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New Record Ocean Temperatures and Related Climate Indicators in 2023

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第6期41卷 1068-1082页

作者： Lijing CHENG John ABRAHAM Kevin E.TRENBERTH Tim BOYER Michael EMANN Jiang ZHU Fan WANG Fujiang YU Ricardo LOCARNINI John FASULLO Fei ZHENG Yuanlong LI Bin ZHANG Liying WAN Xingrong CHEN Dakui WANG Licheng FENG xiangzhou song Yulong LIU Franco RESEGHETTI Simona SIMONCELLI Viktor GOURETSKI Gengxin CHEN Alexey MISHONOV Jim REAGAN Karina VON SCHUCKMANN Yuying PAN Zhetao TAN Yujing ZHU Wangxu WEI Guancheng LI Qiuping REN Lijuan CAO Yayang LU International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China University of St.Thomas School of EngineeringMinnesota 55105USA NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research BoulderColorado 80307USA University of Auckland Auckland 1010New Zealand National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Centers for Environmental InformationSilver SpringMaryland 20910USA Department of Earth and Environmental Science University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania 19104USA Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center Ministry of Natural Resources of ChinaBeijing 100081China Oceanographic Data Center Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China College of Oceanography Hohai UniversityNanjing 210098China National Marine Data and Information Service Tianjin 300171China Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic DevelopmentS.Teresa Research CenterLerici 19032Italy Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Sede di BolognaBologna 40128Italy South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301China ESSIC/CISESS-MD University of MarylandCollege ParkMD20740USA Mercator Ocean International Toulouse 31400France Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment AdministrationMinistry of Ecology and EnvironmentPRCGuangzhou 510611China National Meteorological Information Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals Beijing 100094China

The global physical and biogeochemical environment has been substantially altered in response to increased atmospheric greenhouse gases from human *** 2023,the sea surface temperature(SST)and upper 2000 m ocean heat content(OHC)reached record *** 0–2000 m OHC in 2023 exceeded that of 2022 by 15±10 ZJ(1 Zetta Joules=1021 Joules)(updated IAP/CAS data);9±5 ZJ(NCEI/NOAA data).The Tropical Atlantic Ocean,the Mediterranean Sea,and southern oceans recorded their highest OHC observed since the *** with the onset of a strong El Niño,the global SST reached its record high in 2023 with an annual mean of~0.23℃ higher than 2022 and an astounding>0.3℃ above 2022 values for the second half of *** density stratification and spatial temperature inhomogeneity indexes reached their highest values in 2023.

关键词： ocean heat content salinity stratification global warming climate

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海洋热浪背景下海气湍流热通量资料的评估——以2019年东北太平洋“Blob 2.0”事件为例

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海洋预报 2024年第3期41卷 1-11页

作者：马婧宋翔洲闫运伟王斌陈陟河海大学海洋学院江苏南京210024 自然资源部国家海洋技术中心天津300112 国家海洋环境预报中心北京100081

2019年夏季,东北太平洋地区经历了一次名为“Blob 2.0”的海洋热浪事件,对海洋生态系统造成了严重影响。利用美国国家数据浮标中心的浮标观测资料、全球客观分析通量产品OAFlux,以及大气再分析数据集ERA5、NCEP2和MERRA-2,综合分析了“B... 详细信息

2019年夏季,东北太平洋地区经历了一次名为“Blob 2.0”的海洋热浪事件,对海洋生态系统造成了严重影响。利用美国国家数据浮标中心的浮标观测资料、全球客观分析通量产品OAFlux,以及大气再分析数据集ERA5、NCEP2和MERRA-2,综合分析了“Blob 2.0”事件期间海气湍流热通量的特征,并研究了其物理因素。浮标观测显示,在“Blob 2.0”事件期间,潜热通量呈现正增长趋势,而感热通量呈现负增长趋势,这一现象可归因于海气比湿度差呈正增长,而风速和海气温差呈负增长。评估结果表明:4种通量数据产品都低估了潜热通量的增长,ERA5的增长率与浮标最为接近。对于感热通量,MERRA-2和NCEP2产品的增长趋势与浮标观测相同,其中MERRA-2的增长率更接近;而OAFlux和ERA5产品的增长趋势与观测相反。

关键词：海洋热浪湍流热通量异常浮标观测通量数据集

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Coastal buoy observation of air-sea net heat flux in the East China Sea in summer 2020

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2022年第3期40卷 907-921页

作者： Yuting HAN Yangang LI Changsan XU Lei LIU Yanling ZHAO Wenqing LI xiangzhou song Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting Ministry of Natural Resources(MNR)Hohai UniversityNanjing 210024China National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center(NMEFC) Beijing 100081China East China Sea Bureau of MNR Shanghai 200081China Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation Qilu University of TechnologyQingdao 266075China The PLA 31010 Units Beijing 100081China

The full fluxes and associated air-sea variables based on three months of operational buoy observations in the East China Sea(ECS)in summer 2020 were analyzed for the first *** surface net heat flux(Q_(net))was positive(139.7±77.7 W/m^(2))and was dominated by the combined eff ects of solar shortwave radiation(SW)and latent heat fluxes(LH).The mean heat flux components of 4 reanalysis datasets(NCEP2,MERRA-2,CFSR,and ERA5)and buoy data were compared to assess the mean ability of the modeling/reanalysis *** the four components of air-sea flux,SW was the best simulated,while LH was the worst *** longwave radiation(LW)and LH values from reanalysis were higher than those from buoy data,especially *** high LH resulted in low Q_(net).Furthermore,the 4 reanalysis datasets were compared with the buoy *** all flux products,the difference in radiation flux was the smallest,while that in the turbulent flux was the *** observed variables related to turbulent flux were analyzed to help determine the cause of the flux *** wind speeds were the main cause of this *** the variables provided by the reanalysis data and the same bulk formulas of the Coupled Ocean-Atmospheric Response Experiment(COARE 3.0),we found that the recalculated sensible heat flux(SH)and LH were closer to the observed heat fluxes than the direct model *** signifi cant diff erences between these methods could account for the discrepancies among diff erent *** all air-sea flux products,the air-sea flux in ERA5 was closer to the in-situ observations than the other *** comparison results of reanalysis data provide an important reference for more accurate studies of the summer heat flux in the ECS at the synoptic and climatic scales.

关键词： buoy observations East China Sea air-sea turbulent heat flux radiative flux reanalysis

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A new ensemble-based targeted observational method and its application in the TPOS 2020

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National Science Review 2023年第11期10卷 138-147页

作者： Weixun Rao Youmin Tang Yanling Wu Zheqi Shen xiangzhou song Xiaojing Li Tao Lian Dake Chen Feng Zhou College of Oceanography Hohai University Faculty of Environment University of Northern British ColumbiaPrince George Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting Ministry of Natural ResourcesHohai University Innovation Group of Earth System Model Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics Second Institute of Oceanography

Ensemble Kalman filter-based targeted observation is one of the best methods for determining the optimal observational array for oceanic buoy deployment. This study proposes a new algorithm suitable for a‘cross-region and cross-variable’ approach by introducing a projection operator into the optimization process. A targeted observational analysis was conducted for El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation(ENSO) events in the tropical western Pacific for the Tropical Pacific Observation System(TPOS) 2020. The prediction target was at the Ni?o 3.4 region and the first 10 optimal observational sites detected reduced initial uncertainties by 70%, with the best observational array located where the Rossby wave signal dominates. At the vertical level, the most significant contribution was derived from observations near the *** study provides insights into understanding ENSO-related variability and offers a practical approach to designing an optimal mooring array. It serves as a scientific guidance for designing a TPOS observation network.

关键词： targeted observation ENSO TPOS data assimilation

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Tides and Turbulent Mixing in the North of Taiwan Island

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2019年第3期36卷 313-325,341页

作者： xiangzhou song Dexing WU Xiaohui XIE State Oceanic Administration Ministry of Nat-ural Resources Physical Oceanography Laboratory Ocean University of China National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center State Oceanic Administration Horn Point Laboratory University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science

Microstructure and hydrological profiles were collected along two cross-shelf sections from the deep slope to the shallow water in the north of Taiwan Island in the summer of 2006. While the tidal currents on the shelf were dominated by the barotropic tide with the current ellipse stretched across the shelf, significant internal tides were observed on the slope. The depth-mean turbulent kinetic energy(TKE) dissipation rate on the shelf was 10^(-6)W kg-1, corresponding to a diapycnal diffusivity of 10^(-2)m^2s^(-1). The depth-mean TKE dissipation rate on the slope was 1 × 10^(-7)W kg-1, with diapycnal diffusivity of 3.4 × 10^(-4)m^2s^(-1). The shear instability associated with internal tides largely contributed to the TKE dissipation rate on the slope from the surface to 150 m, while the enhanced turbulence on the shelf was dominated by tidal or residual current dissipations caused by friction in the thick bottom boundary layer(BBL). In the BBL, the Ekman currents associated with the northeastward Taiwan Warm Current were identified, showing a near-bottom velocity spiral, which agreed well with the analytical bottom Ekman solution.

关键词：微尺度观测湍流混合内潮底边界层底Ekman螺旋

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A comparison of multiplatform wind products in the South China Sea during summer and autumn in 2019

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2021年第6期39卷 2181-2194页

作者： Yuxin LIU Mingsen LIN Xingwei JIANG Xiujun SUN xiangzhou song Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting Ministry of Natural ResourcesHohai UniversityNanjing 210098China National Satellite Ocean Application Service Beijing 100081China Key Laboratory of Space Ocean Remote Sensing and Application Ministry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100081China Physical Oceanography Laboratory Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China College of Oceanography Hohai UniversityNanjing 210098China

Sea surface wind(SSW)observations from a newly developed“Black Pearl”wave glider,the Chinese-French Oceanography Satellite(CFOSAT),the HY-2A microwave scatterometer,and a recently released high-resolution atmospheric reanalysis(ERA5)are evaluated with respect to in-situ buoy observations(115.46°E,19.85°N)from the South China *** observations from June to November 2019 are used to evaluate the wind estimates from the different *** comparisons show that the HY-2A and CFOSAT scatterometer wind speeds have mean root mean square errors(RMSEs)of approximately 1.6 and 1.6 m/s,respectively,and the corresponding mean wind direction RMSEs are approximately 19°and 17°,which indicates that these satellite retrievals meet the requirements of design engineering *** wind speed and wind direction RMSEs of ERA5 are approximately 1.9 m/s and 33°,*** correlation coefficients between the HY-2A,CFOSAT,and ERA5 wind speeds and the buoy observations are 0.86,0.85,and 0.84,respectively,and the corresponding coefficients of the wind direction are 0.98,0.98,and 0.93,respectively,at a 95%confidence ***,the wind sensor in the wave glider provides relatively poor-quality observations compared with the buoy measurements and has higher wind speed and wind direction RMSEs of 2.9 m/s and 50.1°,*** diagrams are utilized to illustrate comprehensive wind comparisons between the multiplatform observations and buoy *** results help identify the basic biases in SSWs among different products and enhance confidence in the future use of SSW data for studies of upper ocean dynamics and climate *** are also off ered to help improve the design of next-generation wave gliders.

关键词： sea surface wind(SSW) calibration South China Sea(SCS) wave glider fi fth European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis(ERA5) HY-2A Chinese-French Oceanography Satellite(CFOSAT)

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Geostrophic Spirals Generated by the Horizontal Diffusion of Vortex Stretching in the Yellow Sea

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2019年第2期36卷 219-230页

作者： xiangzhou song Rui Xin HUANG Dexing WU Fangli QIAO Guansuo WANG Physical Oceanography Laboratory Ocean University of China State Oceanic Administration Ministry of Natural Resources Department of Physical Oceanography Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution First Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration

Horizontal velocity spirals with a clockwise rotation(downward looking) rate of 1.7?m^(-1), on average, were observed in the western and northern Yellow Sea from December 2006 to February 2007. With the observed thermal wind relation,the beta-spiral theory was used to explain the dynamics of spirals. It was found that the horizontal diffusion of geostrophic vortex stretching is likely to be a major mechanism for generating geostrophic spirals. Vertical advection associated with surface/bottom Ekman pumping and topography-induced upwelling is too weak to support these spirals. Strong wind stirring and large heat loss in wintertime lead to weak stratification and diminish the effects of vertical advection. The cooling effect and vertical diffusion are offset by an overwhelming contribution of horizontal diffusion in connection with vortex stretching. The Richardson number-dependent vertical eddy diffusivity reaches a magnitude of 10^(-4) m^2 s^(-1) on average. An eddy diffusivity of 2870 m^2 s^(-1) is required for dynamic balance by estimating the residual term. This obtained value of 10-4 m^2 s^(-1) is in good agreement with the estimation in terms of observed eddy activities. The suppressed and unsuppressed diffusivities in the observation region are 2752 and 2881 m^2 s^(-1), respectively, which supports a closed budget for velocity rotation.

关键词： geostrophic spirals horizontal diffusion vortex stretching and surface cooling effect

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Another Record: Ocean Warming Continues through 2021 despite La Nina Conditions

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2022年第3期39卷 373-385页

作者： Lijing CHENG John ABRAHAM Kevin ETRENBERTH John FASULLO Tim BOYER Michael EMANN Jiang ZHU Fan WANG Ricardo LOCARNINI Yuanlong LI Bin ZHANG Zhetao TAN Fujiang YU Liying WAN Xingrong CHEN xiangzhou song Yulong LIU Franco RESEGHETTI Simona SIMONCELLI Viktor GOURETSKI Gengxin CHEN Alexey MISHONOV Jim REAGAN International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Center for Ocean Mega-Science Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China University of St.Thomas School of EngineeringMinnesota 55105USA National Center for Atmospheric Research BoulderColorado 80307USA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Centers for Environmental InformationSilver SpringMaryland 20910USA Department of Meteorology&Atmospheric Science The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania 16802USA Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center Ministry of Natural Resources of ChinaBeijing 100081China College of Oceanography Hohai UniversityNanjing 210098China National Marine Data and Information Service Tianjin 300171China Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic DevelopmentS.Teresa Research CenterLerici 19032Italy Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Sede di BolognaBologna 40128Italy South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301China ESSIC/CISESS-MD University of MarylandCollege ParkMD 20742USA

The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from human activities traps heat within the climate system and increases ocean heat content(OHC). Here, we provide the first analysis of recent OHC changes through 2021 from two international groups. The world ocean, in 2021, was the hottest ever recorded by humans, and the 2021 annual OHC value is even higher than last year’s record value by 14 ± 11 ZJ(1 zetta J = 1021 J) using the IAP/CAS dataset and by16 ± 10 ZJ using NCEI/NOAA dataset. The long-term ocean warming is larger in the Atlantic and Southern Oceans than in other regions and is mainly attributed, via climate model simulations, to an increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. The year-to-year variation of OHC is primarily tied to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO). In the seven maritime domains of the Indian, Tropical Atlantic, North Atlantic, Northwest Pacific, North Pacific, Southern oceans,and the Mediterranean Sea, robust warming is observed but with distinct inter-annual to decadal variability. Four out of seven domains showed record-high heat content in 2021. The anomalous global and regional ocean warming established in this study should be incorporated into climate risk assessments, adaptation, and mitigation.

关键词： La Nina ocean heat ocean warming attribution observation

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Sea Experiments of the Underway Conductivity-Temperature-Depth Prototype Made in China

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2009年第4期8卷 409-415页

作者： song xiangzhou LI Hui LIN Xiaopei CHEN Xueen GUO Xinshun TIAN Jiwei Physical Oceanography Laboratory Ocean University of China Qingdao 266100 P. R. China National Ocean Technology Center Tianjin 300112 P. R. China Research Vessel Centre Ocean University of China Qingdao 266100 P. R. China

A new instrument for upper ocean survey, namely the UCTD (Underway Conductivity-Temperature-Depth), which combines some of the advantages of other underway instruments, is introduced in this paper. The Introduction section presents a description of the construction and function of the UCTD, and the experiments conducted in the South China Sea on board the R/V Dong Fang Hong 2 in July 2007 and August 2008. The UCTD system, with pressure and temperature sensors in the probe, is con- veniently portable, cost-effective and environment-friendly. It is hopefully suitable for future cruises. An intercomparison based on regressing with the experiment temperature data from both SeaBird plus911 CTD and the UCTD showed that the standard deviation is 0.88℃ and the correlation coefficient is 0.96, achieving the goals set for the current oceanography uses. In the hydrodynamic experiments, the descending velocities and depths were calculated for different ship speeds. A pulling test was designed with a tensiometer to measure the magnitude of the pull. The maximal tension of the line was found to be 66.2 kg, which is far lower than the bearing limit of the Hollow Spectra line. Finally, some improvement suggestions are put forward for future experiments and production.

关键词：流体力学实验电导率原型制造中国海温上层海洋温度数据下降速度

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Another Year of Record Heat for the Oceans

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2023年第6期40卷 963-974页

作者： Lijing CHENG John ABRAHAM Kevin ETRENBERTH John FASULLO Tim BOYER Michael EMANN Jiang ZHU Fan WANG Ricardo LOCARNINI Yuanlong LI Bin ZHANG Fujiang YU Liying WAN Xingrong CHEN Licheng Feng xiangzhou song Yulong LIU Franco RESEGHETTI Simona SIMONCELLI Viktor GOURETSKI Gengxin CHEN Alexey MISHONOV Jim REAGAN Guancheng LI International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Center for Ocean Mega-Science Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China University of St.Thomas School of EngineeringMinnesota 55105USA National Center for Atmospheric Research BoulderColorado 80307USA University of Auckland AucklandNew Zealand National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Centers for Environmental InformationSilver SpringMaryland 20910USA Department of Earth and Environmental Science University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania 19104USA Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center Ministry of Natural Resources of ChinaBeijing 100081China College of Oceanography Hohai UniversityNanjing 210098China National Marine Data and Information Service Tianjin 300171China Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic DevelopmentS.Teresa Research CenterLerici 19032Italy Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Sede di BolognaBologna 40128Italy South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301China ESSIC/CISESS-MD University of MarylandCollege ParkMDCollege ParkMaryland 20740USA Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment AdministrationMinistry of Ecology and EnvironmentPRCGuangzhou 510611China

Changes in ocean heat content(OHC), salinity, and stratification provide critical indicators for changes in Earth’s energy and water cycles. These cycles have been profoundly altered due to the emission of greenhouse gasses and other anthropogenic substances by human activities, driving pervasive changes in Earth’s climate system. In 2022, the world’s oceans, as given by OHC, were again the hottest in the historical record and exceeded the previous 2021 record *** to IAP/CAS data, the 0–2000 m OHC in 2022 exceeded that of 2021 by 10.9 ± 8.3 ZJ(1 Zetta Joules = 1021Joules);and according to NCEI/NOAA data, by 9.1 ± 8.7 ZJ. Among seven regions, four basins(the North Pacific, North Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, and southern oceans) recorded their highest OHC since the 1950s. The salinity-contrast index, a quantification of the “salty gets saltier–fresh gets fresher” pattern, also reached its highest level on record in 2022,implying continued amplification of the global hydrological cycle. Regional OHC and salinity changes in 2022 were dominated by a strong La Ni?a event. Global upper-ocean stratification continued its increasing trend and was among the top seven in 2022.

关键词： ocean heat content salinity stratification global warming climate

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