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Luck, Control, and Contrastive Explanation

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Frontiers of Philosophy in China 2019年第2期14卷 303-321页

作者： xu xiangdong Department of Philosophy Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310028 China

This paper is aimed to show how the libertarian conception of free choice is mistaken or misleading by focusing on Robert Kane's attempt to solve the problem of luck, which arguably constitutes the most serious challenge to libertarianism about free will. I will argue that either Kane's solution to the problem of luck falls into some inconsistency or he must introduce the requirement of contrastive explanation into his account of plural voluntary control. Either way, Kane fails to show how his emphasis on the requirement of plural voluntary control is made consistent with his unswerving commitment to the requirement of the libertarian free will for a metaphysical indeterminism.

关键词： luck plural voluntary control reasons for action rational explanation

Step-Directed Deposition of Au Nanostructures By Electron Beam Evaporation

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Journal of Rare Earths 2004年第Z2期22卷 141-144页

作者： xu xiangdong Liu Zhihong Wang Yinchuan Liu Zhongfan Institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Institute of MicroelectronicsTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Center for Nanoscale Science & TechnologyCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Center for Nanoscale Science & TechnologyCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China

Au atoms were vaporized by electron beam evaporation, and their subsequent growths on Si (111 ) and highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrates were studied using atomic force microscopy. Results show that Au nanoparticles tend to nucleate and grow regularly along the step edges of HOPG, however, nanoparticles are distributed homogeneously over the whole Si substrate. The possibility of controlled growth of Au in ultrahigh vacuum with peculiar surface structures was preseuted.

关键词： electron beam evaporation HOPG Au controlled growth ultrahigh vacuum

云南5种蜂蜜12种糖组分和20种氨基酸含量的测定与分析

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食品科学 2025年第2期46卷 148-155页

作者：孙晓杰黄学者赵玉强贾光群孙艺涵徐向东崔宗岩河北医科大学公共卫生学院河北省环境与人群健康重点实验室河北石家庄050017 秦皇岛海关技术中心河北秦皇岛066004

为探究云南5种特色蜂蜜澳洲坚果蜜(Macadamia integrifolia honey)、咖啡蜜(Coffea honey)、米团花蜜(Leucosceptrum canum Smith honey)、苕子蜜(Vicia villosa Roth honey)及橡胶蜜(Hevea brasiliensis honey)糖组分和氨基酸含量水平和分布规律,对云南5种蜂蜜中12种糖组分及20种氨基酸含量进行测定、分析,并利用层次聚类分析和偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares-discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)探讨糖组分及氨基酸含量在5种蜂蜜分类鉴别中的应用。结果表明:云南5种蜂蜜中果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖的含量符合行业标准要求。10种低聚糖总质量分数范围在5.35%~7.92%之间,其中松二糖与麦芽酮糖、曲二糖、异麦芽糖存在较强的相关性。5种特色蜂蜜的20种氨基酸含量之和范围在312.54~1245.51 mg/kg之间,其氨基酸总量关系为:咖啡蜜>米团花蜜>苕子蜜>橡胶蜜>澳洲坚果蜜。不同蜜种蜂蜜的氨基酸组成及含量呈现较为显著的差异,咖啡蜜中酪氨酸含量是其他蜜种蜂蜜的10倍以上,推测其为咖啡蜜潜在的特征标志物。聚类分析结果显示,根据氨基酸可以较好地将云南5种蜂蜜进行归类,准确率达98.5%。通过PLS-DA同样可以将5种蜂蜜进行有效区分,并筛选出脯氨酸、精氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸、天冬酰胺、丙氨酸共6个变量投影重要性值>1的差异参数用于区分云南5种蜂蜜。

关键词：蜂蜜糖类氨基酸化学计量学

In Defense of Consequentialism: Impartiality 9 Agency and Moral Demands

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哲学门 2004年第S1期5卷 187-215页

作者： xu xiangdong Department of Philosophy Peking University

Consequentialism as a moral theory has aroused various criticisms and objections mainly because it is committed to an impersonal moral point of ***,consequentialism is worth defending,and in fact,defensible,for at least two ***,the consequentialist notion of moral rightness is quite congenial to the important moral intuition that a morally right action is one which brings as much good as possible into the world.

关键词： sequential action ism

A select link analysis method based on logit–weibit hybrid model

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Journal of Modern Transportation 2017年第4期25卷 205-217页

作者： Pengjie Liu xiangdong xu Anthony Chen Chao Yang Longwen Xiao The Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of the Ministry of Education Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina Department of Civiland Environmental Engineering The HongKong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHongKong School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering Central South UniversityChangshaChina

Select link analysis provides information of where traffic comes from and goes to at selected *** disaggregate information has wide applications in *** state-of-the-art planning software packages often adopt the user equilibrium(UE) model for select link ***,empirical studies have repeatedly revealed that the stochastic user equilibrium model more accurately predicts observed mean and variance of choices than the UE *** paper proposes an alternative select link analysis method by making use of the recently developed logit–weibit hybrid model,to alleviate the drawbacks of both logit and weibit models while keeping a closed-form route choice probability *** enhance the applicability in large-scale networks,Bell’s stochastic loading method originally developed for logit model is adapted to the hybrid *** features of the proposed method are twofold:(1) unique O–D-specific link flow pattern and more plausible behavioral realism attributed to the hybrid route choice model and(2) applicability in large-scale networks due to the link-based stochastic loading *** illustrative network example and a case study in a large-scale network are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed select link analysis method as well as applications of O–D-specific link flow information.A visualizationmethod is also proposed to enhance the understanding of O–D-specific link flow originally in the form of a matrix.

关键词： Select link analysis Logit model Weibit model Hybrid model Bell loading

Agent-Causation and Free Will

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自然辩证法通讯 2013年第3期35卷 41-50页

作者： xiangdong xu Department of Philosophy Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310028

在进来对自由的能动性和"自由意志问题"的探讨中,行动者因果性理论已经作为一个主要的解决方案而凸显出来。E·J·罗伊提出的理论尤其备受关注,因为他不仅试图克服传统的行动者因果性理论所面临的困难,而且也试图发展一种非笛卡尔式的... 详细信息

在进来对自由的能动性和"自由意志问题"的探讨中,行动者因果性理论已经作为一个主要的解决方案而凸显出来。E·J·罗伊提出的理论尤其备受关注,因为他不仅试图克服传统的行动者因果性理论所面临的困难,而且也试图发展一种非笛卡尔式的实体二元论,把它作为其行动者因果性理论的形而上学基础。在这篇文章中,我将尝试性地表明罗伊的理论为什么是内在不一致的或者至少是不稳定的,他所采取的进路为什么在某种程度上是误入歧途的。

关键词：物理主义自然主义结构实在论因果性还原论突现论

Identification of horse,donkey and pig ingredients by species-specific ERA-based methods to assess the authenticity of meat products

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Food Bioscience 2023年第3期53卷 2929-2938页

作者： Cang Zhou Libing Liu Jialin Xiang Qi Fu Jinfeng Wang Kairui Wang Xiaoxia Sun Lianfeng Ai xiangdong xu Jianchang Wang School of Public Health Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang 050017China Food Microbiology and Animal Quarantine Laboratory Technology Center of Shijiazhuang CustomsShijiazhuang 050051China Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health Shijiazhuang 050017China

Ensuring the authenticity of horse-,donkey-and pig-related meat products is of great religious and economic *** this study,with the mitochondrial genes of ATPase 6 or ND2 as targets,the species-specific real-time enzymatic recombinase amplification(real-time ERA)and ERA combined with lateral flow strip(LFS ERA)assays for horse,donkey and pig ingredients were *** optimization results showed that both ERA assays had the same optimal temperature for the detection of horse,donkey and pig ingredients,i.e.,39℃ for real-time ERA and 37℃ for LFS ERA,*** assays could be performed simultaneously and the results could obtained within 25 *** developed assays showed good specificity and no cross-reactions with other common meat species were *** limit of detection of the developed ERA assays for horse,donkey and pig ingredients was 10 pg genomic DNA/per reaction and 0.1%target meat(w/w).Their applicability were verified with 45 donkey meat products(both raw and marinated minced meat),and the results showed that the detection rate of horse or pig ingredient was as high as 53.33%,including a complete substitution or partial substitution of donkey *** results were consistent with those of the standard real-time PCR in China,but the whole detection time was significantly reduced from 2 h to 35 *** is concluded that the developed real-time ERA and LFS ERA assays are feasible for the rapid authentication of horse,donkey and pig meats and identification of the adulteration of donkey meat-related products.

关键词： Authenticity Adulteration ATPase 6 ND2 Real-time ERA LFS ERA

Highly insulating thermoplastic blends comprising a styrenic copolymer for direct‐current power cable insulation

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High Voltage 2022年第2期7卷 251-259页

作者： Yingwei Ouyang Amir Masoud Pourrahimi IdaÖstergren Marcus Mellqvist JakobÅnevall Azadeh Soroudi Anja Lund xiangdong xu Thomas Gkourmpis Per‐Ola Hagstrand Christian Müller Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of TechnologyGöteborgSweden Department of Electrical Engineering Chalmers University of TechnologyGöteborgSweden Innovation&Technology Borealis ABStenungsundSweden

The impact of the composition of blends comprising low‐density polyethylene(LDPE),isotactic polypropylene(PP)and a styrenic copolymer additive on the thermomechanical properties as well as the direct‐current(DC)electrical and thermal conductivity is *** presence of 5 weight percent(wt%)of the styrenic copolymer strongly reduces the amount of PP that is needed to enhance the storage modulus above the melting temperature of LDPE from 40 to 24 wt%.At the same time,the copolymer improves the consistency of the thermomechanical properties of the resulting ternary *** both the DC electrical and thermal conductivity strongly decrease with PP content,the addition of the styrenic copolymer appears to have little influence on either ***,PP in combination with small amounts of a styrenic copolymer not only allows to reinforce LDPE at elevated temperatures but also functions as an electrical conductivity‐reducing additive,which makes such thermoplastic ternary formulations possible candidates for the insulation of high‐voltage power cables.

关键词： property. blends copolymer

Fabrication of the beam splitters for soft X-ray laser application

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2003年第18期48卷 1930-1933页

作者： WANG Zhanshan WU Yonggang TANG Weixing QIN Shuji CHEN Lingyan xu xiangdong HONG Yilin FU Shaojun ZHU Jie CUI Mingqi Institute of Precision Optical Engineering Department of PhysicsTongji UniversityShanghai 200092China National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230029China Institute of High Energy Physics Beijing 100039China

The soft X-ray interferometry is completed by the Mach-Zehnder interferometer using a soft X-ray laser, and it is also an important method to measure the electron densities of a laser-produced plasma near the critical surface. It is apparently demonstrated in this paper that the incident angle of each optical element in the soft X-ray Mach- Zehnder interferometer should be near normal incidence based on the polarized characteristics of the soft X-ray mul-tilayers, and the product of reflectivity and transmission of the beam splitter should be taken as a standard of design according to the structure of the soft X-ray Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The beam splitters used in the soft X-ray interferometry at 13.9 nm are fabricated using the ion beam sputtering. The figure error of the beam splitter has reached the nanometer magnitude, in which the product of reflectiv-ity and transmission of the beam splitter is more than 1.6%.

关键词： soft X-ray beam splitter multilayer interference.