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The impacts of armed conflict on vegetation cover degradation in Tigray,northern Ethiopia

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2024年第3期12卷 635-649页

作者： Solomon Hishe Eskinder Gidey Amanuel Zenebe woldeamlak bewket James Lyimo Jasper Knight Tsegay Gebretekle DeParment of Gegaphy and Evironmental Sudies Collegeof Social Sciences and LanguaesMeklle UnivertyP.Box 23MekellTigrayEthiopia Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection(LaRMEP) College of Dry Land Agriculture and Natural ResourcesMekelle UniversityP.o.Box231MekelleTigrayEthiopia Institute of Climate and Society Mekelle UniversityP.O.Box 231MekelleTigrayEthiopia Department of Gegraphy and Environmental Studies College of Social SciencesP.O.Box 1176Addis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopi Institute of Resources Assessment University of Dar es SalaamP.O.Box 35097Dar es SalaamTanzania School of Geography Archaeology and Environmental StudiesUntiversity of Witwatersrand2050Johannesburg.South Africa Enderta District Ainistranón Ofce South Eastern Zone of TigrayQuihaEthiopic

Efforts made to restore the degraded landscape of the Tigray region,Northern Ethiopia,over the last three decades have been relatively ***,an armed conflict that broke out in the region in November 2020 has significantly destroyed the restored vegetation,either directly associated with conflict(environment,pollution,fire)or indirectly(agricultural abandonment).This study aimed at assessing spatio-temporal changes in vegetation cover in a 50 km radius zone centered on Mekelle city,*** cover dynamics was evaluated using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus(ETM+)and Operational Land Imager(OLI)datasets for the years 2000,2020,and 2022 and analysed using ENVI 5.3 and ArcGIS 10.8.1 *** data were analysed using the Modified Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(MNDVI),Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index(OSAVI),and Moisture Adjusted Vegetation Index(MAVI).Based on the MNDVI,results show that vegetation cover increased in the period 2000-2020 by 179 km^(2)or 2%of the area,whereas in the period 2020-2022,there was a decrease in vegetation cover by 403 km^(2)or 5%of the *** was accompanied by a decrease in vegetation *** vegetation changes in 2020-2022 are attributed to the impact of armed conflict on the land surface which can include farmlands and village abandonment,spread of weeds and scrub vege-tation,or failure to harvest *** vegetation change using Landsat data can help understand the environmental impacts of armed conflict in rural agricultural landscapes,including potential food security risks.

关键词： Armed conflict Vegetation indices Remote sensing Landsat Tigray Ethiopia

Prevalence and risks of soil transmitted helminths among Ethiopian school children:A cross-sectional study

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2022年第3期15卷 121-127页

作者： Abebe Fenta bewket Mesganaw Feven Belachew Getachew Teshale Gashaw Abebaw Elias Tesfa Getaye Alemayehu Department of Medical Laboratory Science Health Science CollegeDebre Markos UniversityDebre MarkosEthiopia

Objective:To assess the prevalence and associated factors of soil transmitted helminths(STHs)among Endemata primary school in North West Ethiopia,***:A cross-sectional study with 195 school children was conducted from May to July 2021 at Endemata primary *** study participants were selected by using systematic random sampling *** samples were processed via direct wet mount and formol-ether concentration *** was entered by Epi-Dara version 3.1 and data analysis was done using SPSS version *** were considered to be statistically significant if P<0.05 at 95%confidence ***:The overall prevalence of STHs was 10.8%(95%CI 7.1-16.0).The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides,hookworm and Trichuris trichiura were 5.6%(95%CI 3.1-9.9),3.1%(95%CI 1.3-6.7)and 2.1%(95%CI 0.6-5.3),*** 1-4 students were more likely to get infected with STHs as compared to grade 5-8 students(adjusted OR 4.7,95%CI 1.3-16.6).Students who did not have latrines at their home were at higher risk to develop STHs infection comparing with those who had latrine at their home(adjusted OR 5.0,95%CI 1.7-15.2).Similarly,the school children who did not wear shoes were more likely to be infected by STH parasite than those who did it(adjusted OR 6.3,95%CI 1.9-20.7).The odds of being infected by STH parasites in children who did not trim their fingernails were 4.9 as compared to those who did it(adjusted OR 4.9,95%CI 1.5-15.7).Conclusions:The prevalence of STHs among Endemata primary school children was *** grade level,latrine availability,shoes wear and nail status were significantly associated with STHs ***,we recommend policy makers and stakeholders to follow the integration of deworming with water,hygiene and sanitation as well as the consistent health education of school children to control and prevent STH infections.

关键词： Soil transmitted helminths Prevalence Associated factors School children Ethiopia

Effect of Dates and Methods of Sowing with and without Hydropriming on Growth,Phenology and Yield of Sorghum under Semi Arid Conditions of Eritrea

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Journal of Botanical Research 2021年第2期3卷 1-9页

作者： Berhane Teklesenbet Negassi woldeamlak Araia Nitya Nand Angiras Department of Agronomy Hamelmalo Agricultural CollegeKerenEritrea

A study was carried out at the research farm of Hamelmalo Agricultural College during summer 2015 to study the effect of dates and methods of sowing with and without hydro-priming on growth,development and yield of *** experiment consisted of 2 factors-three dates of sowing viz.D0(Sowing before the onset of first summer rain,June 30),D1(Sowing with the onset of first summer rains,July 7)and D2(Sowing after the onset of summer rains,July 14)and three methods of sowing ***(Direct sowing with hydro seed priming),TR(Transplanting)and DS(Direct sowing without hydro seed priming).The experiment was conducted in split plot design with 4 replications by keeping dates of sowing in the main plots and methods of sowing in the sub *** data on growth parameters,crop phenology,yield components and yield were *** data were analysed using GENSTAT software and inferences were drawn by using LSD at 5%level of *** methods significantly affected leaf area and leaf area index but sowing dates and their interaction with sowing methods did not show significant *** count,plant height,phenological parameters,thousand grain weight,grain and biomass yield were significantly affected by the sowing dates and methods but no significant difference in their interaction on all the parameters except in stand count and phenological *** before the onset of first summer rains(D0)resulted in significantly highest grain *** the sowing methods,transplanting resulted in significantly higher grain yield seconded by direct sowing with hydro seed *** is less profitable and practicable as it is more laborious and difficult to apply in larger areas.

关键词： Sowing date Sowing method Hydro seed priming Transplanting Semi-arid Sorghum

Evaluation of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Landraces for Drought Tolerance Using Morphological and Yield Characters under Rainfed Conditions of Sub Region Hagaz, Eritrea

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Journal of Botanical Research 2022年第4期4卷 1-11页

作者： Mebrahtom Tesfazghi Tesfamichael Abraha woldeamlak Araia Nitya Nand Angiras Department of Agronomy Hamelmalo Agricultural College(HAC)KerenEritrea

Sorghum is an important food crop in Eritrea where it is widely grown in the mid and low lands,of semi-arid *** being the center of origin of sorghum,a large variability exist in its landraces being grown by the farmers since *** order to improve the productivity of sorghum under moisture stress conditions,it is imperative to evaluate these landraces for drought tolerant characteristics and their use for further crop improvement ***,a field study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications to estimate the extent of genetic variability of 20 sorghum genotypes for moisture stress tolerance using various morphological,phenological,yield and yield related parameters under rainfed conditions at Hagaz Research *** difference was observed for almost all the characters in the individual analysis of variance suggesting that these sorghum accessions were highly *** EG 537,EG 1257,EG 849,EG 791,EG 783 and EG 813 showed promising results for post flowering drought tolerance,grain yield and stay green *** PCV and GCV were also obtained in parameters like plant height,leaf area,biomass,peduncle exertion,panicle length,and grain yield and panicle *** genotypes also exhibited varying degrees of heritability *** such as plant height,panicle length,days to flowering and maturity showed higher *** analysis revealed that sorghum landraces were grouped on the basis of their morphological traits and geographical sites.77.3%of the total variation of sorghum landraces was contributed by the first four principal components analysis having Eigen value>***,the current study confirmed that EG 537,EG 849,EG 1257,EG 791,and EG 813 are drought tolerant sorghum landraces during post flowering stage.

关键词： Morphological characters Drought tolerance Genetic variability Principal component analysis and cluster analysis

Evaluation of Germplasm of Pearl Millet(Penissetum glaucum L.)for Agronomic,Physiological and Biochemical Traits under Semi-arid Conditions of Hamelmalo

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Journal of Botanical Research 2021年第3期3卷 19-31页

作者： Habteslase Teklu Tesfagiorgis woldeamlak Araia N.N.Angiras Department of Agronomy Hamelmalo Agricultural CollegeKerenEritrea

A field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of Hamelmalo Agricultural College during summer 2017,to evaluate the agronomic,physiological,and biochemical performance of the collected Eritrean germplasm of pearl millet.A total of 16 accessions were tested,out of which 2 were improved varieties included as a *** experiment was laid out in 4 x 4 Simple Lattice Design with Randomized Block using 4 replications with a gross plot size of 3.0 m x 1.2 m,row to row spacing of 75 cm and plant to plant spacing of 30 *** data collected were Agronomic parameters(growth,development,yield,and yield contributing characters);Physiological parameters(Relative water content and Water Use Efficiency);and Biochemical parameters(crude fat,crude fiber,protein content,TSS,and ash content).The data were analyzed using GENSTAT software and correlation analysis was worked to see the positive and negative contribution of agronomic,physiological,and biochemical *** results of the study showed that Bariyay908 and Kona being statistically at par with Bariyay 910,Hagaz,Zibedi,Shleti,Delkata,Tokroray,and Kunama produced significantly higher grain ***,among these Baryay908 because of its superior agronomic characteristics,lower incidence of downy mildew,relatively higher water use efficiency and higher crude protein content were found to be comparatively superior to the check improved varieties Kona and *** yield has shown a positive and significant correlation with harvest index,number of seeds per panicle,panicle length,leaf area and water use *** promising accessions need to be further tested for future breeding programs to develop varieties higher in productivity and resistant to downy mildew under semi-arid conditions of Eritrea.

关键词： Pearl millet Germplasm Agronomic characters Physiological characters Biochemical characters

Genetic Variation among Sorghum (<i>Sorghum bicolor</i>L. Moench) Landraces from Eritrea under Post-Flowering Drought Stress Conditions

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2015年第9期6卷 1410-1424页

作者： Tesfamichael Abraha Stephen Mwangi Githiri Remmy Kasili woldeamlak Araia Aggrey Bernard Nyende Hamelmalo Agricultural College (HAC) Keren Eritrea Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) Institute of Biotechnology Research Nairobi Kenya

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench) grown under rain-fed conditions is usually affected by drought stress at different stages, resulting in reduced yield. The assessment of variation in morpho-physiological traits contributing towards drought tolerance at these stages is of vital importance. This study was conducted using a split plot design with three replications to evaluate 25 sorghum accessions at post flowering stage under well watered and drought stress conditions at Hamelmalo Agricultural College. The data of 14 different morpho-physiological traits were subjected to analysis of variance, estimation of genetic variability and heritability and principal component analysis. We analyzed variance for seedling vigor, number of leaves, leaf area, stay-green, peduncle exsertion, panicle length and width, plant height, days to flowering and maturity, grain yield, biomass and harvest index under drought stress and irrigated conditions. The results showed that genotypic differences were significant at P 1 explaining 74.6% of the total variation with grain yield, biomass, stay-green, leaf area, peduncle exsertion and days to flowering and maturity being the most important characters in PC1 and PC2. This research demonstrated high diversity for the characters studied. Moreover, the result showed that drought stress reduced the yield of some genotypes, though others were tolerant to drought. Accessions EG 885, EG 469, EG 481, EG 849, Hamelmalo, EG 836 and EG 711 were identified as superior for post-flowering drought tolerance and could be used by breeders in improvement programs.

关键词： Drought Tolerance Genetic Variability Post Flowering Principal Component Analysis Sorghum

Classification of Local Pepper Collections (Capsicum spp.) from Eritrea Using Morphological Traits

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2016年第3期7卷 590-600页

作者： Brhan Khiar Saleh Remmy W. Kasili Edward G. Mamati woldeamlak Araia Aggrey B. Nyende Hamelmalo Agricultural College Keren Eritrea Institute for Biotechnology Research Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Department of Horticulture Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya

Diversity studies are an essential step in plant breeding and understanding the genetic relationships between pepper accessions may provide an effective management tool for their conservation, as well as help inform plant breeding efforts. The objective of the study was to assess the diversity and structure of pepper germplasm grown in Eritrean to help inform improvement programs. Local pepper (Capsicum spp.) germplasm collected from farmers and institutions in Eritrea was assessed using 16 quantitative morphological traits. The evaluation was conducted in two sites using a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The data from the two sites were subjected to Principal Component Analysis, Hierarchal clustering with Euclidean distance and Analysis of variance. Cluster analysis of the combined data grouped the 60 genotypes into five clusters and 10 sub-clusters confirming the diversity of the collection that can be useful for selection and source of desired genes. A selection index was used to identify at least four promising genotypes (HD0134, HD0031 and NRSG21 and NRSAF06) for dry consumption purposes. The results of the current study revealed the relatively high level diversity existed within the evaluated collections and partitioned them into meaningful groups.

关键词： Cluster Analysis Genetic Diversity Eritrean Pepper Morphological Traits