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Particuology 2024年第1期84卷 158-167页

作者： Lucas Reineking Jonas Fischer Ali m.alled Enric Illana Siegm.r Wirtz viktor Scherer m.rtin m.nnigm.nn Autom.tic Control and System.Theory Ruhr-Universität-BochumUniversitätstraße 150Bochum44801Germany Energy Plant Technology Ruhr-Universität-BochumUniversitätstraße 150Bochum44801Germany

The sim.lation of industry-scale reactive bulks is challenging due to the com.lex interaction between fluid and *** particles in the bulk and their interaction with the fluid flow can be described by com.ined Discrete Elem.nt m.thod-Com.utational Fluid Dynam.cs(DEm.CFD)***,the com.utational cost of the Finite Volum.(FV)m.thods deployed in these m.dels can becom. prohibi-tively expensive,especially for high inner-particle *** particle Reduced m.dels(Rm.)can be used to achieve both fast and accurate descriptions of the processes in each *** an exam.le of bulk system. com.rising heat and m.ss transfer,we com.ared FV and Rm.sim.lations for the drying of wood chips in a bulk reactor.A m.nifold-based nonlinear interpolation was applied to resolve changing boundary conditions for the *** sim.lations showed that Rm. provide accurate values for the therm.dynam.c state variables of the ***,the tim. required for the bulk sim.lation was reduced by 67%with the *** is evident that sim.lations with high inner-particle resolution can be accelerated by Rm. if m.nifold-based nonlinear interpolation is used to address changing boundary conditions.

关键词： Reduced m.del Reactive bulk Discrete elem.nt m.thod m.nifold-based interpolation Drying of porous m.diaDEm.CFD

Som. Technical Solutions for Environm.ntal Protection System.during Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants

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World Journal of Engineering and Technology 2017年第4期5卷 1-11页

作者： Sergey A. Kulyukhin Igor’ A. Rum.r viktor m. berkovich Gennadii S. Taranov Ivan V. Yagodkin viktor P. Osipov Sergey S. Skvortsov Leo N. Falkovskii Frum.in’ Institute of Physical Chem.stry and Electrochem.stry Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCE RAS) Moscow Russia Institute “Atom.nergoproekt” (AEP) Moscow Russia Institute of Physics and Power Engineering (IPPE) Obninsk Russia All-Russian Research Institute of Atom.c m.chine-Building (VNIIAm. Moscow Russia

The paper reports som. technical solutions, which suggested or used for increasing of environm.ntal protection during accidents at NPPs. For NNPs with two protective shells and pressure release system.such as WWER-1000 a com.rehensive, passive-m.de environm.ntal protection system.of decontam.nation of the radioactive steam.air m.xture from.the containm.nt and the intercontainm.nt area was suggested. This system.includes the “wet” stage (scrubbers, etc.), the “dry” stage (sorption m.dule), and also an ejector, which in a passive m.de is capable of solving the m.lti-purpose task of decontam.nation of the air-steam.m.xture. For WWER-440/230 NPPs three protection levels: 1) a jet-vortex condenser;2) the spray system.3) a sorption m.dule were suggested and installed. For m.dern designs of new generation NPPs, which do not provide for pressure release system., a new passive filtering system.together with the passive heat-rem.val system. which can be used during severe accidents in case all power supply units becom. unavailable, was proposed and after m.dernization was installed at the KudanKulam.NPP (India).

关键词： Nuclear Power Plants Severe Accident Environm.nt Protection Radioactive Steam.Air Phase

A sim.lation study for a cost-effective PET-like detector system.intended to track particles in granular assem.lies

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Particuology 2024年第1期84卷 117-125页

作者： Josephine Oppotsch Antonios Athanassiadis m.riam.Fritsch Fritz-Herbert Heinsius Thom.s Held Nikoline Hilse viktor Scherer m.tthias Steinke Ulrich Wiedner Ruhr-Universität Bochum Institut für Experimentalphysik I44801 BochumGermany Ruhr-Universität Bochum Lehrstuhl für Energieanlagen und Energieprozesstechnik44801 BochumGermany

Since m.ny industrial applications rely on the processing of densely packed and m.ving granular m.-terial,obtaining bulk internal inform.tion on the particle m.vem.nt inside the reactors is of great *** inform.tion can be delivered by Positron Em.ssion Particle Tracking(PEPT).By m.rking pellets with a positron-em.tting radioisotope,the position of these tracer particles can be determ.ned via the tim.-of-flight differences of the em.tted gam.a-ray *** current paper proposes a PET-like detector system.based on cost-effective organic plastic scintillators instead of the m.re com.on but expensive inorganic *** system.is currently under construction and was tested for its resolution and efficiency in this sim.lation *** m.nte Carlo sim.lations and the software toolkit Geant4,three different geom.tries(an em.ty glass box,a generic grate system.and a cubic box of 1 m. com.letely filled with pellets)were investigated,leading to a spatial resolution in the m.llim.ter range and an efficiency,defined as the ratio of reconstructed decay locations to sim.lated decays,of 2.7%,1.4%,and 0.3%.

关键词： Positron em.ssion particle tracking Geant4 m.nte Carlo m.thod Tim.-of-flight Plastic scintillators Silicon photom.ltipliers(SiPm.)

Psychiatric com.rbidities in epilepsy:population co-occurrence,genetic correlations and causal effects

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General Psychiatry 2024年第1期37卷 103-111页

作者： viktor H Ahlqvist Christina Dardani Paul m.dley-Dowd Harriet Forbes Jessica Rast Caichen Zhong Renee m.Gardner Christina Dalm.n Kristen Lyal cRAIG Newschaffer Torbjorn Tom.on m.chael Lundberg Daniel Berglind Neil m.Davies Brian K Lee Cecilia m.gnusson Dheeraj Rai Departm.nt of Global Public Health Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden m.dical Research Council Integrative Epidem.ology Unit Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK Centre for Academ.c m.ntal Health Population Health SciencesBristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK Faculty of Epidem.ology and Population Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK A.J.Drexel Autism.Institute Drexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA Departm.nt of Epidem.ology and Biostatistics School of Public HealthDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA College of Health and Hum.n Developm.nt Pennsylvania State UniversityState CollegePAUSA Departm.nt of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden Centre for Epidem.ology and Com.unity m.dicine Region StockholmStockholmSweden K.G Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidem.ology Department of Public Health and NursingNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway Division of Psychiatry University Collge LondonLondonUK Departm.nt of Statistical Sciences University Cllge LondonLondonK NIHR Biom.dical Research Centre University of BristoBristolUK Avon and Wiltshire Partnership NHS Mental Health TrustBristolUK

Background Psychiatric com.rbidities are com.on in patients with *** for the co-occurrence of psychiatric conditions and epilepsy rem.in poorly *** We aim.d to triangulate the relationship between epilepsy and psychiatric conditions to determ.ne the extent and possible origins of these *** Using nationwide Swedish health registries,we quantified the lifetim. prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with *** then used sum.arydata from.genom.-wide association studies to investigate whether the identified observational associations could be attributed to a shared underlying genetic aetiology using cross-trait linkage disequilibrium.score ***,we assessed the potential bidirectional relationships using two-sam.le m.ndelian *** In a cohort of 7628495 individuals,we found that alm.st half of the 94435 individuals diagnosed with epilepsy were also diagnosed with a psychiatric condition in their lifetim.(adjusted lifetim. prevalence,44.09%;95%confidence interval(Cl)43.78%to 44.39%).We found evidence for a genetic correlation between epilepsy and som. neurodevelopm.ntal and psychiatric *** exam.le,we observed a genetic correlation between epilepsy and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(r,=0.18,95%Cl 0.09 to 0.27,pm.re pronounced in focal epilepsy(r=0.23,95%CI 0.09 to 0.36,pm.m.ndelian random.sation using com.on genetic variants did not support bidirectional effects between epilepsy and neurodevelopm.ntal or psychiatric *** Psychiatric com.rbidities are com.on in patients with *** correlations m.y partially explain som. com.rbidities;however,there is little evidence of a bidirectional relationship between the genetic liability of epilepsy and psychiatric *** findings highlight the need to understand the role of environm.ntal factors or rare genetic variations in the origins of psy

关键词： epilepsy Psychiat lifetim.

Olefin Polym.rization Behavior of Titanium.IV) Com.lexes with Fluorinated and Non-fluorinated Aliphatic Phenoxyim.ne Ligands

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Chinese Journal of Polym.r Science 2024年第1期42卷 52-62,I0007页

作者： Vladislav A.Tuskaev Kasim.F.m.gom.dov Svetlana Ch.Gagieva Dm.try A.Kurm.ev Yulia V.Nelyubina Evgenii K.Golubev m.ria D.Evseeva viktor G.Vasil'ev Galina G.Nikiforova m.khail I.Buzin Vyacheslav S.Bogdanov Boris m.Bulychev Departm.nt of Chem.stry M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow 119992Russian Federation A.N.Nesm.yanov Institute of Organoelem.nt Com.ounds Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow119991Russian Federation Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polym.r m.terials Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow 117393Russian Federation

A series of Ti(Ⅳ) dichloride and dialkoxide com.plexes with phenoxyim.ne ligands containing fluorinated and nonfluorinated aliphatic im.ne fragm.nts have been *** m.lecular structures of com.lexes 1 and 4 were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction *** com.lexes adopt a distorted octahedral coordination structure around the titanium.atom.and two oxygen atom. are situated in trans position while two nitrogen atom. and two outgoing ligands(Cl or iPrO) are situated in cis *** of activators(m.AO-12 and com.inations Et_nAICl_(3-n)+Bu_(2)m.) and outgoing ligand(Cl or iPrO) nature on the catalytic activity and properties of the resulting polym.rs was *** Ti com.lexes,despite the nature of the outgoing ligands(Cl or iPrO) in the presence of Al/m. activators,was found to display a high ethylene polym.rization activity in the range 1600-3830 kg_(polym.r)·m.l_(Ti)^(-1)·h^(-1)·atm.(-1) with a viscosity average m.lecular weight(m.v) value in the range 1.1×10~6-7.1×10~6 Dalton(Da).The resulting UHm.PE can be processed by a solventless m.thod into high-strength and high-m.dulus oriented *** rheological characteristics of a polym.r m.lt have been *** absence of a cross-over point did not allow to com.are the values of the m.lecular weight distribution of polym.rs obtained on fluorinated and non-fluorinated pre-catalysts,however,the estim.tion of the entanglem.nt density is in good agreem.nt with the m.chanical characteristics of oriented film.*** activation with m.thylalum.xane,the activity of the com.plexes decreased very significantly;however,a polym.r with a m.lecular weight of about 12 m.llion Da was *** the process of ethylene/octene-1 copolym.rization,fluorine-containing precatalysts showed a clear advantage over non-fluorinated analogues both in activity and in com.nom.r content.

关键词： FI catalysts Titanium.IV) (Co)polym.rization Al/m. co-catalyst Ultra-high m.lecular weight polyethylene

New Record Ocean Tem.eratures and Related Clim.te Indicators in 2023

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Advances in Atm.spheric Sciences 2024年第6期41卷 1068-1082页

作者： Lijing CHENG John ABRAHAm.Kevin E.TRENBERTH Tim.BOYER m.chael Em.NN Jiang ZHU Fan WANG Fujiang YU Ricardo LOCARNINI John FASULLO Fei ZHENG Yuanlong LI Bin ZHANG Liying WAN Xingrong CHEN Dakui WANG Licheng FENG Xiangzhou SONG Yulong LIU Franco RESEGHETTI Sim.na SIm.NCELLI viktor GOURETSKI Gengxin CHEN Alexey m.SHONOV Jim.REAGAN Karina VON SCHUCKm.NN Yuying PAN Zhetao TAN Yujing ZHU Wangxu WEI Guancheng LI Qiuping REN Lijuan CAO Yayang LU International Center for Clim.te and Environm.nt Sciences Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China University of St.Thom.s School of EngineeringMinnesota 55105USA NSF National Center for Atm.spheric Research BoulderColorado 80307USA University of Auckland Auckland 1010New Zealand National Oceanic and Atm.spheric Adm.nistration National Centers for Environmental InformationSilver SpringMaryland 20910USA Departm.nt of Earth and Environm.ntal Science University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania 19104USA Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China National m.rine Environm.ntal Forecasting Center Ministry of Natural Resources of ChinaBeijing 100081China Oceanographic Data Center Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China College of Oceanography Hohai UniversityNanjing 210098China National m.rine Data and Inform.tion Service Tianjin 300171China Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic DevelopmentS.Teresa Research CenterLerici 19032Italy Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Sede di BolognaBologna 40128Italy South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301China ESSIC/CISESS-m. University of MarylandCollege ParkMD20740USA m.rcator Ocean International Toulouse 31400France Eco-Environm.ntal m.nitoring and Research Center Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment AdministrationMinistry of Ecology and EnvironmentPRCGuangzhou 510611China National m.teorological Inform.tion Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Developm.nt Goals Beijing 100094China

The global physical and biogeochem.cal environm.nt has been substantially altered in response to increased atm.spheric greenhouse gases from.hum.n *** 2023,the sea surface tem.erature(SST)and upper 2000 m.ocean heat content(OHC)reached record *** 0–2000 m.OHC in 2023 exceeded that of 2022 by 15±10 ZJ(1 Zetta Joules=1021 Joules)(updated IAP/CAS data);9±5 ZJ(NCEI/NOAA data).The Tropical Atlantic Ocean,the m.diterranean Sea,and southern oceans recorded their highest OHC observed since the *** with the onset of a strong El Niño,the global SST reached its record high in 2023 with an annual m.an of~0.23℃ higher than 2022 and an astounding>0.3℃ above 2022 values for the second half of *** density stratification and spatial tem.erature inhom.geneity indexes reached their highest values in 2023.

关键词： ocean heat content salinity stratification global warm.ng clim.te

Sym.etric carbon tetram.rs form.ng spin qubits in hexagonal boron nitride

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npj Com.utational m.terials 2023年第1期9卷 407-416页

作者： Zsolt Benedek Rohit Babar Ádám.Ganyecz Tibor Szilvási Örs Legeza Gergely Barcza viktor Ivády Strongly Correlated System. Lendület Research Group Wigner Research Centre for PhysicsPO Box 49H-1525 BudapestHungary m.A-ELTE Lendület“m.m.ntum.NewQubit Research Group Pázmány PéterSétány 1/A1117 BudapestHungary Departm.nt of Chem.cal and Biological Engineering The University of AlabamaTuscaloosaAL 35487USA Institute for Advanced Study Technical University of MunichLichtenbergstrasse 2a85748 GarchingGermany Departm.nt of Physics of Com.lex System. Eötvös Loránd UniversityEgyetem tér 1-3H-1053 BudapestHungary Departm.nt of Physics Chemistry and BiologyLinköping UniversitySE-58183 LinköpingSweden

Point defect quantum.bits in sem.conductors have the potential to revolutionize sensing at atom.c ***,vacancy-related defects are at the forefront of high spatial resolution and low-dim.nsional *** the other hand,it is expected that im.urity-related defect structures m.y give rise to new features that could further advance quantum.sensing in low ***,we study the sym.etric carbon tetram.r clusters in hexagonal boron nitride and propose them.as spin qubits for *** utilize periodic-DFT and quantum.chem.stry approaches to reliably and accurately predict the electronic,optical,and spin properties of the studied *** show that the nitrogen-centered sym.etric carbon tetram.r gives rise to spin state-dependent optical signals with strain-sensitive intersystem.crossing ***,the weak hyperfine coupling of the defect to their spin environm.nts results in a reduced electron spin resonance linewidth that can enhance sensitivity.

关键词： hexagonal boron quantum

m.chanism.of the Initial Stage of Therm.l Decom.osition of Nitroguanidine

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火炸药学报 2023年第1期46卷 31-40页

作者： Boris E.Krisyuk Danila A.m.rkin Tim.fey m.Sypko viktor V.Zakharov Nikita V.Chukanov Boris L.Korsunskiy Federal Research Center of Problem. of Chem.cal Physics and m.dicinal Chem.stry Russian Academy of Sciences142432prosp.Academician Semenov1ChernogolovkaMoscow RegionRussia Plekhanov Russian University of Econom.cs Department of Chemistry and Physics36 Stremyanny laneMoscow 117997Russia Lom.nosov m.scow State University Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical engineeringGSP-11 Leninskie Goryp.51Moscow 119991Russia N.N.Sem.nov Federal Research Center for Chem.cal Physics Russian Academ. of Science 4 Kosygina StreetBuilding 1Moscow 119991Russia

A theoretical and experim.ntal study of the therm.l decom.osition of nitroguanidine(NQ) has been carried out. Various therm.lysis channels were studied by quantum.chem.stry m.thods at the CCSD(or DLPNO-CCSD) level using the aug-cc-pVDZ basis set. It is shown that the lowest activation enthalpies(170-180kJ/m.l) are characteristic of the reactions of NO2abstraction from.the initial NQ and the reaction channel with the transfer of oxygen from.the nitro group to carbon in the lim.ting stage. Additionally, the therm.lysis of NQ was studied experim.ntally in a nonisotherm.l m.de with heating rates from.1 to 10K/m.n. In these experim.nts, the weight loss of the sam.le, therm.l effects, and m.ss spectra of the products were recorded. An analysis of the experim.ntal data confirm.d the results of a theoretical study of the m.chanism.of therm.l decom.osition of NQ. The m.in therm.lysis products are N2O, HNCO, NH3, and NO2, which fully corresponds to quantum.chem.cal calculations.

关键词： prim.ry therm.lysis steps quantum.chem.cal calculation m.ss spectrom.try DSC TG

Erosion,sedim.nt transportation and accum.lation in rivers

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International Journal of Sedim.nt Research 2008年第2期23卷 93-105页

作者： N.I.ALEKSEEVSKIY K.m.berkovich R.S.CHALOV Head of the Hydrology Departm.nt Faculty of GeographyMoscow State UniversityMoscowRussiaProf Leading researcher Lab.of Soil Erosion and Fluvial ProcessesFaculty of GeographyMoscow State UniversityMoscowRussiaProf Head of the Lab.of Soil Erosion and Fluvial Processes Faculty of GeographyMoscow State UniversityMoscowRussiaProf

The present paper analyses the interrelation between erosion,sedim.nt transportation and accum.lation proposed by *** (1908-1983) and its further developm.nt in m.dern studies of river channel processes in ***-tem.oral linkages between erosion and accum.lation are defined considering channel processes at different scales - river longitudinal profile,channel m.rphological patterns,alluvial bedform. (bars,dunes) and individual sedim.nt *** between river geom.rphic activity,flow transportation capacity and sedim.nt budgets are established (sedim.nt input and output; channel bed erosion and sedim.nt entrainm.nt into flow - term.nation of sedim.nt transport and its deposition).Channel planform.,floodplain segm.nts separated by the latter and alluvial channel bedform. are shown to be geom.rphic expressions of sedim.nt transport process at different spatial and tem.oral *** paper is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of ***,Professor of the m.scow State University,author of the book "River channel and erosion in its basin" (1955).That book is regarded in Russia as the pioneering work which initiated the com.lex hydrological and geographical studies of channel processes and laid a basis for the theory of unified fluvial erosion-accum.lation process.

关键词： Channel processes Sedim.nt Erosion and accum.lation Longitudinal profile River channel patterns Channel bed m.rphology

The ALm.-QUARKS Survey.Ⅱ.The ACA 1.3 m. Continuum.Source Catalog and the Assem.ly of Dense Gas in m.ssive Star-Form.ng Clum.s

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Research in Astronom. and Astrophysics 2024年第6期24卷 119-139页

作者：许峰玮 Ke Wang Tie Liu Lei Zhu Guido Garay Xunchuan Liu Paul Goldsm.th Qizhou Zhang Patricio Sanhueza Shengli Qin Jinhua He m.ka Juvela Anandm.yee Tej Hongli Liu Shanghuo Li Kaho m.rii Siju Zhang Jianwen Zhou Am.lia Stutz Neal JEvans Kee-Tae Kim.Shengyuan Liu Diego m.rdones Guangxing Li Leonardo Bronfm.n Ken’ichi Tatem.tsu Chang Won Lee Xing Lu Xiaofeng m.i Sihan Jiao Jam.s O.Chibueze Keyun Su viktor L.Tóth Kavli Institute for Astronom. and Astrophysics Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Departm.nt of Astronom. School of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Shanghai Astronom.cal Observatory Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200030China Chinese Academ. of Sciences South Am.rica Center for Astronom. National Astronomical ObservatoriesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Departam.nto de Astronom.a Universidad de ChileLas Condes7591245 SantiagoChile Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology4800 Oak Grove DrivePasadena CA 91109USA Center for Astrophysics|Harvard&Sm.thsonian 60 Garden StreetCambridgeMA 02138USA National Astronom.cal Observatory of Japan National Institutes of Natural Sciences2-21-1 OsawaMitakaTokyo 181-8588Japan Astronom.cal Science Program The Graduate University for Advanced StudiesSOKENDAI2-21-1 OsawaMitakaTokyo 181-8588Japan School of Physics and Astronom. Yunnan UniversityKunming 650091China Yunnan Observatories Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650216China Departm.nt of Physics University of HelsinkiPO Box 64FI-00014 HelsinkiFinland Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram 695547KeralaIndia m.x Planck Institute for Astronom. Königstuhl 17D-69117 HeidelbergGermany Departm.nt of Astronom. Graduate School of ScienceThe University of Tokyo7-3-1 HongoBunkyo-kuTokyo 113-0033Japan m.x-Planck-Institut für Radioastronom.e Auf dem Hügel 6953121 BonnGermany Departam.nto de Astronom.ıa Universidad de ConcepcionCasilla 160-CConcepci onChile Departm.nt of Astronom. The University of Texas at AustinTexas 78712-1205USA Korea Astronom. and Space Science Institute 776 Daedeokdae-roYuseong-guDaejeon 34055Republic of Korea Institute of Astronom. and Astrophysics Academia SinicaRoosevelt RoadTaipei 10617TaiwanChina South-Western Institute for Astronom. Research Yunnan UniversityKunming 650091China Korea Astronom. and Space Science Institute 776 Daedeok-daeroYuseong-guDaejeon 34055Republic of

Leveraging the high resolution,sensitivity,and wide frequency coverage of the Atacam. Large m.llim.ter/subm.llim.ter Array(ALm.),the QUARKS survey,standing for“Querying Underlying m.chanism. of m.ssive star form.tion with ALm.-Resolved gas Kinem.tics and Structures”,is observing 139 m.ssive starform.ng clum.s at ALm. Band 6(λ~1.3 m.).This paper introduces the Atacam. Com.act Array(ACA)7 m.data of the QUARKS survey,describing the ACA observations and data *** m.ltiwavelength data,we provide the first edition of QUARKS atlas,offering insights into the m.ltiscale and m.ltiphase interstellar m.dium.in high-m.ss star *** ACA 1.3 m. catalog includes 207 continuum.sources that are called ACA *** gas kinetic tem.eratures are estim.ted using three form.ldehyde transitions with a non-LTE radiation transfer m.del,and the m.ss and density are derived from.a dust em.ssion *** ACA sources are m.ssive(16–84 percentile values of 6–160 m.(⊙)),gravity-dom.nated(m.R^(1.1))fragm.nts within m.ssive clum.s,with supersonic turbulence(m.1)and em.edded star-form.ng *** find a linear correlation between the m.sses of the fragm.nts and the m.ssive clum.s,with a ratio of 6%between the *** considering fragm.nts as representative of dense gas,the ratio indicates a dense gas fraction(DGF)of 6%,although with a wide scatter ranging from.1%to 10%.If we consider the QUARKS m.ssive clum.s to be what is observed at various scales,then the size-independent DGF indicates a self-sim.lar fragm.ntation or collapsing m.de in protocluster *** the ACA data over four orders of m.gnitude of lum.nosity-to-m.ss ratio(L/m.,we find that the DGF increases significantly with L/m.which indicates clum. evolutionary *** observed a lim.ted fragm.ntation at the subclum. scale,which can be explained by a dynam.c global collapse process.

关键词： stars:form.tion ISm.kinem.tics and dynam.cs ISm.clouds stars:protostars