulated in chitosan are fabricated successfully using a water-triggered *** as-synthesized CsPbBr_(3):Cs_(4)PbBr_(6)@CS(chitosan,CS)nanoparticles in water display enhanced fluorescence emission for 35 ***,the viability of glioma cells(U87 cells)incubated with different concentrations of CsPbBr_(3):Cs_(4)PbBr_(6)@CS nanoparticles(0-2.μg·ml^(-1))for2. h is found to be higher than 90%.In artificial body fluid,analyses using laser confocal microscopy,the standard Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)method,and flow cytometry demonstrated the good water ultrastability and high biocompatibility performance of CsPbBr_(3):Cs_(4)PbBr_(6)@CS nanoparticles in cellular ***,the water-ultrastable halide perovskites support promising perspectives in biological cell tracing and intelligent medical technology.

关键词： Perovskites nanocrystals Chitosan Waterultrastable High biocompatibility Cellular imaging

Transcriptome sequencing and experiments reveal the effect of formyl peptide receptor 2.on liver homeostasis

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2023年第24期29卷 3793-3806页

作者： hui liu Ze-Yu Sun Hua Jiang Xu-Dong li Yong-Qiang Jiang Peng liu Wen-Hua Huang Qing-Yu Lv Xiang-lilan Zhang Rong-Kuan li Department of Gastroenterology Second Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian 116000Liaoning ProvinceChina State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAcademy of Military Medical SciencesBeijing 100071China Microbiology Teaching and Research Office Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032Anhui ProvinceChina Department of Infectious Diseases Second Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian 116000Liaoning ProvinceChina

BACKGROUND Formyl peptide receptor 2.Fpr2.is an important receptor in host resistance to bacterial *** previous studies,we found that the liver of Fpr2./-mice is the most severely damaged target organ in bloodstream infections,although the reason for this is *** To investigate the role of Fpr2.in liver homeostasis and host resistance to bacterial *** Transcriptome sequencing was performed on the livers of Fpr2./-and wild-type(WT)*** expressed genes(DEGs)were identified in the Fpr2./-and WT mice,and the biological functions of DEGs were analyzed by Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment *** real time-polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)and western blot(WB)analyses were used to further validate the expression levels of differential *** counting kit-8 assay was employed to investigate cell *** cell cycle detection kit was used to measure the distribution of cell *** Luminex assay was used to analyze cytokine levels in the *** serum biochemical indices and the number of neutrophils in the liver were measured,and hepatic histopathological analysis was *** Compared with the WT group,445 DEGs,including 32. upregulated genes and 12. downregulated genes,were identified in the liver of Fpr2./-*** enrichment analysis using GO and KEGG showed that these DEGs were mainly related to cell *** qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that several key genes(CycA,CycB1,Cdc2.,Cdc2.c,and Cdk1)involved in the cell cycle had significant *** WB analysis confirmed a decrease in the expression of CDK1 ***4(an antagonist of Fpr2.could inhibit the proliferation of HepG2.cells in a concentration dependent manner,with an increase in the number of cells in the G0/G1 phase,and a decrease in the number of cells in the S *** alanine aminotransferase levels increased in Fpr2./-*** Luminex assay measurements showed that interleukin

关键词： Cell cycle Cell proliferation Cdk1 Differentially expressed genes Formyl peptide receptor 2 RNA-sequencing

Histone deacetylase inhibitors inducing human cervical cancer cell apoptosis by decreasin~ DNA-methyltransferase 3B

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Chinese medical Journal 2012年第18期125卷 3273-3278页

作者： liU Ning ZHAO li-jun li Xiao-ping WANG Jian-liu CHAI Guo-lin WEI li-hui Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Peking UniversityPeople's Hospital China Beijing 100044 Department of Hematology China-Japan Friendship Hospital China Beijing 100029

Background Histone deacetylase （HDAC） inhibitors are a group of small chemical molecules that inhibit histone deacetylase. At cell level, HDAC inhibitors have multiple biological effects such as cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, cell differentiation and auotophagy. At molecular level, HDAC inhibitors cause histone and nonhistone acetylation and induce gene expression. HDAC inhibitors are widely used in cancer therapy because of its function of inducing apoptosis. However, the mechanisms of apoptosis effect are not fully understood. TSA is a classical HDAC inhibitor and widely used in epigenetic and anti-cancer research. In this study, we selected Trichostatin A （TSA） to investigate the mechanisms of HDAC inhibitors apoptotic effect on cancer cells. Methods Cervical cancer cell lines such as Hela, Caski and normal human keratinocyte line HaCaT were treated with various concentrations of TSA. Crystal violent assay and 3-（4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2.yl）-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTT） assay were performed to determine cell number. PARP cleavage and FITC-AnexinV were performed to determine apoptosis. DNA-methyltransferase （DNMT）I, DNMT3A and DNMT3B were determined by regular PCR, qPCR and Western Blotting. Small interfering RNA （SiRNAi） was used to knock down DNMT3B. Results HDAC inhibitors only induce cervical cancer cell apoptosis. At 1 Iumol/L of TSA, 86% of Hela cell and 76% of Caski went apoptosis. For normal cells, HDAC inhibitors have no cytotoxic effect at therapeutic dosage, （90.0＋8.4）% of normal cell survive after treated with 1 IJmol/L of TSA. We compared 1 pmol/L group with untreated control with t-test. There was no significance between 1 pmol/L group and untreated control for normal cell （P 〉0.05）. HDAC inhibitors decreased DNMT3B in cancer cell but not in normal cell. Manually knock-down of DNMT3B induced Hela and Caski cell apoptosis. More than 99% of Hela and Caski cell went apoptosis after deprived of DNMT3B. Conclusions DNMT3B was essential to cervical ca

关键词： histone deaeetylase inhibitors human cervical cancer apoptosis DNA-methyltransferase 3B Trichostatin A DNA methyl transferase

A hierarchical bilayer architecture for complex tissue regeneration

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Bioactive Materials 2022年第4期7卷 93-106页

作者： Min Yu Dan Luo Jing qiao Jiusi Guo Danqing He Shanshan Jin lin Tang Yu Wang Xin Shi Jing Mao Shengjie Cui Yu Fu Zixin li Dawei liu Ting Zhang Chi Zhang Zhou li Yongsheng Zhou Yan liu Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials Department of OrthodonticsPeking University School and Hospital of Stomatology&National Center of Stomatology&National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases&National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology&Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology&Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health&NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental MaterialsBeijing100081China Department of Prosthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology&National Center of Stomatology&National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases&National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology&Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology&Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health&NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental MaterialsBeijing100081China CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and SensorBeijing Institute of Nanoenergy and NanosystemsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing101400China Department of Periodontology The First Clinical DivisionPeking University School and Hospital of StomatologyBeijing100034China State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu610041China Center of Stomatology Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430030China Fourth Division Peking University Hospital of StomatologyBeijing100025China

engineering a complete,physiologically functional,periodontal complex structure remains a great clinical challenge due to the highly hierarchical architecture of the periodontium and coordinated regulation of multiple growth factors required to induce stem cell multilineage *** biomimetic self-assembly and microstamping techniques,we construct a hierarchical bilayer architecture consisting of intrafibrillarly mineralized collagen resembling bone and cementum,and unmineralized parallel-aligned fibrils mimicking periodontal *** prepared biphasic scaffold possesses unique micro/nano structure,differential mechanical properties,and growth factor-rich microenvironment between the two phases,realizing a perfect simulation of natural periodontal hard/soft tissue *** interconnected porous hard compartment with a Young’s modulus of 1409.00±160.83 MPa could induce cross-arrangement and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells in vitro,whereas the micropatterned soft compartment with a Young’s modulus of 42.62.4.58 MPa containing abundant endogenous growth factors,could guide parallel arrangement and fibrogenic differentiation of stem cells in *** implantation in critical-sized complete periodontal tissue defect,the biomimetic bilayer architecture potently reconstructs native periodontium with the insertion of periodontal ligament fibers into newly formed cementum and alveolar bone by recruiting host mesenchymal stem cells and activating the transforming growth factor beta 1/Smad3 signaling *** together,integration of self-assembly and microstamping strategies could successfully fabricate a hierarchical bilayer architecture,which exhibits great potential for recruiting and regulating host stem cells to promote synergistic regeneration of hard/soft tissues.

关键词： Biomimetic design Biphasic scaffold Mineralized collagen Micropatterned arrays Periodontium regeneration

Effect of siRNAs on HSV-1 Plaque Formation and Relative Expression Levels of RR mRNA

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Virologica Sinica 2011年第1期26卷 40-46页

作者： Zhe Ren Shen li qiao-li Wang yang-fei Xiang Yun-xia Cui Yi-fei Wang Ren-bin Qi Da-xiang Lu Shu-min Zhang Pei-zhuo Zhang Biomedicine research and development center of Jinan university Guangdong Guangzhou 510632 China medical College of Jinan university Guangdong Guangzhou 510632 China National engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine Guangdong Guangzhou 510632 China National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and biological Products Beijing 100050China Shanghai GenePharma Co. Ltd Shanghai 201203 China

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process by which introduced small interfering RNA (siRNA) can cause the specific degradation of mRNA with identical sequences. The human herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) RR is composed of two distinct homodimeric subunits encoded by UL39 and UL40,respectively. In this study,we applied siRNAs targeting the UL39 and UL40 genes of HSV-1. We showed that synthetic siRNA silenced effectively and specifically UL39 and UL40 mRNA expression and inhibited HSV-1 replication. Our work offers new possibilities for RNAi as a genetic tool for inhibition of HSV-1 replication.

关键词： Small interfering RNA (siRNA) Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) Ribonucleotide reductase(RR) Gene

Exosomes from antler stem cells alleviate mesenchymal stem cell senescence and osteoarthritis

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Protein & Cell 2022年第3期13卷 220-226页

作者： Jinghui Lei Xiaoyu Jiang Wei li Jie Ren Datao Wang Zhejun Ji Zeming Wu Fang Cheng Yusheng Cai Zheng-Rong Yu Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte Chunyi li Guang-hui liu Weiqi Zhang Jing Qu Si Wang Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXuanwu Hospital Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100053China State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Aging Translational Medicine Center Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing 100053China CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine Beijing Institute of GenomicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Institute of Antler science and Product Technology Changchun Sci-Tech UniversityChangchun 130000China university of Chinese Academy of sciences Beijing 100049China National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules CAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China China National Center for Bioinformation Beijing 100101China beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Beijing 100101China Department of Orthopaedics Peking University First HospitalBeijing 100034China Gene Expression Laboratory Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCAUSA

Dear Editor,Stem cell therapy holds enormous and revolutionary promise to treat various age-related diseases,such as diabetes,heart failure,and Parkinson’s ***,low retention and survival rate of delivered stem cells,partially due to immunological rejection,constitute major hurdles for the clinical implementation of stem cell therapy(Lei et al.,2.2.a).Since mounting evidence showed that several types of stem cells mainly exert their therapeutic effects through the secretion of paracrine effects,exosomes,which are released by stem cells and execute most paracrine functions,have begun to draw attention in the field(Tran and Damaser,2.15).Exosomes are membrane-enclosed vesicles with an average diameter of∼100 nanometers secreted by the cells,containing cytokines.

关键词： Exosomes holds mount