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The data acquisition algorithm designed for the SiPM-based detectors of GECAM satellite

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2022年第1期6卷 70-77页

作者： Y.Q.Liu K.Gong x.Q.Li x.Y.Wen Z.h.An C.Cai Z.Chang G.Chen C.Chen Y.Y.Du M.Gao R.Gao D.Y.Guo J.J.he D.J.hou Y.G.Li C.Y.Li G.Li L.Li x.F.Li M.S.Li x.h.liang x.J.Liu F.J.Lu h.Lu B.Meng W.x.Peng F.Shi x.L.Sun h.Wang J.Z.Wang Y.S.Wang h.Z.Wang x.Wen S.xiao S.L.xiong Y.B.xu Y.P.xu S.Yang J.W.Yang Q.B.Yi Fan Zhang D.L.Zhang S.N.Zhang C.Y.Zhang C.M.Zhang Fei Zhang x.Y.Zhao Y.Zhao x.Zhou Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Physics and Space Science College China West Normal UniversityNanchong 637002China

Background The Gravitational Wave high-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor(GECAM)consists of 2 microsatellites,each of which contains 25 GRD(LaBr3)detectors and 8 CPD(plastic scintillator)*** silicon photomultiplier(SiPM)array is used to read each *** output signal of these detectors with SiPM array is very special and challenging to *** this study,a novel data acquisition(DAQ)algorithm for these detectors is designed and implemented,and the content of the output event packet is *** and Conclusion The performances,including the event acquisition efficiency of this DAQ algorithm,are extensively verified through experimental *** the on-ground and in-flight tests,this algorithm has excellent performance despite the very limited resources and short development time of GECAM mission.

关键词： Silicon photomultiplier Digital waveform processing Data acquisition

Dedicated SiPM array for GRD of GECAM

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2022年第1期6卷 63-69页

作者： D.L.Zhang x.L.Sun Z.h.An x.Q.Li x.Y.Wen K.Gong C.Cai Z.Chang G.Chen C.Chen Y.Y.Du M.Gao R.Gao D.Y.Guo J.J.he D.J.hou Y.G.Li C.Y.Li G.Li L.Li x.F.Li M.S.Li x.h.liang x.J.Liu Y.Q.Liu F.J.Lu h.Lu B.Meng W.x.Peng F.Shi h.Wang J.Z.Wang Y.S.Wang h.Z.Wang x.Wen S.xiao S.L.xiong Y.B.xu Y.P.xu S.Yang1 x.Zhou J.W.Yang Fan Zhang S.N.Zhang C.Y.Zhang C.M.Zhang Fei Zhang x.Y.Zhao Institute of high Energy Physics CASBeijing 100049China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics Beijing 100049China

Purpose The discovery of gravitational waves and gamma-ray bursts heralds the era of multi-messenger *** the adoption of two small satellites to achieve the all-sky monitoring of gamma-ray bursts,the gravitational wave highenergy electromagnetic counterpart all-sky monitor(GECAM)possesses a quasi-real-time early warning ability and plays an important role in positioning the sources of gravitational waves and in subsequent *** satellite of GECAM was fitted with 253-inch-diameter gamma-ray detectors(GRD),covering an energy range of 8–2 *** have adopted silicon photomultiplier tubes(SiPM)in lieu of photomultiplier tubes(PMT)to adapt to the dimensional limitations of *** A unique 3-inch circular SiPM array was *** this design,646×6 mm chips were arranged evenly in a circular manner with the seams filled with reflecting films,thus achieving satisfactory uniformity of light *** integrated pre-amplifier circuit on the back of the SiPM array adopted two-level grouping and summing;further,it achieved a satisfactory signal-to-noise *** high-gain and low-gain channels were adopted to achieve a large dynamic range,and two independent power supply units were used,where each unit can be closed separately,thus improving *** Performance studies show that this SiPM array meets the requirements of *** A 3-inch SiPM array have been developed that uses grouped summation,reflective films,a circular arrangement,two groups of independent power supplies,high-and low-gain signals,differential signal output technologies,*** solution can be used not only for GECAM,but also as a general solution for SiPM-based scintillation detectors.

关键词： SiPM GECAM Gamma-ray Signal-to-noise ratio Reflecting film Pre-amplifier

Quality assurance test and failure analysis of SiPM arrays of GECAM satellites

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2022年第1期6卷 35-42页

作者： D.L.Zhang M.Gao x.L.Sun x.Q.Li Z.h.An x.Y.Wen C.Cai Z.Chang G.Chen C.Chen Y.Y.Du R.Gao K.Gong D.Y.Guo J.J.he D.J.hou Y.G.Li C.Y.Li G.Li L.Li x.F.Li M.S.Li x.h.liang x.J.Liu Y.Q.Liu F.J.Lu h.Lu B.Meng W.x.Peng F.Shi h.Wang J.Z.Wang Y.S.Wang h.Z.Wang x.Wen S.xiao S.L.xiong Y.B.xu Y.P.xu S.Yang J.W.Yang Fan.Zhang S.N.Zhang C.Y.Zhang C.M.Zhang Fei Zhang x.Y.Zhao x.Zhou Institute of high Energy Physics CASBeijing 100049People’s Republic of China

Background The Gravitational wave high-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor(GECAM)satellite developed a SiPM-based gamma-ray detector to monitor the gravitational wave-related GRBs and guide subsequent observations in other wavelengths of *** As all the available SiPM devices belong to commercial grade,quality assurance tests need to be performed in accordance with the aerospace *** In the SiPM application of GECAM,quality assurance experiments were *** mechanism of the failure of SiPM devices was analyzed during the development *** Based on the quality assurance test results,the fnal pass rate of SiPM array was 95%.Based on the failure analysis,it was found that a piece of SiPM had a leakage channel after longtime operation due to device *** According to the accumulated experience,in the reliability test of SiPM,it is necessary to pay special attention to test the impedance of each pin of SiPM to ground and confrm that the power switch state of SiPM is controllable.

关键词： Gravitational waves Gamma-ray detectors Silicon photomultipliers Quality assurance test Failure analysis

The design and performance of GRD onboard the GECAM satellite

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2022年第1期6卷 43-52页

作者： Z.h.An x.L.Sun D.L.Zhang S.Yang x.Q.Li x.Y.Wen K.Gong x.h.liang x.J.Liu Y.Q.Liu Y.G.Li S.L.xiong Y.B.xu Fan Zhang x.Y.Zhao C.Cai Z.Chang G.Chen C.Chen Y.Y.Du P.Y.Feng M.Gao R.Gao D.Y.Guo J.J.he D.J.hou C.Y.Li G.Li L.Li x.F.Li M.S.Li F.J.Lu h.Lu B.Meng W.x.Peng F.Shi h.Wang J.Z.Wang Y.S.Wang h.Z.Wang x.Wen S.xiao Y.P.xu J.W.Yang Q.B.Yi S.N.Zhang C.Y.Zhang C.M.Zhang Fei Zhang Y.Zhao x.Zhou CAS Institute of High Energy PhysicsBeijing 100049China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics Beijing 100049China 3 Xiangtan UniversityXiangtan 411105China 4 Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 110875China xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105China Beijing Normal University Beijing 110875China

Background Each GECAM satellite payload contains 25 gamma-ray detectors(GRDs),which can detect gamma-rays and particles and can roughly localize the Gamma-Ray Bursts(GRBs).GRD was designed using lanthanum bromide(LaBr3)crystal as the sensitive material with the rear end coupled with silicon photomultiplier(SiPM)array for *** In aerospace engineering design of GRD,there are many key points to be *** this paper,we present the specific design scheme of GRD,the assembly and the performance test results of *** Based on Monte Carlo simulation and experimental test results,the specific schematic design and assembling process of GRD were *** being fully assembled,the GRDs were conducted performance tests by using radioactive source and also conducted random vibration *** and conclusion The test results show that all satellite-borne GRDs have energy resolutionhows that GRD can maintain in a stable performance,which meets the requirement of spatial application.

关键词： Lanthanum bromide scintillator SiPM array GECAM Gamma-ray detector Energy resolution

Convexification of hybrid AC-DC Optimal Power Flow with Line-Commutated Converters

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2024年第2期10卷 617-628页

作者： hongyuan liang Zhigang Li J.h.Zheng Q.h.Wu School of Electric Power Engineering South China University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510641China

Line-commutated converter (LCC)-based high-voltage DC (hVDC) systems have been integrated with bulk AC power grids for interregional transmission of renewable power. The nonlinear LCC model brings additional nonconvexity to optimal power flow (OPF) of hybrid AC-DC power grids. A convexification method for the LCC station model could address such nonconvexity but has rarely been discussed. We devise an equivalent reformulation for classical LCC station models that facilitates second-order cone convex relaxation for the OPF of LCC-based AC-DC power grids. We also propose sufficient conditions for exactness of convex relaxation with its proof. Equivalence of the proposed LCC station models and properties, exactness, and effectiveness of convex relaxation are verified using four numerical simulations. Simulation results demonstrate a globally optimal solution of the original OPF can be efficiently obtained from relaxed model.

关键词： AC-DC power system convex relaxation linecommutated converter optimal power flow second-order cone programming

The technology for detection of gamma-ray burst with GECAM satellite

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2022年第1期6卷 12-25页

作者： x.Q.Li x.Y.Wen Z.h.An C.Cai Z.Chang G.Chen C.Chen Y.Y.Du M.Gao R.Gao K.Gong D.Y.Guo J.J.he D.J.hou Y.G.Li C.Y.Li G.Li L.Li x.F.Li M.S.Li x.h.liang x.J.Liu Y.Q.Liu F.J.Lu h.Lu B.Meng W.x.Peng F.Shi x.L.Sun h.Wang J.Z.Wang Y.S.Wang h.Z.Wang x.Wen S.xiao S.L.xiong Y.B.xu Y.P.xu S.Yang J.W.Yang Q.B.Yi D.L.Zhang Fan Zhang S.N.Zhang C.Y.Zhang C.M.Zhang Fei Zhang x.Y.Zhao Y.Zhao x.Zhou C.S.Zhang J.P.Yu L.Chang K.K.Zhang J.huang Y.M.Chen x.B.han Institute of high Energy Physics CASBeijing 100049China xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105China Beijing Normal University Beijing 110875China Beijing Glass Research Institute Beijing 101100China Innovation Academy for Microsatellites of CAS Shanghai 201204China

Introduction The main physical objective of the GECAM satellite is to detect gamma-ray bursts,which is related to gravitational waves of double compact object *** GECAM satellite also detects and investigates various bursts of high-energy celestial *** and methods In this study,we designed,developed and calibrated the payload and launched it into orbit with GECAM *** payload consists of the gamma ray detector(GRD,for detecting 4 keV–4 MeV x/γray),the charged particle detector(CPD,for detecting 150 keV–5 MeV charged particle),and the electronic box(EBOx).The all-sky field coverage is achieved via two 229-degree large-area satellites positioned 180 degrees apart and are on opposite sides of the *** satellite is equipped with 25 GRDs and 8 CPDs;thus,the satellite can identify charged particle bursts in ***-ray detectors adopt lanthanum bromide crystal technology combined with silicon *** is the first time that this technology was used massively in space *** The GECAM satellite can quickly determine the direction of gamma-ray bursts(positioning)via indexing and fitting method,while the transmit variability,energy spectrum and direction of the gamma-ray bursts guide subsequent observations through the Beidou-3 RDSS in quasi-real *** will play an important role in the study of high energy celestial bursts.

关键词： GECAM Gamma-ray burst Lanthanum bromide crystal Silicon photomultiplier Beidou short message

Fast efficient photon deceleration in plasmas by using two laser pulses at different frequencies

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Matter and Radiation at Extremes 2024年第3期9卷 11-18页

作者： Y.x.Wang x.L.Zhu S.M.Weng P.Li x.F.Li h.Ai h.R.Pan Z.M.Sheng Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas(moe) School of Physics and AstronomyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China Research Center of Laser Fusion of China Academy of Engineering Physics MianyangSichuan 621900China State key Laboratory of high Field Laser Physics Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201800China Tsung-dao Lee Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China

The generation of ultrashort high-power light sources in the mid-infrared(mid-IR)to terahertz(Thz)range is of interest for applications in a number of fields,from fundamental research to biology and *** conventional laser technology,photon deceleration in plasma wakes provides an alternative approach to the generation of ultrashort mid-IR or Thz ***,we present a photon deceleration scheme for the efficient generation of ultrashort mid-IR or Thz pulses by using an intense driver laser pulse with a relatively short wavelength and a signal laser pulse with a relatively long *** signal pulse trails the driver pulse with an appropriate time delay such that it sits at the front of the second wake bubble that is driven by the driver *** to its relatively long wavelength,the signal pulse will be subjected to a large gradient of the refractive index in the plasma wake ***,the photon deceleration in the plasma wake becomes faster and more efficient for signal pulses with longer *** greatly enhances the capacity and efficiency of photon deceleration in the generation of ultrashort high-power light sources in the long-wavelength IR and Thz spectral ranges.

关键词： laser ultrashort photon

In situ TEM investigation of electron irradiation and aging-induced high-density nanoprecipitates in an Mg-10Gd-3Y-1Zn-0.5Zr alloy

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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2024年第5期12卷 1841-1853页

作者： M.Lv h.L.Ge Q.Q.Jin x.h.Shao Y.T.Zhou B.Zhang x.L.Ma Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences72 Wenhua RoadShenyang 110016China School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of ChinaShenyang 110016China Materials Science and Engineering Research Center Guangxi University of Science and TechnologyLiuzhou 545006China

In-situ electron irradiation and aging are applied to introduce high-density precipitates in an Mg-10Gd-3Y-1Zn-0.5Zr(GWZ1031K,wt.%)alloy to improve the *** results show that the hardness of the Mg alloy after irradiation for 10 h and aging for 9 h at 250℃ is 1.64 GPa,which is approximately 64% higher than that of the samples before being *** is mainly attributed to γ'precipitates on the basal plane after irradiation and the high-density nanoscale β'precipitates on the prismatic plane after aging,which should be closely related to the irradiation-induced homogenous *** latter plays a key role in precipitation *** result paves a way to improve the mechanical properties of metallic materials by tailoring the precipitation through irradiation and aging.

关键词： Mg alloy Electron beam irradiation hardening Precipitates In-situ TEM

Microstructure evolution and shape memory behaviors of Ni_(47)Ti_(44)Nb_(9)alloy subjected to multistep thermomechanical loading with different prestrain levels

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2024年第4期171卷 80-93页

作者： Y.h.Zhang h.Li Z.W.Yang x.Liu Q.F.Gu State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing School of Materials Science and EngineeringNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’an 710072China Shaanxi Key Laboratory of high-Performance Precision Forming Technology and Equipment Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’an 710072China

Ni_(47)Ti_(44)Nb_(9)shape memory alloy(SMA)is a promising material in the aerospace field due to its wide transformation *** application of shape memory effect depends on multistep thermomechan-ical loading,viz.,low-temperature deformation and subsequent heating to ***-temperature deformation prestrain plays a pivotal role in shape memory properties tailoring of SMA ***,microstructure evolution and deformation mechanisms of Ni_(47)Ti_(44)Nb_(9)SMA subjected to vari-ous prestrain levels are still *** this end,microstructure evolution and shape memory behaviors of Ni_(47)Ti_(44)Nb_(9)alloy subjected to multistep thermomechanical loading with prestrain levels of 8%-16%at-28℃(M_(s)+30℃)were *** results demonstrate that the stress-strain curve of the specimen exhibits four distinct stages at a maximal prestrain of 16%.Whereas stageⅡand stageⅢend at prestrains of∼8%and∼12%,*** stageⅡ,the stress-induced martensitic transformation is accompanied by the dislocation slip of the NiTi matrix andβ-Nb *** stageⅢ,in addition to the higher density of dislocations and further growth of stress-induced martensite variants(SIMVs),(001)compound twins are introduced as a result of the(001)deformation twinning in stress-induced ***{20-1}martensite twins are gradually introduced in stageⅣ.Correspondingly,after subsequent unloading and heating,a higher density of{114}austenite twins form in the specimen with a larger prestrain of 16%.With increasing prestrain from 8%to 16%,the recoverable strainε_(re)^(T)upon heating increases first and then ***ε_(re)^(T)obtains a maximum of 7.03%at 10%prestrain and de-creases to 6.17%at 16%*** increase ofε_(re)^(T)can be attributed to the formation of new SIMVs,the further growth of existing SIMVs,and the recoverable(001)compound *** the decrease ofε_(re)^(T)is mainly associated with the irrecoverable strain by{20−1}martensite *** effe

关键词： Ni_(47)Ti_(44)Nb_(9)shape memory alloy Wide transformation hysteresis Thermomechanical loading Microstructure evolution Shape memory behaviors Stress-induced martensitic transformation Deformation twinning