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Control of atmospheric CO_2 concentrations by 2050: A calculation on the emission rights of different countries

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Science china Earth sciences 2009年第10期52卷 1447-1469页

作者： ding zhongli1, DUAN XiaoNan2, GE QuanSheng3.& ZHANG ZhiQiang4 1 institute of {3. and geophysics, chinese Academy of sciences, beijing 100029, china 2 The General Office of chinese Academy of sciences, beijing 100864, china 3.institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research, chinese Academy of sciences, beijing 100101, china 4 The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library, the Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment, Lanzhou 73.000, china institute of geology and geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China The General Office of chinese Academy of sciences Beijing 100864 China institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy

This paper is to provide quantitative data on some critical issues in anticipation of the forthcoming international negotiations in Denmark on the control of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Instead of letting only a small number of countries dominate a few controversial dialogues about emissions reductions, a comprehensive global system must be established based on emissions allowances for different countries, to realize the long-term goal of controlling global atmospheric CO2 concentrations. That a system rooted in "cumulative emissions per capita," the best conception of the "common but differentiated responsibilities" principle affirmed by the Kyoto Protocol according to fundamental standards of fairness and justice, was demonstrated. Based on calculations of various countries' cumulative emissions per capita, estimates of their cumulative emissions from 1900 to 2005, and their annual emissions allowances into the future (2006―2050), a 470 ppmv atmospheric CO2 concentration target was set. According to the following four objective indicators―total emissions allowance from 1900 to 2050, actual emissions from 1900 to 2005, emissions levels in 2005, and the average growth rate of emissions from 1996 to 2005―all countries and regions whose population was more than 3.0000 in 2005 were divided into four main groups: countries with emissions deficits, countries and regions needing to reduce their gross emissions, countries and regions needing to reduce their emissions growth rates, and countries that can maintain the current emissions growth rates. Based on this proposal, most G8 countries by 2005 had already expended their 2050 emissions allowances. The accu-mulated financial value based on emissions has reached more than 5.5 trillion US dollars (20 dollars per ton of CO2). Even if these countries could achieve their ambitious emissions reduction targets in the future, their per capita emissions from 2006 to 2050 would still be much higher than those of developing coun

关键词： international negotiations on climate change cumulative emissions per capita emission allowance

A new method for spatio-temporal prediction of rainfall-induced landslide

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Science china Earth sciences 2006年第4期49卷 421-430页

作者： ding Jixin1,2, YANG Zhifa2, SHANG Yanjun2, ZHOU Shenghua1 & YIN Juntao3.1. china Non-ferrous Metals Resource Geological Survey, beijing 100012, china 2. institute of geology and geophysics, chinese Academy of sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics, beijing 100029, china 3. School of Geoscience & Environmental Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083. china 1. china Non-ferrous Metals Resource Geological Survey Beijing 100012 China 2. institute of geology and geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics Beijing 100029 China 3. School of Geoscience & Environmental Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 China

Geological condition and rainfall are two most principal conditions inducing landslides in the Chongqing region. By analyzing the forming conditions of rainfall-induced landslides, a new method for spatio-temporal prediction of rainfall-induced landslide is brought forward on the basis of grading and overlapping geological condition and rainfall factor in this paper. At first, semi-quantitative assessment and grading for the geological condition of a certain area or slope can be carried out with the multi-factor interactive matrix. Then the severity of rainfall in that area is grading according to the maximum daily rainfall and the total rainfall in a rainfall course. Finally, the “landslide probability judgement factor” can be worked out through grading and overlapping “geological condition influenc- ing factor” and “rainfall influencing factor”, by which the landslide can be graded into 4 grades, they are landslide extremely easily happening, landslide easily happening, landslide difficultly happening and landslide hardly ever happening respectively. More accurate spatio-temporal prediction of rain- fall-induced landslides can come true on the ground of detailed geological survey of some dangerous slopes in an area and more precise weather forecast. Finally, the reliability and feasibility of carrying out the spatio-temporal prediction of rainfall-induced landslides with the method of “two factors” grading and overlapping are validated by the example of Jipazi landslide.

关键词： rainfall-induced landslide, geological condition, rainfall, two factors, grading and overlapping, interactive matrix, spatio-temporal prediction.

U-Pb dating of zircon from the bed parallel anatectic granitic intrusion in the Baoban group in Hainan Island and the tectonic implication

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Science china Earth sciences 2005年第12期48卷 2092-2103页

作者： ding Shijiang1, HU Jianmin2, SONG Biao3.4, CHEN Mulun1, xie Shengzhou1 & FAN Yuan1 1. Geological Surveying institute of Hainan, Haikou 570206,{3. 2. institute of Geomechanics, chinese Academy of Geological sciences, beijing 100081,{3. 3. beijing Center of SHRIMP, beijing 10003.,{3. 4. institute of {13., chinese Academy of Geological sciences, beijing 10003.,{3. 1. Geological Surveying institute of Hainan 570206 Haikou China 2. institute of Geomechanics Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences 100081 Beijing China 3. beijing Center of SHRIMP 100037 Beijing China 4. institute of geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences 100037 Beijing China

The petrological and geochemical features of the bed parallel granitic intrusion in the Pre-Cambrian Baoban group in Hainan Island attest to the anatexis origin of the granites. U-Pb dating analyses of zircons from the anatectic granite and the biotite two-feldspar gneiss in the Baoban group, using SHRIMP II in the beijing Ion-probe Center, acquire 206Pb/23.U ages of 3.8±3.5 Ma (of granite, 95% confidence level, MSDW=1.23. and 3.2.9±6.1 Ma (of gneiss, 95% confidence level, MSDW = 2.04) respectively. The two late Devonian ages indicate consistently a tectonic- thermal event experienced in Hainan Island, and are the first discovered record of the Devonian geological process in the district. This event possibly resulted from the deep ther-mal-dynamic process when the Gondwana continent began to break up in the Devonian period.

关键词： Hainan Island, Devonian period, anatectic granite, zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating.

The species diversity of fusulinaceans and high-frequency sea-level changes in the Carboniferous-Permian boundary section at Xikou, Zhen'an County,Shaanxi Province, china

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Science china Earth sciences 2006年第7期49卷 673-683页

作者： ZHANG Haijun1, WANG Xunlian2, ding Lin1, XIA Guoying3.& WANG Lei2 1. institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, chinese Academy of {3., beijing 100085, china 2. Faculty of Earth {3. and Mineral Resources, china University of Geo{3., beijing 100083. china 3. Tianjin institute of geology and Mineral Resources, Tianjin 3.0170, china 1. institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China 2. Faculty of Earth sciences and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China 3. Tianjin institute of geology and Mineral Resources Tianjin 300170 China

The study on the interrelation between sea-level changes and biodiversity with its evolu-tion has great significance for understanding the impact of global changes on organic evolution and exploring the inherent laws of life-environment coevolution in geological history. In this paper, the stratigraphic distribution of fusulinacean fauna in the Carboniferous-Permian boundary section at Xikou, Zhen’an County, Shaanxi Province, is analyzed quantitatively, and the relationship between the species diversity of fusulinaceans and relative sea-level changes is discussed. As a whole, the spe-cies numbers of fusulinacean fauna experience a rapid increase and an obvious decline in Xikou, Zhen’an County, from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian. There is a significant increase in species diversity around the Carboniferous-Permian boundary, which is one of the biggest bio-events of the fusulinacean fauna, and represents the radiation of Pseudoschwagerininae subfamily in the studied area. Integrated fusulinacean species diversity into sequence stratigraphic framework, de-tailed study suggests that the species diversity of the fusulinaceans is closely related to its relative stratigraphic location, and is essentially controlled by the sea-level changes, especially by the high-frequency sea-level changes. Generally, the species diversity of fusulinaceans is low, and the number of first and last appearance datum is small in the lower unit of high-frequency depositional cycle formed during the quick rise of the sea level; whereas the species diversity of fusulinaceans is high, and the number of first and last appearance datum is large in the upper unit of high-frequency cycle formed during the slow fall of the sea level. Within the third-order depositional sequence, the species diversity of the fusulinaceans at the first flooding surfaces and the maximum flooding surfaces is low, and it increases upward. The fusulinacean species diversity is low within the transgressive syst

关键词： fusulinaceans, species diversity, high-frequency cyclothem, sequence stratigraphy, sea-level changes, Carboniferous-Permian boundary, Zhen'an, Shaanxi.

Cosmogenic ^(21)Ne concentrations and exposure ages of summit bedrocks in the Grove Mountains,Antarctica

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Science china Earth sciences 2010年第4期53卷 518-521页

作者： KONG Ping1,2,ding Lin2,LAI QingZhou2 & HUANG FeiXin3.1 Key Laboratory of the Earth’s Deep Interior,institute of geology and {3.,chinese Academy of sciences,beijing 100029,china 2 Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift,institute of Tibetan Plateau Research,chinese Academy of sciences,beijing 100085,china 3.institute of Mineral Resources Research,china Metallurgical geology Bureau,beijing 100025,china 1. Key Laboratory of the Earth’s Deep Interior Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China2. Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China3. Institute of Mineral Resources Research China Metallurgical Geology Bureau Beijing 100025 China

Various sources of 21Ne and 22Ne exist in surface rocks:cosmogenic,in situ nucleogenic from internal U and Th,trapped crustal nucleogenic and trapped *** paper reports the first measurement,in china,of cosmogenic 21Ne and 22Ne in surface *** developed a unique sample pre-treatment procedure that effectively removed inclusions inside quartz grains,and thus maximally reduced nucleogenic contributions of 21Ne and ***-heating experiments show that concen-trations of cosmogenic 21Ne and 22Ne in summit bedrock samples R9202 and R9203.from Grove Mountains,Antarctica,are(3.83.0.87)×108 and(5.22±0.51)×108 atoms/g,*** corresponding minimum exposure ages are 2.2±0.5 and 3.0±0.3.*** indicates that the ice sheet in East Antarctica was uncovered the crest of Mount Harding,a typical nunatak in Grove Mountains,since at least mid-Pliocene.

关键词： 21Ne cosmogenic nuclide exposure age Antarctica Grove Mountains

Orogen-parallel extension in Himalaya: Is it the indicator of collapse or the product in process of compressive uplift?

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chinese Science Bulletin 2000年第2期45卷 114-120页

作者： ZHANG Jinjiang, ding Lin, ZHONG Dalai & ZHOU Yong institute of geology and {3.. chinese Academy of sciences. beijing 100029, china institute of geology and geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Extensional structures developed extensively in Himalaya with their strikes perpendicular to that of the orogenic belt. The studies of such structures in Qusum, Burang, Lhozhag, Nyalam and Yadong show that they represent an orogen-parallel extension. The basins produced by the extension experienced orokyn-perpendicular compression during their formation. The ages of the extension rang from 16 to 13.Ma and coincide with the intensive compressive stage in Southeastern Asia. Therefore, the extension is Syn-shortening and the dominate tectonic movement in Himalaya was compression and uplift during the extension. The extension was the partition of compressive deformation rather than the indicator for the collapse and falling of the Tibetan Plateau.

关键词： Himalayan orognic helt syn-shortening extension uplift

MULTI-PERIODIC COLLISIONAL PROCESS BETWEEN INDIAN AND ASIAN CONTINENTS:A CASE OF EASTERN HIMALAYAN SYNTAXIS AND HENGDUAN MOUNTAINS

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地学前缘 2000年第S1期7卷 47-48页

作者： Zhong Dalai 1, ding Lin 1, Zhang Jinjiang 1, Ji Jianqing 2(1 institute of geology and {3., chinese Academy of sciences, beijing 100029, china 2 Department of geology, Peking University, beijing 100871, china)

Our study area covered the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS) and its southern extension (Hengduan Mountain or western Sichuan and Yunnan (WSY)) which is located at the orthogonal and oblique collisional front between Indian and Asian continents during *** on geometric and kinematic mapping of the major boundary or regional faults (Dongjug—Mainling(1), Anigiao(2) and Jali(3., Guyu(4) faults in EHS, Ailaoshan—Red River(5), Lancangjiang(6), Gaoligong(7), Binlangjiang(8) and Magok(9) faults in WSY) (see Fig.1), especially on abundant geochronological dating of the mylonitic rocks along these faults, and coupled with magmato\|metamorphic sequences of this region, we try to deal with the temporal and spatial relationships of collisional process to answer questions such as: (1) when did collision start ? (2) is thrusting as a initial and dominant deformation mode to absorb the crustal shortening after suturing, or earlier thrusting usually followed by large\|scale strike\|slip faults? (3. are the two structural patterns coeval at times, or do they occur alternatively during deformation history? (4) are the collisional and associate uplift processes a continuous one or periodic? Insight into such questions is crucial for better understanding of the continental deformation and testing the models available or constraining a new one.

关键词： collisional process multi\|period tectonic events Eastern Himalaya

Structural pattern of eastern Himalayan syntaxis in Namjagbarwa and its formation process

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Science china Earth sciences 2004年第2期47卷 138-150页

作者： ZHANG Jinjiang, Jl Jianqing, ZHONG Dalai, ding Lin & HE Shundong1. Department of geology, Peking University, beijing 100871,{3. 2. institute of geology and geophysics, chinese Academy of sciences, beijing 100029,{3. Correspondence should be addressed to Zhang Jinjiang (email: zhjj@***) 1. Department of geology Peking University 100871 Beijing China 2. institute of geology and geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences 100029 Beijing China

The structural pattern of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis in Namjagbarwa consists of two series of structures with different styles. One series compiles the earlier ductile contractional and lateral-slip deformation system, formed by nearly north-south shortening within the syntaxis, left-lateral and right-lateral slipping along its western and eastern boundaries respectively. They were possibly produced by the indentation of the Indian continent into Asian continent after India-Asia collision. The peak deformation-metamorphic ages in these structures are 62-60 Ma, ~23.Ma and ~13.Ma. The other series is composed of ductile-brittle normal faults distributing concentrically and dipping toward the outsides of Namjagbarwa Peak. They were probably the collapse structures caused by rapid uplift in a later time and the beginning ages for the normal faulting are about 7.3.6.3.Ma. Keywords Namjagbarwa - eastern Himalayan syntaxis (EHS) - structural pattern - formation process - structural chronology

关键词： Namjagbarwa, eastern Himalayan syntaxis (EHS), structural pattern, formation process, structural chronology.

On the major proposals for carbon emission reduction and some related issues

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Science china Earth sciences 2010年第12期53卷 159-172页

作者： ding zhongli1,DUAN XiaoNan2,GE QuanSheng3.& ZHANG ZhiQiang4 1 CAS Key Lab of Cenozoic geology and Environment,{3. of geology and geophysics,chinese Academy of sciences,beijing 100029,china 2 The General Office of chinese Academy of sciences,beijing 100864,china 3.{3. of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research,chinese Academy of sciences,beijing 100101,china 4 The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library,Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment of CAS,Lanzhou 73.000,china 1. CAS Key Lab of Cenozoic geology and Environment Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China2. The General Office of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100864 China3. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China4. The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment of CAS Lanzhou 730000 China

We evaluated and ran simulations for seven proposals for the reduction of global CO2 emissions (e.g.,those of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),United Nations Development Program,and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development).All the proposals ignored the fact that the cumulative CO2 emissions per capita for developed countries were 7.54 times those for developing countries in the historical period of *** proposals further deliberately allocate 2006-2050 emission quotas to developed countries that are 2.3.6.7 times those to developing *** will seriously violate the development rights of developing *** paper clearly states that proposals such as that of the IPCC are not suitable references for future international climate change negotiations as they violate the fundamentals of fairness and equity in international relationships and the UNFCCC principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities".Comparing estimates of emissions in china in the scenario of rapid development with low-CO2-emission technology in the period 2006-2050 with estimates for other countries and groups,we find that china can logically and morally argue for equivalent emission rights even in the case of the strict CO2 concentration target of 450-470 ppmv.

关键词： CO2 emission reduction cumulative CO2 emission per capita emission rights

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