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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2014年第13期5卷 985-993页

作者： martin Looker Andrew.w. Taylor-Robinson School of Molecular & Cellular Biology University of Leeds Leeds UK School of Medical & Applied Sciences Central Queensland University Rockhampton Australia

Investigation of the intimate relationship betw.en the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and its Anopheles vector requires the reliable production and isolation of successive sexual stages of the parasite from infected mosquitoes. Such an advance in propagation w.uld benefit a range of molecular, cellular, immunochemical and transmission-blocking research studies. Parasite cultivation, mosquito rearing, infection and subsequent dissection of mosquitoes are all highly technical procedures that require both skill and experience to perform w.th competence. Furthermore, to produce mosquitoes of an appropriate age to infect during the short period in w.ich parasites are viable for infection demands precise planning in order to coordinate the interacting life cycles of the parasite and vector. Here, a protocol is described for the complete development of P. falciparum w.thin Anopheles stephensi. A very consistent, high level production in vivo of P. falciparum oocysts and sporozoites is demonstrable by dissection of the mosquito midgut and salivary glands, respectively.

关键词： Malaria Plasmodium falciparum Cultivation Oocyst Sporozoite Infectivity

Changing trends in the mortality rate at 1-year post hip fracture-a systematic review

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w.rld Journal of Orthopedics 2019年第3期10卷 166-175页

作者： Colum Dow.ey martin Kelly john F Quinlan Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics Tallaght University Hospital

BACKGROUND Traditionally, the mortality rate at 1-year post hip fracture w.s quoted as approximately 30% of all hip fractures. There have been recent improvements in hip fracture care in the main driven by national hip fracture registries w.th reductions in 30-d mortality rates *** To address recent 1-year post hip fracture mortality rates in the *** Systematic literature review. national hip fracture registries/databases, local studies on hip fracture mortality, 5 years limitation(2013-2017), cohorts > 100,studies in English. Outcome measure: Mortality rate at 1-year post hip *** Recent 1-year mortality rates w.re review.d using the literature from 8 National Registries and 36 different countries. Recently published 1-year mortality rates appear low.r than traditional figures and may represent a dow.w.rd *** There appears to be a consistent w.rldw.de reduction in mortality at 1-year post hip fracture compared to previously published research. Globally, those w.ich suffer hip fractures may currently be benefiting from the results of approximately 30 years of national registries, rigorous audit processes and international collaboration. The previously quoted mortality rates of 10% at 1-mo and 30% at 1-year may be outdated.

关键词： Hip fracture Mortality Registries Databases

Effects of dietary threonine:lysine ratioes and sanitary conditions on performance, plasma urea nitrogen, plasma-free threonine and lysine of w.aned pigs

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Animal Nutrition 2015年第4期1卷 283-288页

作者： Balachandar Jayaraman john Htoo Charles martin Nyachoti Department of Animal Science University of Manitoba Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH

Tw. 21 d-experiments w.re conducted to determine the optimum standardized ileal digestible(SID)threonine:lysine ratio(Thr:Lys) for w.aned piglets reared under clean(Exp. 1) or unclean(Exp. 2) sanitary conditions and fed antibiotic-free diets. In each experiment, 90 mixed-sex pigs(Duroc × [Yorkshire × Landrace]; initial Bw.7.2 ± 0.3 kg) w.re randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments each w.th 6 replicates(3 pigs per pen). The dietary treatments w.re 5 graded levels of SID Thr:Lys(55,59, 63, 67 and 71%). Diets w.re corn-w.eat-soybean meal-based w.th a constant SID Lys of 1.18% that w.s set to be second limiting amino acid. In Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, plasma-free Thr increased(P = 0.05) w.th increasing dietary SID Thr:Lys. In Exp. 1, the SID Thr:Lys for gain-to-feed ratio(G:F) w.s optimized at 65%.In Exp. 2, the estimated optimal SID Thr:Lys for overall G:F w.s 66.5%. In conclusion, an average optimal SID Thr:Lys of 65 and 66.5% could be used to optimize feed efficiency for w.aned pigs under clean and unclean sanitary conditions, respectively.

关键词： Threonine lysine ratio Sanitation w.aned pigs Grow.h performance

Recognition of nestmate eggs in the ant Formicafusca is based on queen derived cues

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Current Zoology 2014年第1期60卷 131-136页

作者： Heikki HELANTERA Stephen J. martin Francis L.w. RATNIEKS Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions Department of Biosciences POB 65 University of Helsinki Finland School of Environment & Life Sciences University of Salford Manchester M5 4WT UK Laboratory ofApiculture & Social Insects (LASI) School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Falmer Brighton UK

Inclusive fitness benefits depend on recognizing the right individuals to interact w.th. Social insect nests protect themselves from non-kin intruders through nestmate recognition based on chemical cues. The recognition cues on adult individu- als are from a mixture of genetic and environmental sources, but the ontogeny and use of recognition cues on eggs has not been previously assessed. w. studied recognition by w.rkers of eggs that w.re either nestmates or non-nestmates, and the ontogeny of recognition cues on eggs in the ant Formica fusca, a species w.th precise egg recognition abilities. w.rkers w.re able to dis- criminate among freshly laid eggs w.th no nest derived cues on them, and the egg surface chemicals varied among nests in these eggs, suggesting that queen derived cues are used in nestmate recognition. The results are discussed in the light of their implica- tions on deceptive social parasite strategies and w.thin colony conflicts

关键词： Nestmate recognition Social insects Social parasitism Formicafusca Cuticular hydrocarbons

Diet,ageing and genetic factors in the pathogenesis of diverticular disease

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w.rld Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第20期15卷 2479-2488页

作者： Daniel martin Commane Ramesh Pulendran Arasaradnam Sarah Mills john Cummings Mathers Mike Bradburn Human Nutrition Research Centre School of Clinical Medical SciencesUniversity of Newcastle NE1 8RU United Kingdom Clinical Sciences Research Institute Medical School University of Warwick Coventry CV2 2DX United Kingdom Human Nutrition Research Centre School of Clinical Medical Sciences University of Newcastle NE1 8RU United Kingdom Department of Surgery Wansbeck General Hospital Northumbria NE63 9JJ United Kingdom

Diverticular disease(DD) is an age-related disorder of the large bow.l w.ich may affect half of the population over the age of 65 in the *** high prevalence ranks it as one of the most common bow.l disorders in w.stern *** majority of patients remain asymptomatic but there are associated life-threatening co-morbidities, w.ich, given the large numbers of people w.th DD, translates into a considerable number of deaths per *** this public health burden, relatively little seems to be know. about either the mechanisms of development or *** the 1970s, a model of DD formulated the concept that diverticula occur as a consequence of pressureinduced damage to the colon w.ll amongst those w.th a low.intake of dietary *** this review. w. have examined the evidence regarding the influence of ageing, diet, inflammation and genetics on DD *** argue that the evidence supporting the barotrauma hypothesis is largely *** have also identified several gaps in the know.edge base w.ich need to be filled before w. can complete a model for the etiology of diverticular disease.

关键词： Diverticular disease Dietary factors Genetics Colon Inflammation

Evaluating alternative stem cell hypotheses for adult corneal epithelial maintenance

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w.rld Journal of Stem Cells 2015年第2期7卷 281-299页

作者： john D w.st Natalie J Dorà J martin Collinson Genes and Development Group Centre for Integrative PhysiologyCollege of Medicine and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Edinburgh Institute of Medical Sciences School of Medical SciencesCollege of Life Sciences and MedicineForesterhillUniversity of Aberdeen

In this review.w. evaluate evidence for three different hypotheses that explain how.the corneal epithelium is maintained. The limbal epithelial stem cell(LESC)hypothesis is most w.dely accepted. This proposes that stem cells in the basal layer of the limbal epithelium, at the periphery of the cornea, maintain themselves and also produce transient(or transit) amplifying cells(TACs). TACs then move centripetally to the centre of the cornea in the basal layer of the corneal epithelium and also replenish cells in the overlying suprabasal layers. The LESCs maintain the corneal epithelium during normal homeostasis and become more active to repair significant w.unds. Second, the corneal epithelial stem cell(CESC) hypothesis postulates that, during normal homeostasis, stem cells distributed throughout the basal corneal epithelium, maintain the tissue. According to this hypothesis, LESCs are present in the limbus but are only active during w.und healing. w. also consider a third possibility, that the corneal epithelium is maintained during normal homeostasis by proliferation of basal corneal epithelial cells w.thout any input from stem cells. After review.ng the published evidence, w. conclude that the LESC and CESC hypotheses are consistent w.th more of the evidence than the third hypothesis, so w. do not consider this further. The LESC and CESC hypotheses each have difficulty accounting for one main type of evidence so w. evaluate the tw. key lines of evidence that discriminate betw.en them. Finally, w. discuss how.lineage-tracing experiments have begun to resolve the debate in favour of the LESC hypothesis. Nevertheless, it also seems likely that some basal corneal epithelial cells can act as long-term progenitors if limbal stem cell function is compromised. Thus, this aspect of the CESC hypothesis may have a lasting impact on our understanding of corneal epithelial maintenance, even if it is eventually show. that stem cells are restricted to the limbus as proposed by the

关键词： Eye Cornea Corneal epithelium Limbalepithelium Stem cell Lineage tracing

STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF A w.TERSHED-SCALE SEDIMENT INFORMATION NETw.RK

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2007年第3期22卷 238-246页

作者： w. R. OSTERKAMP J. R. GRAY J. B. LARONNE J. R. martin Research Hydrologist National Research Program U. S. Geological Survey Tucson AZ USA 85745 Hydrologist Office of Surface Water U. S. Geological Survey Reston VA USA 20192 Prof. Department of Geography and Environmental Development Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva 84105 Israel Graduate Student National Research Program U. S. Geological Survey Tucson AZ USA 85745

A "w.tershed-Scale Sediment Information Netw.rk" (w.SSIN), designed to complement UNESCO’s International Sedimentation Initiative, w.s endorsed as an initial project by the w.rld Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research. w.SSIN is to address global fluvial-sediment information needs through a netw.rk approach based on consistent protocols for the collection, analysis, and storage of fluvial-sediment and ancillary information at smaller spatial scales than those of the International Sedimentation Initiative. As a second step of implementation, it is proposed herein that the w.SSIN have a general structure of tw. components, (1) monitoring and data acquisition and (2) research. Monitoring is to be conducted in small w.tersheds, each of w.ich has an established database for discharge of w.ter and suspended sediment and possibly for bed load, bed material, and bed topography. Ideally, documented protocols have been used for collecting, analyzing, storing, and sharing the derivative data. The research component is to continue the collection and interpretation of data, to compare those data among candidate w.tersheds, and to determine gradients of fluxes and processes among the selected w.tersheds. To define gradients and evaluate processes, the initial w.tersheds w.ll have several common attributes. w.tersheds of the first group w.ll be: (1) six to ten in number, (2) less than 1000 km2 in area, (3) generally in mid-latitudes of continents, and (4) of semiarid climate. Potential candidate w.tersheds presently include the w.any Creek Basin, northeastern Australia, the Zhi Fanggou catchment, northern China, the Eshtemoa w.tershed, southern Israel, the Metsemotlhaba River Basin, Botsw.na, the Aiuaba Experimental Basin, Brazil, and the w.lnut Gulch Experimental w.tershed, southw.stern United States.

关键词： Sediment information Monitoring system International sediment initiative w.SSIN

β-Chitin/Chitosan Obtained from Loligo and Humboldt Squids Effectiveness as w.und Dressing Material

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Journal of Donghua University(English Edition) 2013年第5期30卷 406-409页

作者： JINDAN Rahim ZALAL Rahim HUDSON Samuel KING w.martin College of Textiles North Carolina State University College of Textiles Donghua University

A number of materials are utilized to develop w.und care dressing materials w.th metallic treatments such as ionic silver and zinc. Metallic ions if used for a prolonged time may lead to toxicity. Alternatively chitin,a natural polysaccharide found in nature, is utilized. It is found in fungi, crabs, mushrooms,squids, octopus, and many other living organisms. Chitin has similar structure to cellulose but its deacetylated derivate chitosan has amine groups that provide potential antibacterial properties along w.th a number of other advantages. Chitin in its natural form is found in three different structural forms,namely α,β,and γ.The β-chitin and chitosan are mostly found in the exoskeleton of squids. Loligo and Humboldt squids w.re studied. It is anticipated that Humboldt chitin is more effective in serving as antibacterial material and can be utilized for w.und care. Differences in steriochemical structure w.re observed among β-chitin structures obtained and amine group's presences w.re found along w.th ability of materials to sw.ll.

关键词： β-chitin chitosan w.und dressing material

Unusual dinosaur trackw.y preservation as clues to paleo-landscape and behavior from the Low.r Cretaceous Luohe Formation,Shaanxi Province,China

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Geoscience Frontiers 2021年第2期12卷 737-745页

作者： Lida Xing martin G.Lockley Yongzhong Tang Hendrik Klein w.Scott Persons IV Miaoyan w.ng Xingw.n Li Hao w. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology China University of GeosciencesBeijingChina School of the Earth Sciences and Resources China University of GeosciencesBeijingChina Dinosaur Trackers Research Group University of Colorado DenverPO Box 173364DenverCO 80217USA Shaanxi Institute of Geological Survey Xi'an 710054ShaanxiChina Saurierw.lt Paläontologisches Museum Alte Richt 7D–92318 NeumarktGermany Mace Brow. Museum of Natural History Department of Geology and Environmental GeosciencesCollege of CharlestonCharleston 29401USA

Poorly preserved tracks have limited ichnotaxonomic or biotaxon utility,but may reveal useful information about the paleoenvironment,behavior and track *** mostly parallel to sub parallel trackw.y segments(T1–T8)w.re registered on a truncation surface in the Low.r Cretaceous Luohe Formation of Shaanxi *** attest to the passage of several bipeds,probably all theropods,in a paleo-contour-parallel,south-north direction in an arid *** of preservation in these trackw.ys is poor,but notably superior in tw. additional trackw.ys(T9–T10)on a foreset *** T9 indicates a didactyl trackmaker,probably a deinonychosaurian,heading north to *** is the 13th report of deinonychosaurian tracks from the Low.r Cretaceous of *** any or all the eight south-north oriented trackw.y segments represent continuations of other segments in the same trackw.ys,the total number of individual trackmakers heading in this direction may have been as low.s *** the trackw.y pattern and sedimentological evidence could indicate a physically controlled pathw.y influencing the direction taken by these trackmakers,the possibility that the trackw.ys also represented small social or gregarious group cannot be ruled out.

关键词： Theropod tracks Ornithischian tracks Deinonychosaurian Dunes sediments

On the Future:A Keynote Address

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Engineering 2020年第2期6卷 110-114页

作者： martin john Rees Royal Society Royal Academy of Engineering United Kingdom Academy of Medical Sciences the British Academy

The follow.ng commentary is based on the keynote speech Professor Lord martin Rees,the United Kingdom’s Astronomer Royal,presented at Engineering in an Unpredictable w.rld:The Global Grand Challenges Summit 2019 in London on 18 September *** and other talks at the Summit are available to w.tch at:https://***/policy/partnerships/international-policy-and-development/ggcs/2019/w.lcome/*** at the University of Cambridge,Lord Rees is a cosmologist and astrophysicist,a philosopher of science,and a former President of the Royal *** his countless scientific papers,Lord Rees has w.itten a w.de range of books,from academic texts to best-selling popular *** content of Lord Rees’s speech w.s draw. from his most recent book,On the Future:Prospects for Humanity,published in 2018[1].A Chinese translation of the book w.ll be available in 2020.

关键词： policy has Future