Along with the boost of drugs’ exploitation, drug delivery has been a common concern among researchers and patients. As an emerging strategy, the micro-and nano-needle(MNN) is a single or an array of micro/nanoneedle...
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Along with the boost of drugs’ exploitation, drug delivery has been a common concern among researchers and patients. As an emerging strategy, the micro-and nano-needle(MNN) is a single or an array of micro/nanoneedles,and promises to be a robust technology for efficient, noninvasive and convenient drug delivery. Compared with the conventional injection, MNN can pierce the bio-membranes to transfer cargos without any damage of tissue or nerves. And regarding the topical drug release, MNN is more efficient than oral administration and topical *** specifically, microneedle, a powerful technique, has been widely applied in different diseases such as diabetes, anti-obesity and contraception through skin and ocular surface. Correspondingly, many novel microneedles and optimization methods have been developed recently to improve the drug delivery efficacy. Nanoneedle, much smaller than microneedle, can minimize the skin damages caused by the repeated use of *** with nanoscaled size are usually used to penetrate the cell membrane. And recently many stimulusaided methods like electrical and magnetic force have been invented to deepen penetration and improve transfer effects. The aim of this review is to introduce the recent advances of MNN-based drug delivery, including their types, application locations and diseases, optimization of delivery strategies and future development prospects.
Annotation in translation is of great value in communicating"the local"to the global *** on our content and function-centered statistics on the 483 notes of the four English versions of Shen Fu’s autobiographical wor...
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Annotation in translation is of great value in communicating"the local"to the global *** on our content and function-centered statistics on the 483 notes of the four English versions of Shen Fu’s autobiographical work Fushengliuji,we find that 1)in terms of content,cultural,geographic,historical,and literary references are the most important categories of annotation in the English translation of this work;annotations in the four versions are employed to serve 6 major functions/purposes:to further inform,to facilitate understanding,to avoid misunderstanding,to interpret personally,to cite or allude,and to correct mistakes;2)no correlation can be established between the use of annotation and the reception of the work per se,but it can reflect the translator’s poise and strategy which ultimately affect the reception of the work;and 3)Lin’s version used relatively few notes and relied heavily on paraphrasing,a practice which leads to better accessibility of his translation and at the same time to the possible sacrifice of some culturally and socially significant elements of the ***’s translation used notes sparingly,and she was so creative as to rearrange and edit the original text,revealing her approach of radical"reader-centeredness".Pratt and Chiang’s version and Sanders’version used a large number of notes carrying a sinological mission,revealing their respect for the original and their decision to inform and inspire their *** argue that cultural translation,whether aided by annotation or not,is predominantly an art about"glocalism"and that both author-centeredness and reader-centeredness can be reconciled,since ultimately they serve the same"communicative"purpose.
In their dialogue, Peter Hajdu and mengxiangchun focus on the integration of national literature into world literature and the roles of translation and ideology in the process. Peter Hajdu＇s major ideas include： 1...
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In their dialogue, Peter Hajdu and meng xiangchun focus on the integration of national literature into world literature and the roles of translation and ideology in the process. Peter Hajdu＇s major ideas include： 1） the selection of a foreign piece of literature mostly depends on the target culture＇s demands, of which the reception of Petbfi Soindor＇s ＂Liberty and Love＂ is a good example; 2） it is usual that smaller literary communities translate from another smaller community＇s literature what already had a success in a major market. Peripheries do not communicate directly, but via a center, and this practice also reinforces the privileged position of the center; 3） the hermeneutic circle may help us understand domestication and foreignization in translation. We understand something strange though the familiar and complete strangeness cannot be understood. Therefore it is theoretically possible that making something more familiar helps one understand its otherness; 4） Readers of translatedcontemporary Chinese literature tend to be particularly interested in the representation of social reality and political/ideological issues; and 5） Mo Yan＇s works travel well because they also make use of various Western literary traditions. meng xiangchun puts forward a theory that he tentatively terms ＂the theory of translation dynamics＂ or ＂translation interactology＂ and it will focus on how the numerous factors and considerations in translation act on one another within the target/source language and across languages. Within the framework of translation dynamics, he offers a descriptive parallel comparative 7W approach to integrated translation studies by juxtaposing the 7Ws of the original and target texts and identifying/decoding the nexus among these Ws vertically （of both the original text and the target text） and horizontally （within the same text）, the 7Ws referring to ＂in what context for what who says what to whom in what way with what effect and feedback＂.
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes were oxidized with concentrated HNO3 and H2SO4 to introduce carbox-ylic groups onto carbon nanotubes surfaces. The oxidized carbon nanotubes were reacted subse-quently with thionyl chlorid...
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Multiwalled carbon nanotubes were oxidized with concentrated HNO3 and H2SO4 to introduce carbox-ylic groups onto carbon nanotubes surfaces. The oxidized carbon nanotubes were reacted subse-quently with thionyl chloride and 2-Hydroxylethyl-2′-bromoisobutyrate, producing MWNT-based macroinitiators, MWNT-Br, for the atom transfer radical polymerization of (N-isopropylacrylamide). FTIR, XPS, 1H NMR, Raman and TGA were used to characterize the resulting products and to determine the content of the water-soluble poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) chains in the product. The MWNTs grafted with PNIPAM chains have good solubility in distilled water; THF and CHCl3. TEM images of the samples provide direct evidence for the formation of a nanostructure that MWNTs coated with polymer layer. The produced MWNT-g-PNIPAM has a PNIPAM shell, which is very sensitive to the change of temperature. This method would open a door for the fabrication of novel functional carbon nanotube-based nano-materials or nanodevices with designable structure and tailor-made properties.
Highly active and stable nickel catalyst for dehydrogenation of methane and hydrogenation of benzene is prepared from a precursor with hydrotalcite-like anionic clam structure by coprecipitation. The nickel particles ...
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Highly active and stable nickel catalyst for dehydrogenation of methane and hydrogenation of benzene is prepared from a precursor with hydrotalcite-like anionic clam structure by coprecipitation. The nickel particles have a narrow size distribution in several nanometers, and have a strong interaction with other components such as Al2O3. This catalyst is highly sensitive to further modification by doping and to reaction condition. On a modified catalyst, benzene hydrogenation to cyclohexane proceeds to complete at 373 K. While on another catalyst, different structured nanocarbons are obtained at moderate temperatures. It is found that the thioresistance of the nickel catalyst in hydrogenation can be improved by doping.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids(PAs)and their N-oxides(PANOs)are phytotoxins produced by various plant species and have been emerged as environmental *** sorption/desorption behaviors of PAs/PANOs in soil are crucial due to t...
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids(PAs)and their N-oxides(PANOs)are phytotoxins produced by various plant species and have been emerged as environmental *** sorption/desorption behaviors of PAs/PANOs in soil are crucial due to the horizontal transfer of these natural products from PA-producing plants to soil and subsequently absorbed by plant *** study firstly investigated the sorption/desorption behaviors of PAs/PANOs in tea plantation soils with distinct *** amounts for seneciphylline(Sp)and seneciphylline-N-oxide(SpNO)in three acidic soils ranged from 2.9 to 5.9μg/g and 1.7 to 2.8μg/g,*** percentages for Sp and SpNO were from 22.2%to 30.5%and 36.1%to 43.9%.In the mixed PAs/PANOs systems,stronger sorption of PAs over PANOs was occurred in tested ***,the Freundlich models more precisely described the sorption/desorption *** exchange capacity,sand content and total nitrogen were identified as major influencing factors by linear regression ***,the soils exhibiting higher sorption capacities for compounds with greater *** were more likely to migrate within soils and be absorbed by tea *** contributes to the understanding of environmental fate of PAs/PANOs in tea plantations and provides basic data and clues for the development of PAs/PANOs reduction technology.
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