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Biochar improves diary pasture yields by alleviating P and K constraints with no influence on soil respiration or N2O emissions

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Biochar 2019年第1期1卷 115-126页

作者： Lukas van Zwieten Stephen Kimber Stephen morris Lynne M.Macdonald Josh Rust Scott Petty Stephen Joseph terry Rose NSW Department of Primary Industries 1243 Bruxner HighwayWollongbar 2477NSWAustralia CSIRO Land and Water Agriculture and Food/Sustainable Agricultural Flagship UrrbraeSA 5064Australia School of Materials Science and Engineering University of New South WalesKensington 2033NSWAustralia Southern Cross Plant Science Southern Cross UniversityLismore 2480NSWAustralia Centre for Organics Research Southern Cross UniversityLismore 2480NSWAustralia

Dairy pastures can be a major source of soil nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)emissions due to the combination of intensive nitrogen(N)fertiliser use and high soil water content,from either rainfall and/or *** application is a promising approach to lower soil greenhouse gas emissions,particularly under high soil moisture conditions where denitrification is the primary N-transformation *** a replicated field trial,we evaluated the effects of two contrasting biochars derived from poul-try litter and from hardwood on soil N_(2)O emissions,soil ammonium(NH4^(+))and nitrate(NO3^(−))status,pasture productivity and herbage nutrient content.A liming treatment to mimic the liming equivalence of the poultry litter biochar was used to separate any effects observed from changes in soil *** further separate the effects of biochars on soil N status,N_(2)O emissions and pasture N uptake,high and low N fertiliser doses(annual application of 672 kg N ha^(−1),336 kg N ha^(−1))were superimposed across all of the *** N fertiliser dose had no significant impact on pasture *** of poultry litter biochar resulted in significant increases in pasture productivity under both high and low N *** was achieved by alleviating soil P,and possibly K nutritional constraints that are typical in Australian *** the high N fertiliser dose,emissions of N_(2)O from the treatments and control were not significantly different(p>0.05)and ranged between 1.14 and 1.78 kg N_(2)O-N ha^(−1)across the 11-month *** low N dose resulted in significantly lower emissions of N_(2)O of between 0.80 and 0.84 kg N_(2)O-N ha^(−1),but biochar had no significant effect on net emissions across the *** lack of impact of biochar on N_(2)O emissions was attributed to the relatively dry conditions over the trial period resulting in nitrification being the most likely N-transformation *** brief episodes of high soil moisture,peak emissions from the bio

关键词： Ferralsol Autochamber methodology Nitrification Urea Lime Poultry litter biochar Hardwood biochar Emission intensity

Reply to Letter by Dr. Christoph Kupferschmid： Commentary on ＂Countries with high circumcision prevalence have lower prostate cancer mortality＂

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2016年第6期18卷 950-951页

作者： Mitchell S Wachtel Shengping Yang Brian J morris Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Lubbock Texas USA School of Medical Sciences University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia

Dear Editor, We thank Dr. Kupferschmid for his interest in our study, which examined male circumcision （mc） and prostate cancer mortality〉2 Considerable strong evidence has been accumulated since 1951.3 Most of his references4-10 do not address mc and the risk of death from prostate cancer. That is a different question than mc and the risk of developing prostate cancer, which none of his references validly assess. One reference addressed bacterial colonization,6 not prostate cancer. Another7 concerned sexually transmitted infections and prostate cancer.

关键词： EPIDEMIOLOGY RISK

CaII H&K emission distribution of ～120000 F,G and K stars in LAMOST DR1

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2015年第8期15卷 1282-1293页

作者： Jing-Kun Zhao terry D.Oswalt Yu-Qin Chen Jian-Rong Shi Ke-Feng Tan Xiang-Song Fang Gang Zhao Ming Yang Yong Zhang Yong-Hui Hou Yue-Fei Wang Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy National Astronomical ObservatoriesChinese Academy of Sciences Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University 600 S.Clyde Morris Blvd.Daytona Beach FL 32114USA Nanjing Institute of Astronomical Optics & Technology National Astronomical ObservatoriesChinese Academy of Sciences

We present chromospheric activity index SHK measurements for 119 995 F, G and K stars with high signal-to-noise ratio（S/N 〉 80） spectra, extracted from LAMOST DR1 in SDSS g band. The index δS for each of these stars is calculated by the difference between its SHK value and the baseline determined from very inactive stars. The effect of metallicity on measurement of δS varies with stellar Teff. No evident Vaughan-Preston gap appears in our sample. The relation between δS and vertical distance from the Galactic plane is determined for stars with Teff 〈 5500 K. Stars with higher δS tend to be closer to the Galactic plane. Two open clusters in the DR1 sample, M45 and M67, exhibit the expected general trend that δS decays with *** stars with Teff 〉 5500 K, similar δS levels appear in both young and old cluster stars, which supports Pace＇s suggestion that caution should be exercised when deriving the age of a single star by using its chromospheric activity. Finally, we investigate the relation between δS and the kinematics of our sample.

关键词： stars: activity

Infant male circumcision: An evidence-based policy statement

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2012年第1期2卷 79-92页

作者： Brian J. morris Alex D. Wodak Adrian Mindel Leslie Schrieber Karen A. Duggan Anthony Dilley Robin J. Willcourt Michael Lowy David A. Cooper Eugenie R. Lumbers C. terry Russell Stephen R. Leeder School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute The University of Sydney Sydney Australia

Here we review the international evidence for benefits and risks of infant male circumcision (mc) and use this to develop an evidence-based policy statement for a developed nation setting, focusing on Australia. Evidence from good quality studies that include meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials showed that mc provides strong protection against: urinary tract infections and, in infancy, renal parenchymal disease;phimosis;paraphimosis;balanoposthitis;foreskin tearing;some heterosexually transmitted infections including HPV, HSV-2, trichomonas, HIV, and genital ulcer disease;thrush;inferior hygiene;penile cancer and possibly prostate cancer. In women, circumcision of the male partner protects against HPV, HSV-2, cervical cancer, bacterial vaginosis, and possibly Chlamydia. mc has no adverse effect on sexual function, sensitivity, penile sensation or satisfaction and may enhance the male sexual experience. Adverse effects are uncommon (mc should be performed in infancy and with local anesthesia. A risk-benefit analysis shows benefits exceed risks by a large margin. Over their lifetime up to half of uncircumcised males will suffer a medical condition as a result of retaining their foreskin. The ethics of infant mc and childhood vaccination are comparable. Our analysis finds mc is beneficial, safe and cost-effective, and should optimally be performed in infancy. In the interests of public health and individual wellbeing, adequate parental education, and steps to facilitate access and affordability should be encouraged in developed countries.

关键词： Male Circumcision Public Health Infant Infections Sexually Transmitted Infections Cervical Cancer

Expertise and Ideology in Statistical Evaluation of Circumcision for Protection against HIV Infection

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World Journal of AIDS 2017年第3期7卷 179-203页

作者： Brian J. morris Gia Barboza Richard G. Wamai John N. Krieger School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute University of Sydney Sydney Australia Department of Cultures Societies and Global Studies School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Northeastern University Boston MA USA Department of African-American Studies Northeastern University Boston MA USA School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA USA Section of Urology VA Puget Sound Health Care System Seattle WA USA

Aim: To critically evaluate data and arguments by Van Howe defending his stance opposing male circumcision (mc), in particular his meta-regression analyses evaluating the ability of mc to reduce HIV infection risk in heterosexual populations within and outside Africa. Methods: We performed metaregression analysis of log odds of HIV infection between uncircumcised and circumcised men using a single covariate (mc prevalence) in the meta-regression model involving the metareg package in STATA 13 for 103 populations worldwide and for populations within Africa. The meta-regression of log odds and mc prevalence was fitted to a line, as were empirical Bayes estimates resulting from post-estimation. Results: Our critical evaluation of Van Howe’s arguments attempting to undermine the scientific evidence in support of the benefits of mc in protection of men against HIV during heterosexual intercourse, as well as other infections and conditions, together with his use of statistics to support his beliefs, revealed serious flaws, obfuscation and missing data. We therefore performed our own meta-regression analysis using a trivariate model. Doing so revealed that for mc prevalences of 50%, 75% and 100% for general populations within Africa, odds ratios for HIV risk in uncircumcised vs. circumcised men were 1.35, 1.58 and 1.85, respectively. Our meta-regression analysis of data for all countries yielded similar findings. For a general population outside Africa with 100% mc prevalence, OR was 1.5. Van Howe failed to acknowledge that since mc prevalence in US whites (91%) and blacks (76%) exceeds 75% his results support mc having a protective effect in those population groups. Conclusions: The protective effect of mc against HIV infection during heterosexual intercourse applies to populations both within and outside Africa. The debate engineered by mc opponents, and led by Van Howe, now appears to have run its course. The scientific evidence has prevailed.

关键词： Male Circumcision Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV Prevalence Prevention Meta-Regression Global Health

美国国立老化研究所与阿尔茨海默病协会诊断指南写作组：阿尔茨海默病源性轻度认知障碍诊断标准推荐

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中华神经科杂志 2012年第5期45卷 345-351页

作者： mcKhann GM Knopman DS Chertkow H Hyman BT Jack CR Jr Kawas CH Klunk WE Koroshetz WJ Manly JJ Mayeux R Mohs RC morris JC Rossor MN Schehens P Carrillo mc Thies B Weintraub S Phelps CH 贾建平（译）陆璐（译）张逸驰（译）黄丽黄（译）礼媛（译）不详首都医科大学宣武医院神经内科北京100053

美国国立老化研究所（NIA）和阿尔茨海默病协会（ADA）组织了一个工作组，负责阿尔茨海默病（AD）痴呆前症状阶段——即本文所称的AD源性轻度认知障碍（mcI）的诊断标准的制订及完善。该工作组制订了以下两套标准：（1）在缺乏相应条件... 详细信息

美国国立老化研究所（NIA）和阿尔茨海默病协会（ADA）组织了一个工作组，负责阿尔茨海默病（AD）痴呆前症状阶段——即本文所称的AD源性轻度认知障碍（mcI）的诊断标准的制订及完善。该工作组制订了以下两套标准：（1）在缺乏相应条件进行先进影像技术及脑脊液检查时，医务人员适用的核心临床标准；（2）适用于包括临床试验在内的科学研究的研究标准。后者纳入了基于影像技术及脑脊液检查的生物标志物的应用。并根据所出现的生物标志物的性质，将最终mcI诊断的确定性程度分为4个级别。而要使生物标志物有效应用于诊断，并在社区医疗服务中规范使用，尚需做大量的工作。

关键词：阿尔茨海默病轻度认知障碍诊断标准研究所诊断指南源性协会老化

美国国立老化研究所与阿尔茨海默病协会诊断指南写作组：阿尔茨海默病痴呆诊断标准的推荐

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中华神经科杂志 2012年第5期45卷 352-355页

作者： mcKhann GM Knopman DS Chertkow H Hyman BT Jack CR Jr Kawas CH Klunk WE Koroshetz WJ Manly J J Mayeux R Mohs RC morris JC Rossor MN Scheltens P Carrillo mc Thies B Weintraub S Phelps CH 贾建平（译）陆璐（译）张逸驰（译）黄丽（译）韩阅（译）不详首都医科大学宣武医院神经科北京100053

由美国国立老化研究所（NIA）和阿尔茨海默病（AD）协会组织了一个工作组，负责修订1984年版AD痴呆的诊断标准。旨在确保修订后的标准具有足够的灵活性，既可供缺乏神经心理学测验、先进的影像技术和脑脊液检查措施的普通医务人员使用... 详细信息

由美国国立老化研究所（NIA）和阿尔茨海默病（AD）协会组织了一个工作组，负责修订1984年版AD痴呆的诊断标准。旨在确保修订后的标准具有足够的灵活性，既可供缺乏神经心理学测验、先进的影像技术和脑脊液检查措施的普通医务人员使用，也可供具备上述措施的科研、临床试验的专业研究者使用。新的标准广泛适用于各种原因的痴呆以及专门针对AD痴呆的标准，保留了1984年版标准中的“很可能的AD痴呆”的总体框架。在过去27年的经验基础上，工作组对临床诊断标准做了一些修改，保留了“可能的AD痴呆”的术语，但对其进行了更有针对性的重新定义。在科研用的“很可能的和可能的AD痴呆”的诊断标准中纳入了生物标志物证据。AD痴呆的核心临床标准仍将是临床实践中诊断的基础，但用生物标志物证据来提高AD痴呆诊断的病理生理学特异性也被人们寄予厚望。要实现AD痴呆的生物标志物诊断，还有许多工作摆在面前。

关键词：临床诊断标准阿尔茨海默病研究所痴呆诊断指南协会老化美国

Seasonal variation and living alone are related to pulmonary rehabilitation non-completion

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World Journal of Respirology 2013年第2期3卷 29-37页

作者： James R Walsh Zoe J mc Keough Norman R morris Stephanie T Yerkovich Michelle E Wood Jenny D Paratz Queensland Lung Transplant Service Prince Charles Hospital Queensland 4032 Australia School of Medicine University of Queensland Queensland 4072 Australia Discipline of Physiotherapy University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2141 Australia School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Griffith Health Institute Griffith University Gold Coast 4215 Australia Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre Prince Charles Hospital Queensland 4032 Australia

AIM: To identify baseline characteristics that independently predict pulmonary rehabilitation non-completion and compare these findings against the participant's reasons for non-completion. METHODS: Participants with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) who attended a standardised twice weekly, eight week pulmonary rehabilitation program(located in the sub-tropics, latitude 27°29' South) between 2010 and 2012 were recruited. Thebaseline characteristics of program completers and non-completers were compared in a case-controlled design. Participants who attended 4 session of the program) were asked by one independent investigator to participate in a survey about their pulmonary rehabilitation experience. Baseline characteristics were assessed for differences between program completers and non-completers. The baseline characteristics included disease severity, exercise capacity, smoking history, participant's social support and the season when each participant commenced rehabilitation. Non-completers that agreed to participate in the survey were asked to indicate what personal factors or external factors contributed to their program non-completion. Comparisons of completers and non-completers baseline characteristics were performed using cross-tabulations and t-tests, with significant measures analysed in a multivariate binary logistic regression model. Non-completers survey responses were compared to the identified independent predictors using ***: Twenty-six participants(23.4%) of the 111 participants with COPD [(mean ± SD) age was 67.4 ± 9.2 years and FEV1 54.6% ± 22.3%)], were classified as non-completers. Forty-five participants(40.5%) commenced pulmonary rehabilitation during winter. Thirty-six participants(32.4%) were living alone at program commencement. In the multivariate analysis(n = 111), only programs that commenced in winter(Exp B: 0.255, 95

关键词： Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Pulmonary rehabilitation Predictive factors Program completion Program non-completion

Early infant male circumcision:Systematic review,risk-benefit analysis,and progress in policy

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世界临床儿科杂志 2017年第1期6卷 89-102页

作者： Brian J morris Sean E Kennedy Alex D Wodak Adrian Mindel David Golovsky Leslie Schrieber Eugenie R Lumbers David J Handelsman John B Ziegler School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute University of Sydney School of Women’s and Children’s Health University of New South Wales St Vincent’s Hospital and Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society University of New South Wales IVF Australia Department of Medicine Sydney Medical SchoolRoyal North Shore Hospital School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy Mothers and Babies Research CentreHunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of Newcastle Department of Medicine and ANZAC Research Institute Concord Hospital Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases Sydney Children’s Hospital

AIM To determine whether recent evidence-based United States polices on male circumcision(mc) apply to comparable Anglophone countries,Australia and New *** Articles in 2005 through 2015 were retrieved from PubM ed using the keyword "circumcision" together with 36 relevant subtopics.A further PubM ed search was performed for articles published in *** of the EMBASE and Cochrane databases did not yield additional citable *** were assessed for quality and those rated 2+ and above according to the Scottish Intercollegiate Grading System were studied *** most relevant andrepresentative of the topic were *** were examined to retrieve further key *** controlled trials,recent high quality systematic reviews or meta-analyses(level 1++ or 1+ evidence) were prioritized for inclusion.A risk-benefit analysis of articles rated for quality was *** efficiency and reliability,recent randomized controlled trials,metaanalyses,high quality systematic reviews and large welldesigned studies were used if *** searches were conducted for other relevant information,including policies and Australian data on claims under Medicare for *** Evidence-based policy statements by the American Academy of Pediatrics(AAP) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) support infant and later age male circumcision(mc) as a desirable public health *** systematic review of relevant literature over the past decade yielded 140 journal articles that met our inclusion ***,these showed that early infant mc confers immediate and lifelong benefits by protecting against urinary tract infections having potential adverse long-term renal effects,phimosis that causes difficult and painful erections and "ballooning" during urination,inflammatory skin conditions,inferior penile hygiene,candidiasis,various sexually transmissible infections in both sexes,genital ulcers,and penil

关键词： Male circumcision Evidence-based policy Infants Adults Urinary tract infections Adverse events Sexually transmitted infections Genital cancers Riskbenefit analysis Cost-benefit