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Exploring the social,ethical,legal,and responsibility dimensions of artificial intelligence for health-a new column in Intelligent Medicine

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Intelligent Medicine 2022年第2期2卷 103-109页

作者： Achim Rosemann Xinqing Zhang Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility De Montfort UniversityLeicesterUnited Kingdom Department of Sociology Philosophy and AnthropologyUniversity of ExeterUnited Kingdom School of Humanities and Social Sciences Peking Union Medical College&Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing 100005China

This essay is the starting point of a new column in Intelligent Medicine that invites interdisciplinary perspectives on the social,ethical,legal,and responsibility aspects of the use of artificial intelligence(AI)in medicine and health care.Papers in this column will examine the practical,conceptual,and policy dimensions of the use of AI for health-related purposes from comparative and international perspectives.We invite contributions from around the world in all application areas of AI for health,including health care,health research,drug development,health care system management,as well as public health and public health surveillance.The column aims to provide a forum for reflective and critical scholarship that contributes to the ongoing academic and policy debates about the development,use,governance,and implications of AI in medical and health care settings.To launch the column,we first provide an overview of recent approaches that have been developed to identify and address the effects and potential impacts of science and technology innovations on human societies and the environment.These include ethical,legal,and social implications/aspects(ELSI/A)research,responsible research and innovation(RRI),sustainability transitions research,and the use of international standard-setting instruments for responsible and open science issued by the United Nations Educational,Scientific,and Cultural Organization(UNESCO),the World Health Organization(WHO),and other international bodies.In Part Two of this essay,we discuss some of the central challenges that arise with regard to the integration of AI and big data analytics in medical and health care settings.This includes concerns regarding(i)the control,reliability,and trustworthiness of AI systems,(ii)privacy and surveillance,(iii)the impact of AI and automation on health care staffemployment and the nature of clinical work,(iv)the effects of AI on health inequalities,justice,and access to medical care,and(v)challenges related to regulation and governance.We end the ess

关键词： Artificial intelligence Health Ethical,legal and social implications Responsible research and innovation Global ethics Governance of emerging technologies

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Reflection on the equitable attribution of responsibility for artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis and treatment decisions

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智慧医学(英文) 2023年第2期3卷 139-143页

作者： Antian Chen Chenyu Wang Xinqing Zhang Department of Cardiology Peking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College&Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing 100730China Department of Computer Science College of Natural SciencesUniversity of Texas at AustinTXUSA Echocardiography Medical Center Maternal-Fetal Medicine center in Fetal Heart DiseaseBeijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing 100029China School of Humanities and Social Sciences Peking Union Medical College&Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing 100005China

Artificial intelligence(AI)is developing rapidly and is being used in several medical capacities,including assisting in diagnosis and treatment decisions.As a result,this raises the conceptual and practical problem of how to distribute responsibility when AI-assisted diagnosis and treatment have been used and patients are harmed in the process.Regulations on this issue have not yet been established.It would be beneficial to tackle responsibility attribution prior to the development of biomedical AI technologies and ethical guidelines.In general,human doctors acting as superiors need to bear responsibility for their clinical decisions.However,human doctors should not bear responsibility for the behavior of an AI doctor that is practicing medicine inde-pendently.According to the degree of fault-which includes internal institutional ethics,the AI bidding process in procurement,and the medical process-clinical institutions are required to bear corresponding responsibility.AI manufacturers are responsible for creating accurate algorithms,network security,and insuring patient privacy protection.However,the AI itself should not be subjected to legal evaluation since there is no need for it to bear responsibility.Corresponding responsibility should be borne by the employer,in this case the medical institution.

关键词： Artificial intelligence Diagnosis Ethics Responsibility attribution

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Enhanced removal of sulfonamide antibiotics from water by phosphogypsum modified biochar composite

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第8期130卷 174-186页

作者： Zonghong Jiang Miao Chen xinqing Lee Qianwei Feng Ning Cheng Xueyang zhang Shengsen Wang Bing Wang College of Resources and Environmental Engineering Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 50025China Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment Ministry of EducationGuiyang 550025China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesGuiyang 550081China School of Environmental Engineering Xuzhou University of TechnologyXuzhou 221018China College of Environmental Science and Engineering Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225127China

Antibiotic pollution has become a global eco-environmental issue.To reduce sulfonamide antibiotics in water and improve resource utilization of solid wastes,phosphogypsummodified biochar composite(PMBC)was prepared via facile one-step from distillers grains,wood chips,and phosphogypsum.The physicochemical properties of PMBCwere characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),Zeta potential,X-ray diffraction(XRD),etc.The influencing factors,adsorption behaviors,and mechanisms of sulfadiazine(SD)and sulfamethazine(SMT)onto PMBC were studied by batch and fixed bed column adsorption experiments.The results showed that the removal rates of SD and SMT increased with the increase of phosphogypsum proportion,while decreased with the increase of solution pH.The maximum adsorption capacities of modified distillers grain and wood chips biochars for SD were 2.98 and 4.18 mg/g,and for SMT were 4.40 and 8.91mg/g,respectively,which was 9.0–22.3 times that of pristine biochar.Fixed bed column results demonstrated that PMBC had good adsorption capacities for SD and SMT.When the solution flow rate was 2.0 mL/min and the dosage of PMBC was 5.0 g,the removal rates of SD and SMT by modified wood chips biochar were both higher than 50%in 4 hr.The main mechanisms of SD and SMT removal by PMBC are hydrogen bonding,π-πdonor-acceptor,electrostatic interaction,and hydrophobic interaction.This study provides an effective method for the removal of antibiotics in water and the resource utilization of phosphogypsum.

关键词： Modified biochar Solid waste Antibiotics Phosphogypsum Fixed-bed adsorption

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Robust Topology Optimization of Periodic Multi-Material Functionally Graded Structures under Loading Uncertainties

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2021年第5期127卷 683-704页

作者： xinqing Li Qinghai Zhao Hongxin zhang Tiezhu zhang Jianliang Chen College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Qingdao UniversityQingdao266071China Power Integration and Energy Storage System Engineering Technology Center Qingdao UniversityQingdao266071China

This paper presents a robust topology optimization design approach for multi-material functional graded structures under periodic constraint with load uncertainties.To characterize the random-field uncertainties with a reduced set of random variables,the Karhunen-Lo`eve(K-L)expansion is adopted.The sparse grid numerical integration method is employed to transform the robust topology optimization into a weighted summation of series of deterministic topology optimization.Under dividing the design domain,the volume fraction of each preset gradient layer is extracted.Based on the ordered solid isotropic microstructure with penalization(Ordered-SIMP),a functionally graded multi-material interpolation model is formulated by individually optimizing each preset gradient layer.The periodic constraint setting of the gradient layer is achieved by redistributing the average element compliance in sub-regions.Then,the method of moving asymptotes(MMA)is introduced to iteratively update the design variables.Several numerical examples are presented to verify the validity and applicability of the proposed method.The results demonstrate that the periodic functionally graded multi-material topology can be obtained under different numbers of sub-regions,and robust design structures are more stable than that indicated by the deterministic results.

关键词： Multi-material topology optimization robust design periodic functional gradient sparse grid method

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Long-term prognosis and prognostic determinants of patients with first attack of mild and moderate ischemia at Beijing community hospitals

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Neural Regeneration Research 2012年第7期7卷 540-545页

作者： Xianghua Fang Liming Li Xinqing Zhang Hongjun Liu Hongmei zhang Xiaoming Qin Department of Epidemiology ＆ Biostatistics School of Public Health Peking University Health Sciences Center Beijing 100191 China Department of Evidence-based Medicine Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing 100053 China Department of Neurology Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing 100053 China Department of Geriatrics Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing 100053 China

A total of 710 patients with first-ever ischemic stroke were consecutively recruited between January 2003 and December 2004 from five community hospitals/stations in five districts of Beijing, China. As of December 31, 2008, a total of 2 477 person-years were followed-up. During the five-year follow-ups, 117 adverse events occurred, including all-cause death and acute cardiovascular events （recurrent stroke, acute myocardial infarction, and sudden death）. The five-year cumulative mortality rate was 2.18/100 person-years （54 cases）, with 3.88/100 person-years （96 cases） of acute cardiovascular events and 3.02/100 person-years （75 cases） of recurrent stroke. Multiple factor analyses using the Cox proportional hazards ratio models showed that age, diabetes, and dependence of activities of daily living were independent predictors for death, acute cardiovascular disease events, or recurrent stroke. The results demonstrated that recurrent stroke was a major vascular disease that affected the prognosis of mild or moderate stroke patients. Secondary prevention of stroke patients should include active management of vascular risk factors and rehabilitation.

关键词： ischemic stroke follow-up study predictors prognosis recurrent stroke survival

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科技伦理治理原则辨析及理念传播

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中国医学伦理学 2022年第5期35卷 479-482页

作者：张新庆北京协和医学院马克思主义学院北京100730 北京协和医学院人文和社会科学学院北京100730

负责任的研究与创新要求加强伦理治理。《关于加强科技伦理治理的意见》提出了五个伦理原则:增进人类福祉、尊重生命权利、坚持公平公正、合理控制风险和保持公开透明。通过对这五个伦理原则的理念、要点和难点进行解读,提出了三点加强... 详细信息

负责任的研究与创新要求加强伦理治理。《关于加强科技伦理治理的意见》提出了五个伦理原则:增进人类福祉、尊重生命权利、坚持公平公正、合理控制风险和保持公开透明。通过对这五个伦理原则的理念、要点和难点进行解读,提出了三点加强科技伦理教育的建议:第一,优化高校相关专业科技伦理课程设置,帮助青年学生认识伦理原则,树立正确的科技伦理观。第二,高校要开展教师、研究者、管理者和伦理委员会委员的教育培训,积极探索在线科研伦理培训和效果评价。第三,高校教师开设的专业课程中应有机融入课程思政的内容,起到警示作用。

关键词：科技伦理治理伦理原则科技伦理教育理念传播

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中国国际商事法庭建设发展路径探析

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法律适用 2021年第3期2021卷 138-147页

作者：张新庆中国政法大学最高人民法院政治部组织人事部

一个国家国际商事法庭的建设发展,离不开本国固有的历史背景、文化底蕴、经济社会现状和国家发展规划。本文以当前有关国家国际商事法庭发展状况为背景,从国家驱动、国家资源和国际合作三个层面,探讨各国建设实践的得与失,反思当前学术... 详细信息

一个国家国际商事法庭的建设发展,离不开本国固有的历史背景、文化底蕴、经济社会现状和国家发展规划。本文以当前有关国家国际商事法庭发展状况为背景,从国家驱动、国家资源和国际合作三个层面,探讨各国建设实践的得与失,反思当前学术界简单拿来主义倾向,提出深化研究我国国际商事法庭建设的内涵式发展路径。

关键词：国际商事法庭内涵式发展路径

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An infrared target intrusion detection method based on feature fusion and enhancement

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2020年第3期16卷 737-746页

作者： Xiaodong Hu xinqing Wang Xin Yang Dong Wang Peng zhang Yi Xiao College of Field Engineering Army Engineering University of PLANanjing210007China

Infrared target intrusion detection has significant applications in the fields of military defence and intelligent warning.In view of the characteristics of intrusion targets as well as inspection difficulties,an infrared target intrusion detection algorithm based on feature fusion and enhancement was proposed.This algorithm combines static target mode analysis and dynamic multi-frame correlation detection to extract infrared target features at different levels.Among them,LBP texture analysis can be used to effectively identify the posterior feature patterns which have been contained in the target library,while motion frame difference method can detect the moving regions of the image,improve the integrity of target regions such as camouflage,sheltering and deformation.In order to integrate the advantages of the two methods,the enhanced convolutional neural network was designed and the feature images obtained by the two methods were fused and enhanced.The enhancement module of the network strengthened and screened the targets,and realized the background suppression of infrared images.Based on the experiments,the effect of the proposed method and the comparison method on the background suppression and detection performance was evaluated,and the results showed that the SCRG and BSF values of the method in this paper had a better performance in multiple data sets,and it’s detection performance was far better than the comparison algorithm.The experiment results indicated that,compared with traditional infrared target detection methods,the proposed method could detect the infrared invasion target more accurately,and suppress the background noise more effectively.

关键词： Target intrusion detection Convolutional neural network Feature fusion Infrared target

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Plant-based dietary patterns and risk of esophageal cancer:A prospective cohort study spanning 17 years

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Chinese Journal of Cancer Research 2024年第1期36卷 36-45页

作者： Xiaorui zhang Feifan He Jiayue Li Ru Chen xinqing Li Li Li Fen Liu Shaoming Wang Wenqiang Wei Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics School of Public HealthBeijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical EpidemiologyCapital Medical UniversityBeijing 100069China National Central Cancer Registry office National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021China Department of Cancer Epidemiology National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021China

Objective: Plant-based diets have multiple health benefits for cancers;however, little is known about the association between plant-based dietary patterns and esophageal cancer(EC).This study presents an investigation of the prospective associations among three predefined indices of plant-based dietary patterns and the risk of EC.Methods: We performed endoscopic screening for 15,709 participants aged 40-69 years from two high-risk areas of China from January 2005 to December 2009 and followed the cohort until December 31, 2022. The overall plant-based diet index(PDI), healthful plant-based diet index(h PDI), and unhealthful plant-based diet index(u PDI), were calculated using survey responses to assess dietary patterns. We applied Cox proportional hazard regression to estimate the multivariable hazard ratios(HRs) and 95% confidence intervals(95% CIs) of EC across 3plant-based diet indices and further stratified the analysis by subgroups.Results: The final study sample included 15,184 participants in the cohort. During a follow-up of 219,365person-years, 176 patients with EC were identified. When the highest quartile was compared with the lowest quartile, the pooled multivariable-adjusted HR of EC was 0.50(95% CI, 0.32-0.77) for h PDI. In addition, the HR per 10-point increase in the h PDI score was 0.42(95% CI, 0.27-0.66) for ECs. Conversely, u PDI was positively associated with the risk of EC, and the HR was 1.80(95% CI, 1.16-2.82). The HR per 10-point increase in the u PDI score was 1.90(95% CI, 1.26-2.88) for ECs. The associations between these scores and the risk of EC were consistent in most subgroups. These results remained robust in sensitivity analyses.Conclusions: A healthy plant-based dietary pattern was associated with a reduced risk of EC. Emphasizing the healthiness and quality of plant-based diets may be important for preventing the development of EC.

关键词： Esophageal cancer diet dietary pattern epidemiology nutrition prospective cohort study

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Short-term biochar effect on soil physicochemical and microbiological properties of a degraded alpine grassland

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Pedosphere 2022年第3期32卷 426-437页

作者： Jinsheng LI xinqing SHAO Ding HUANG Kesi LIU Jianying SHANG Qian zhang Tianci ZHAO Xiaomeng YANG College of Grassland Science and Technology China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193(China) National Field Station of Grassland Ecosystem at Guyuan Hebei 076550(China) Department of Water and soil Science China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193(China)

Soil remediation is an important part of the restoration process of degraded terrestrial ecosystems.Due to its unique properties,biochar is being used widely as an effective soil modifier in agricultural systems,but research is still rare on biochar application in grassland ecosystems,especially in degraded alpine grasslands.In this study,we conducted a plot experiment to investigate the effect of biochar application on soil physicochemical properties and microorganisms at the 0–20 cm soil depth of a degraded alpine grassland in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.The experiment consisted of four corn straw biochar application levels(0%,0.5%,1%and 2%,with the percentage representing the ratio of biochar weight to the dry weight of soil in the surface 20 cm soil layer).When the biochar addition increased from 0%to 2%,total nitrogen,total organic carbon and available phosphorus in the 0–10 cm soil layer increased by 41%,55%and 45%,respectively,in the second year after biochar addition.Meanwhile,soil electrical conductivity decreased,and soil water content increased.Total microbial,fungal and bacterial biomasses in the 0–10 cm soil layer increased from 9.15 to 12.68,0.91 to 1.34,and 3.85 to 4.55μg g^(-1),respectively.The relative biomasses of saprophytic fungi and methanotrophic bacteria decreased,while the relative biomasses of ectomycorrhizal fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased.These results indicate that biochar has a great potential in improving microbial activity and soil fertility in soil remediation of the degraded alpine grassland.

关键词： bacteria fungi microbial community phosphatase soil fertility soil modifier soil remediation urease

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