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Control of atmospheric CO_2.concentrations by 2.50: A calculation on the emission rights of different countries

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Science china Earth Sciences 2009年第10期52卷 1447-1469页

作者： ding zhongli1, DUAN XiaoNan2. GE QuanSheng3 & ZHANG ZhiQiang4 1 {2. of geology and geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, beijing 10002., china 2.The General Office of Chinese Academy of Sciences, beijing 100864, china 3 {2. of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, beijing 100101, china 4 The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library, the Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment, Lanzhou 730000, china institute of geology and {2. Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China The General Office of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library the Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment Lanzhou China

This paper is to provide quantitative data on some critical issues in anticipation of the forthcoming international negotiations in Denmark on the control of atmospheric CO2.concentrations. Instead of letting only a small number of countries dominate a few controversial dialogues about emissions reductions, a comprehensive global system must be established based on emissions allowances for different countries, to realize the long-term goal of controlling global atmospheric CO2.concentrations. That a system rooted in "cumulative emissions per capita," the best conception of the "common but differentiated responsibilities" principle affirmed by the Kyoto Protocol according to fundamental standards of fairness and justice, was demonstrated. Based on calculations of various countries' cumulative emissions per capita, estimates of their cumulative emissions from 1900 to 2.05, and their annual emissions allowances into the future (2.06―2.50), a 470 ppmv atmospheric CO2.concentration target was set. According to the following four objective indicators―total emissions allowance from 1900 to 2.50, actual emissions from 1900 to 2.05, emissions levels in 2.05, and the average growth rate of emissions from 1996 to 2.05―all countries and regions whose population was more than 300000 in 2.05 were divided into four main groups: countries with emissions deficits, countries and regions needing to reduce their gross emissions, countries and regions needing to reduce their emissions growth rates, and countries that can maintain the current emissions growth rates. Based on this proposal, most G8 countries by 2.05 had already expended their 2.50 emissions allowances. The accu-mulated financial value based on emissions has reached more than 5.5 trillion US dollars (2. dollars per ton of CO2.. Even if these countries could achieve their ambitious emissions reduction targets in the future, their per capita emissions from 2.06 to 2.50 would still be much higher than those of developing coun

关键词： international negotiations on climate change cumulative emissions per capita emission allowance

Structural pattern of eastern Himalayan syntaxis in Namjagbarwa and its formation process

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Science china Earth Sciences 2004年第2期47卷 138-150页

作者： ZHANG Jinjiang, Jl Jianqing, ZHONG Dalai, ding Lin & HE Shundong1. Department of geology, Peking University, {2. 100871, china 2. institute of geology and geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, beijing 10002., china Correspondence should be addressed to Zhang Jinjiang (email: zhjj@***) Department of geology Peking University Beijing China institute of geology and {2. Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

The structural pattern of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis in Namjagbarwa consists of two series of structures with different styles. One series compiles the earlier ductile contractional and lateral-slip deformation system, formed by nearly north-south shortening within the syntaxis, left-lateral and right-lateral slipping along its western and eastern boundaries respectively. They were possibly produced by the indentation of the Indian continent into Asian continent after India-Asia collision. The peak deformation-metamorphic ages in these structures are 62.60 Ma, ~2. Ma and ~13 Ma. The other series is composed of ductile-brittle normal faults distributing concentrically and dipping toward the outsides of Namjagbarwa Peak. They were probably the collapse structures caused by rapid uplift in a later time and the beginning ages for the normal faulting are about 7.3-6.3 Ma. Keywords Namjagbarwa - eastern Himalayan syntaxis (EHS) - structural pattern - formation process - structural chronology

关键词： Namjagbarwa, eastern Himalayan syntaxis (EHS), structural pattern, formation process, structural chronology.

A new method for spatio-temporal prediction of rainfall-induced landslide

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Science china Earth Sciences 2006年第4期49卷 421-430页

作者： ding Jixin1,2. YANG Zhifa2. SHANG Yanjun2. ZHOU Shenghua1 & YIN Juntao3 1. china Non-ferrous Metals Resource Geological Survey, {2. 100012. china 2. institute of geology and geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics, beijing 10002., china 3. School of Geoscience & Environmental Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, china china Non-ferrous Metals Resource Geological Survey Beijing China institute of geology and {2. Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics Beijing China School of Geoscience & Environmental Engineering Central South University Changsha China

Geological condition and rainfall are two most principal conditions inducing landslides in the Chongqing region. By analyzing the forming conditions of rainfall-induced landslides, a new method for spatio-temporal prediction of rainfall-induced landslide is brought forward on the basis of grading and overlapping geological condition and rainfall factor in this paper. At first, semi-quantitative assessment and grading for the geological condition of a certain area or slope can be carried out with the multi-factor interactive matrix. Then the severity of rainfall in that area is grading according to the maximum daily rainfall and the total rainfall in a rainfall course. Finally, the “landslide probability judgement factor” can be worked out through grading and overlapping “geological condition influenc- ing factor” and “rainfall influencing factor”, by which the landslide can be graded into 4 grades, they are landslide extremely easily happening, landslide easily happening, landslide difficultly happening and landslide hardly ever happening respectively. More accurate spatio-temporal prediction of rain- fall-induced landslides can come true on the ground of detailed geological survey of some dangerous slopes in an area and more precise weather forecast. Finally, the reliability and feasibility of carrying out the spatio-temporal prediction of rainfall-induced landslides with the method of “two factors” grading and overlapping are validated by the example of Jipazi landslide.

关键词： rainfall-induced landslide, geological condition, rainfall, two factors, grading and overlapping, interactive matrix, spatio-temporal prediction.

MULTI-PERIODIC COLLISIONAL PROCESS BETWEEN INDIAN AND ASIAN CONTINENTS:A CASE OF EASTERN HIMALAYAN SYNTAXIS AND HENGDUAN MOUNTAINS

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地学前缘 2000年第S1期7卷 47-48页

作者： Zhong Dalai 1, ding Lin 1, Zhang Jinjiang 1, Ji Jianqing 2.1 institute of {2. and geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, beijing 10002., china 2.Department of {2., Peking University, beijing 100871, china)

Our study area covered the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS) and its southern extension (Hengduan Mountain or western Sichuan and Yunnan (WSY)) which is located at the orthogonal and oblique collisional front between Indian and Asian continents during *** on geometric and kinematic mapping of the major boundary or regional faults (Dongjug—Mainling(1), Anigiao(2. and Jali(3), Guyu(4) faults in EHS, Ailaoshan—Red River(5), Lancangjiang(6), Gaoligong(7), Binlangjiang(8) and Magok(9) faults in WSY) (see Fig.1), especially on abundant geochronological dating of the mylonitic rocks along these faults, and coupled with magmato\|metamorphic sequences of this region, we try to deal with the temporal and spatial relationships of collisional process to answer questions such as: (1) when did collision start ? (2. is thrusting as a initial and dominant deformation mode to absorb the crustal shortening after suturing, or earlier thrusting usually followed by large\|scale strike\|slip faults? (3) are the two structural patterns coeval at times, or do they occur alternatively during deformation history? (4) are the collisional and associate uplift processes a continuous one or periodic? Insight into such questions is crucial for better understanding of the continental deformation and testing the models available or constraining a new one.

关键词： collisional process multi\|period tectonic events Eastern Himalaya

Cosmogenic ^(2.)Ne concentrations and exposure ages of summit bedrocks in the Grove Mountains,Antarctica

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Science china Earth Sciences 2010年第4期53卷 518-521页

作者： KONG Ping1,2.ding Lin2.LAI QingZhou2.& HUANG FeiXin3 1 Key Laboratory of the Earth’s Deep Interior,{2. of {2. and geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,beijing 10002.,china 2.Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift,{2. of Tibetan Plateau Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,beijing 100085,china 3 {2. of Mineral Resources Research,china Metallurgical {2. Bureau,beijing 10002.,china Key Laboratory of the Earth’s Deep Interior Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China institute of Mineral Resources Research China Metallurgical Geology Bureau Beijing China

Various sources of 2.Ne and 2.Ne exist in surface rocks:cosmogenic,in situ nucleogenic from internal U and Th,trapped crustal nucleogenic and trapped *** paper reports the first measurement,in china,of cosmogenic 2.Ne and 2.Ne in surface *** developed a unique sample pre-treatment procedure that effectively removed inclusions inside quartz grains,and thus maximally reduced nucleogenic contributions of 2.Ne and ***-heating experiments show that concen-trations of cosmogenic 2.Ne and 2.Ne in summit bedrock samples R92.2.and R92.3 from Grove Mountains,Antarctica,are(3.83±0.87)×108 and(5.2.±0.51)×108 atoms/g,*** corresponding minimum exposure ages are 2.2.0.5 and 3.0±0.3 *** indicates that the ice sheet in East Antarctica was uncovered the crest of Mount Harding,a typical nunatak in Grove Mountains,since at least mid-Pliocene.

关键词： 2.Ne cosmogenic nuclide exposure age Antarctica Grove Mountains

Orogen-parallel extension in Himalaya: Is it the indicator of collapse or the product in process of compressive uplift?

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2000年第2期45卷 114-120页

作者： ZHANG Jinjiang, ding Lin, ZHONG Dalai & ZHOU Yong institute of {2. and geophysics. Chinese Academy of Sciences. beijing 10002., china institute of geology and {2. Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Extensional structures developed extensively in Himalaya with their strikes perpendicular to that of the orogenic belt. The studies of such structures in Qusum, Burang, Lhozhag, Nyalam and Yadong show that they represent an orogen-parallel extension. The basins produced by the extension experienced orokyn-perpendicular compression during their formation. The ages of the extension rang from 16 to 13 Ma and coincide with the intensive compressive stage in Southeastern Asia. Therefore, the extension is Syn-shortening and the dominate tectonic movement in Himalaya was compression and uplift during the extension. The extension was the partition of compressive deformation rather than the indicator for the collapse and falling of the Tibetan Plateau.

关键词： Himalayan orognic helt syn-shortening extension uplift

Compositions of heavy minerals in Northeastern china sandlands and provenance analysis

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Compositions of heavy minerals in Northeastern China sandlan...

On the major proposals for carbon emission reduction and some related issues

中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所2.07学术年会

作者： xie jing~(1,2.) & {2. {2.~1 1 institute of geology and geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,beijing 10002.,china 2.Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,beijing 100049,china

Sand samples deposited since the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM) from the Hulun Buir,Horqin and Otindag sandlands were measured for their assemblages of heavy minerals and chemical compositions of detrital garnets and *** mineral assemblages of these three sandlands consist mainly of garnet,ilmenite,epidote and minor amphibole and *** consist mainly of high Mg type-A ones(58%on average),and minor type-B *** are mainly composed of Mg-rich and minor Fe-rich *** with those of central-southern Mongolia and central Tarim,these three sandlands are derived from the Phanerozoic rocks of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and the Archean and Paleoprotorozoic basement rocks of the North china *** results provide direct evidence that the present-day sands may be reworked from LGM *** of heavy mineral compositions occur between the samples of the three sandlands and Taklimakan Desert,indicating that the material of the western arid regions contributes little to the eastern sandlands.

关键词： heavy minerals provenance Northeastern china garnet tourmaline

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Science china Earth Sciences 2010年第12期53卷 159-172页

作者： ding zhongli1,DUAN XiaoNan2.GE QuanSheng3 & ZHANG ZhiQiang4 1 CAS Key Lab of Cenozoic {2. and Environment,institute of {2. and geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,beijing 10002.,china 2.The General Office of Chinese Academy of Sciences,beijing 100864,china 3 institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,beijing 100101,china 4 The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library,Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment of CAS,Lanzhou 730000,china CAS Key Lab of Cenozoic geology and Environment Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China The General Office of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment of CAS Lanzhou China

We evaluated and ran simulations for seven proposals for the reduction of global CO2.emissions (e.g.,those of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),United Nations Development Program,and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development).All the proposals ignored the fact that the cumulative CO2.emissions per capita for developed countries were 7.54 times those for developing countries in the historical period of *** proposals further deliberately allocate 2.06-2.50 emission quotas to developed countries that are 2.3-6.7 times those to developing *** will seriously violate the development rights of developing *** paper clearly states that proposals such as that of the IPCC are not suitable references for future international climate change negotiations as they violate the fundamentals of fairness and equity in international relationships and the UNFCCC principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities".Comparing estimates of emissions in china in the scenario of rapid development with low-CO2.emission technology in the period 2.06-2.50 with estimates for other countries and groups,we find that china can logically and morally argue for equivalent emission rights even in the case of the strict CO2.concentration target of 450-470 ppmv.

关键词： CO2 emission reduction cumulative CO2 emission per capita emission rights

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Climate as the dominant control on C_3 and C_4 plant abundance in the Loess Plateau: Organic carbon isotope evidence from the last glacial-interglacial loess-soil sequences

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2003年第2期48卷 1271-1276页

作者： GU Zhaoyan, LIU Qiang, XU Bing, HAN Jiamao, YANG Shiling, ding zhongli & LIU Tungsheng {2. of geology and geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, beijing 10002., china Correspondence should be addressed to Gu Zhaoyan (e-mail: zgu@ ***) institute of geology and {2. Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China

Abundance of C3 and C4 photosynthesis plants can be inferred relatively from stable carbon isotopic composi-tion of organic matter in soils. The samples from five sequences of the last glacial-interglacial loess-soil in the Chinese Loess Plateau have been measured for organic carbon isotopic ratios (d 13Corg). The organic carbon isotope data show that relative abundance (or biomass) of C4 plants was increased ca. 40% for each sampling site from the last glacial maximum (LGM) to Holocene optimum, and increased southeastward on the Loess Plateau during both periods of LGM and Holocene. Statistic analyses on the steady maximum d 13Corg values of Holocene soils and modern climatic data from the Loess Plateau and Inner Mongolia indicate that the C4 plant abundance increases with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation. The C4 plant abundance is related much closer with mean April tem-perature and precipitation than annual. These results lead us to deduce following conclusions. First, temperature is the major factor for control on variations in C4 plant abundance in the Loess Plateau from the last glacial to interglacial. In the absence of favorable temperature condition, both of low moisture and low atmospheric CO2.concentration are insufficient to drive an expansion of the C4 plants in the plateau. Second, d 13Corg in the loess-paleosol sequences, as a proxy of the relative abundance of C4 plants in the Loess Plateau, could not be used as an indicator of changes in the summer monsoon intensity unless the tem-perature had changed without great amplitude. Since all C4 plants are grasses, finally, the increase of the C4 plants supports that forest has not been dominant in the ecosystem on the Loess Plateau during Holocene although precipitation and atmospheric CO2.were largely increased relative to those during LGM.

关键词： C3/C4 plants d 13Corg Loess Plateau LGM Holocene.