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Additively manufactured Ti–Ta–Cu alloys for the next-generation load-bearing implants

International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing 2024年第1期6卷 353-374页

作者： Amit Bandyopadhyay Indranath Mitra Sushant Ciliveri Jose D Avila William Dernell Stuart B Goodman Susmita bose W.M.Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory School of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringWashington State UniversityPullmanWA 99164United States of America Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary MedicineWashington State UniversityPullmanWA 99164United States of America Department of Orthopedic Surgery Stanford University Medical CenterRedwood CityCA 94063United States of America

Bacterial colonization of orthopedic implants is one of the leading causes of failure and clinical complexities for load-bearing metallic implants. Topical or systemic administration of antibiotics may not offer the most efficient defense against colonization, especially in the case of secondary infection, leading to surgical removal of implants and in some cases even limbs. In this study, laser powder bed fusion was implemented to fabricate Ti3Al2V alloy by a 1:1 weight mixture of CpTi and Ti6Al4V powders. Ti-Tantalum(Ta)–Copper(Cu) alloys were further analyzed by the addition of Ta and Cu into the Ti3Al2V custom alloy. The biological,mechanical, and tribo-biocorrosion properties of Ti3Al2V alloy were evaluated. A 10 wt.% Ta(10Ta) and 3 wt.% Cu(3Cu) were added to the Ti3Al2V alloy to enhance biocompatibility and impart inherent bacterial resistance. Additively manufactured implants were investigated for resistance against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus strains of bacteria for up to 48 h. A 3 wt.% Cu addition to Ti3Al2V displayed improved antibacterial efficacy, i.e.78%–86% with respect to CpTi. Mechanical properties for Ti3Al2V–10Ta–3Cu alloy were evaluated, demonstrating excellent fatigue resistance, exceptional shear strength, and improved tribological and tribo-biocorrosion characteristics when compared to Ti6Al4V. In vivo studies using a rat distal femur model revealed improved early-stage osseointegration for alloys with10 wt.% Ta addition compared to CpTi and Ti6Al4V. The 3 wt.% Cu-added compositions displayed biocompatibility and no adverse infammatory response in vivo. Our results establish the Ti3Al2V–10Ta–3Cu alloy’s synergistic effect on improving both in vivo biocompatibility and microbial resistance for the next generation of load-bearing metallic implants.

关键词： Ti6Al4V load-bearing implants additive manufacturing 3D printing antibacterial performance

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Reduction of epinephrine in the lumbar spinal cord following repetitive blast-induced traumatic brain injury in rats

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第7期19卷 1548-1552页

作者： Shigeharu Tsuda Mustafa Golam Jiamei Hou Kevin K.W.Wang Floyd J.Thompson Prodip bose Brain Rehabilitation Research Center Malcom Randall VA Medical CenterNorth Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health SystemGainesvilleFLUSA Department of Anesthesiology College of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA Department of Emergency Medicine University of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA Department of Neuroscience University of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA Department of Neurology University of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA

Traumatic brain inju ry-induced unfavorable outcomes in human patients have independently been associated with dysregulated levels of monoamines,especially epinephrine,although few preclinical studies have examined the epinephrine level in the central nervous system after traumatic brain injury.Epinephrine has been shown to regulate the activities of spinal motoneurons as well as increase the heart rate,blood pressure,and blood flow to the hindlimb muscles.Therefore,the purpose of the present study was to determine the impact of repeated blast-induced traumatic brain injury on the epinephrine levels in seve ral function-s pecific central nervous system regions in rats.Following three repeated blast injuries at 3-day intervals,the hippocampus,motor cortex,locus coeruleus,vestibular nuclei,and lumbar spinal cord were harvested at post-injury day eight and processed for epinephrine assays using a high-sensitive electrochemical detector cou pled with high-performance liquid chromatography.Our results showed that the epinephrine levels were significantly decreased in the lumbar spinal cord tissues of blast-induced traumatic brain injury animals compared to the levels detected in age-and sex-matched sham controls.In other function-specific central nervous system regions,although the epinephrine levels were slightly altered following blast-induced tra u matic brain injury,they were not statistically significant.These results suggest that blast injury-induced significant downregulation of epinephrine in the lumbar spinal cord could negatively impact the motor and cardiovascular function.This is the first repo rt to show altered epinephrine levels in the spinal cord following repetitive mild blast-induced traumatic brain injury.

关键词： balance blood flow cardiovascular system central nervous system epinephrine ischemic damage lumbar spinal cord muscle tone repeated blast spasticity traumatic brain injury

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Printability disparities in heterogeneous material combinations via laser directed energy deposition:a comparative study

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International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing 2024年第2期6卷 389-405页

作者： Jinsheng Ning Lida Zhu Shuhao Wang Zhichao Yang Peihua Xu Pengsheng Xue Hao Lu Miao Yu Yunhang Zhao Jiachen Li Susmita bose Amit Bandyopadhyay School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110819People’s Republic of China School of Machinery and Automation Wuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430081People’s Republic of China School of Mechanical Engineering Xi’an University of Science and TechnologyXi’an 710054People’s Republic of China Beijing Institute of Space Launch Technology Beijing 100076People’s Republic of China W.M.Keck Biomedical Materials Research Lab School of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringWashington State UniversityPullmanWA 99164United States of America

Additive manufacturing provides achievability for the fabrication of bimetallic and multi-material structures;however,the material compatibility and bondability directly affect the parts’formability and final quality.It is essential to understand the underlying printability of different material combinations based on an adapted process.Here,the printability disparities of two common and attractive material combinations(nickel-and iron-based alloys)are evaluated at the macro and micro levels via laser directed energy deposition(DED).The deposition processes were captured using in situ high-speed imaging,and the dissimilarities in melt pool features and track morphology were quantitatively investigated within specific process windows.Moreover,the microstructure diversity of the tracks and blocks processed with varied material pairs was comparatively elaborated and,complemented with the informative multi-physics modeling,the presented non-uniformity in mechanical properties(microhardness)among the heterogeneous material pairs was rationalized.The differences in melt flow induced by the unlike thermophysical properties of the material pairs and the resulting element intermixing and localized re-alloying during solidification dominate the presented dissimilarity in printability among the material combinations.This work provides an in-depth understanding of the phenomenological differences in the deposition of dissimilar materials and aims to guide more reliable DED forming of bimetallic parts.

关键词： directed energy deposition printability microstructure microhardness bimetallic parts

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Praseodymium metal nanorods as a 5-fluorouracil carrier

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Journal of Rare Earths 2024年第7期42卷 1328-1336页

作者： Varnitha Manikantan Govindaraj Sri Varalakshmi Ujma Ashapak Tamboli Archana Sumohan Pillai Aleyamma Alexander Anushka Lucas bose Allben Akash Israel V.M.V.Enoch Centre for Nanoscience and Genomics Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed University) Department of Applied Chemistry Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed University)

Interest in metal nanoparticles as nanoscale drug-carrying vehicles has been increasing.In such an aspect,lanthanide metal nanoparticles are particularly intriguing.Herein,we report praseodymium nanoparticles as a novel anticancer therapeutic transporting agent.The material was made as a composite with the supramolecular host polymer,poly-β-cyclodextrin.The praseodymium nanorods were characterized using standard analytical techniques,including X-ray diffraction（XRD）,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）,and thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）.In addition,they were imaged using transmission electron microscopy.The nanostructures are a long rod-shaped material with 2.0±0.1 μm in length and 230±10 nm in width.The material shows a saturation magnetization value above 30 emu/g with a coercivity value of 130 Oe.The nanocarrier is freighted with the drug 5-fluorouracil,and the encapsulation efficiency is 76.09%.The drug release is continuous from the nanocarrier（polymer-containing praseodymium nanoparticles） and proceeds for above 250 h.The in vitro cytotoxicities of the blank nanocarrier and the 5-fluorouracil-loaded one are deduced by testing them on MCF-7 and Vero（non-cancerous） cell lines.The cytotoxicity on the cancerous cell lines is observed,whereas the noncancerous cells are unaffected.The IC50values on the cell lines are reported.

关键词： Anticancer activity Drug delivery Metal nanoparticles Poly-cyclodextrin Praseodymium Rare earths

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Correlation of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio to severity of coronary artery disease and in-hospital clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome: A prospective observational study

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Journal of Acute Disease 2024年第1期13卷 14-19页

作者： Vinodhkumar Kandibendla GThiruvikrama Prakash Subash Chandra bose Prafull Dhewle Department of Cardiology Prakriya HospitalsNagasandraBangloreIndia Department of Cardiology E.S.HospitalVillupuramTamil NaduIndia Department of Cardiology Government Medical CollegeAnanthapuramuAndhra PradeshIndia Department of Cardiology Shrikrishna Hrudayalaya HospitalNagpurMaharashtraIndia

Objective:To explore correlation of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR)to severity of coronary artery disease(CAD)and in-hospital clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome(ACS).Methods:In this prospective and observational study,we recruited 500 patients with ACS.For all the eligible patients,demographic details were collected,and laboratory parameters were evaluated.The CAD severity was evaluated in terms of the number of involved vessels.The NLR was calculated based on neutrophils and lymphocytes and the correlation of various risk factors and severity and outcome of CAD was performed.Results:77.2%of Patients was male,and 52%of the patients aged between 55-70 years.Based on the type of ACS,396 out of 500 patients had ST-elevation myocardial infarction.An ascending trend in the white blood cell levels and NLR value was noted as the severity of the ACS increased and the highest white blood cell levels and NLR was noted among classⅣpatients.The mean NLR value among the non-survivors were higher compared to the survivors(9.52±5.72 vs.4.76±2.36;P<0.01).Receiver operating curve showed that the cut-off NLR value was 5.76 with a sensitivity of 75.0%and a specificity of 77.3%.Conclusions:The NLR can be used as an independent prognostic marker in ACS.An elevated NLR value serves as a reliable predictor for short-term complications,notably in-hospital mortality.

关键词： Acute coronary syndrome Coronary artery disease Coronary vessels Hospital mortality Lymphocytes Neutrophils Prognosis Risk factors

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Functionally graded structure of a nitride-strengthened Mg_(2)Si-based hybrid composite

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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2024年第3期12卷 1239-1256页

作者： Jeongho Yang Woongbeom Heogh Hogi Ju Sukhyun Kang Tae-Sik Jang Hyun-Do Jung Mohammad Jahazi Seung Chul Han Seong Je Park Hyoung Seop Kim Susmita bose Amit Bandyopadhyay Martin Byung-Guk Jun Young Won Kim Dae-kyeom Kim Rigoberto CAdvincula Clodualdo Aranas Jr Sang Hoon Kim School of Mechanical Engineering Pusan National UniversityBusan 46241Republic of Korea Department of Mechanical Design Engineering Hanyang UniversitySeoul 04763Republic of Korea Process Research 3 Team LG Display Co.Ltd.PajuGyeonggi-do 10845Republic of Korea Department of Materials Science and Engineering Chosun UniversityGwangju 61452Republic of Korea Institute of Well-Aging Medicare&Chosun University LAMP Center Chosun UniversityGwangju 61452Republic of Korea Division of Materials Science and Engineering Hanyang UniversitySeoul 04763Republic of Korea Department of Mechanical Engineering École de Technologie SupérieureMontrealQuebec H3C 1K3Canada Material&Component Convergence R&D Center Korea Construction Equipment Technology InstituteGunsanJeollabuk-do 54002Republic of Korea School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore 639798Singapore Graduate Institute of Ferrous&Eco Materials Technology Pohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangGyeongsangbuk-do 37673Republic of Korea Advanced Institute for Materials Research Tohoku UniversitySendai 980-8577Japan Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology Yonsei UniversitySeoul 03722Republic of Korea School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Washington State UniversityPullmanWashington 99164USA School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana 47907USA Research Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Korea Institute of Industrial TechnologyIncheon 21999Republic of Korea Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhio 44106USA Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Joint Institute for Advanced Materials University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennessee 37996USA Center for Nanophase Materials and Sciences Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee 37830USA Department of Mechanical Engineering University of New BrunswickFrederictonNew Brunswick E3B 5A3Cana

The ex-situ incorporation of the secondary SiC reinforcement,along with the in-situ incorporation of the tertiary and quaternary Mg_(3)N_(2) and Si_(3)N_(4) phases,in the primary matrix of Mg_(2)Si is employed in order to provide ultimate wear resistance based on the laser-irradiation-induced inclusion of N_(2) gas during laser powder bed fusion.This is substantialized based on both the thermal diffusion-and chemical reactionbased metallurgy of the Mg_(2)Si–SiC/nitride hybrid composite.This study also proposes a functional platform for systematically modulating a functionally graded structure and modeling build-direction-dependent architectonics during additive manufacturing.This strategy enables the development of a compositional gradient from the center to the edge of each melt pool of the Mg_(2)Si–SiC/nitride hybrid composite.Consequently,the coefficient of friction of the hybrid composite exhibits a 309.3%decrease to–1.67 compared to–0.54 for the conventional nonreinforced Mg_(2)Si structure,while the tensile strength exhibits a 171.3%increase to 831.5 MPa compared to 485.3 MPa for the conventional structure.This outstanding mechanical behavior is due to the(1)the complementary and synergistic reinforcement effects of the SiC and nitride compounds,each of which possesses an intrinsically high hardness,and(2)the strong adhesion of these compounds to the Mg_(2)Si matrix despite their small sizes and low concentrations.

关键词： Laser powder bed fusion Mg_(2)Si-SiC/nitride hybrid composite Both the thermal diffusion-and chemical reaction-based metallurgy Functionally graded structure Compositional gradient Wear resistance.

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FungalTraits:a user-friendly traits database of fungi and fungus-like stramenopiles

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Fungal Diversity 2020年第2期107卷 I0001-I0016页

作者： Sergei Põlme Kessy Abarenkov RHenrik Nilsson Björn D.Lindahl Karina Engelbrecht Clemmensen Havard Kauserud Nhu Nguyen Rasmus Kjøller Scott T.Bates Petr Baldrian Tobias Guldberg Frøslev Kristjan Adojaan Alfredo Vizzini Ave Suija Donald Pfister Hans-Otto Baral Helle Järv Hugo Madrid Jenni Nordén Jian-Kui Liu Julia Pawlowska Kadri Põldmaa Kadri Pärtel Kadri Runnel Karen Hansen Karl-Henrik Larsson Kevin David Hyde Marcelo Sandoval-Denis Matthew E.Smith Merje Toome-Heller Nalin N.Wijayawardene Nelson Menolli Jr Nicole K.Reynolds Rein Drenkhan Sajeewa S.N.Maharachchikumbura Tatiana B.Gibertoni Thomas Læssøe William Davis Yuri Tokarev Adriana Corrales Adriene Mayra Soares Ahto Agan Alexandre Reis Machado Andrés Argüelles-Moyao Andrew Detheridge Angelina de Meiras-Ottoni Annemieke Verbeken Arun Kumar Dutta Bao-Kai Cui C.K.Pradeep César Marín Daniel Stanton Daniyal Gohar Dhanushka N.Wanasinghe Eveli Otsing Farzad Aslani Gareth W.Griffith Thorsten H.Lumbsch Hans-Peter Grossart Hossein Masigol Ina Timling Inga Hiiesalu Jane Oja John Y.Kupagme József Geml Julieta Alvarez-Manjarrez Kai Ilves Kaire Loit Kalev Adamson Kazuhide Nara Kati Küngas Keilor Rojas-Jimenez Krišs Bitenieks Laszlo Irinyi LászlóGNagy Liina Soonvald Li-Wei Zhou Lysett Wagner M.Catherine Aime MaarjaÖpik María Isabel Mujica Martin Metsoja Martin Ryberg Martti Vasar Masao Murata Matthew PNelsen Michelle Cleary Milan C.Samarakoon Mingkwan Doilom Mohammad Bahram Niloufar Hagh-Doust Olesya Dulya Peter Johnston Petr Kohout Qian Chen Qing Tian Rajasree Nandi Rasekh Amiri Rekhani Hansika Perera Renata dos Santos Chikowski Renato L.Mendes-Alvarenga Roberto Garibay-Orijel Robin Gielen Rungtiwa Phookamsak Ruvishika S.Jayawardena Saleh Rahimlou Samantha C.Karunarathna Saowaluck Tibpromma Shawn P.Brown Siim-Kaarel Sepp Sunil Mundra Zhu-Hua Luo tanay bose Tanel Vahter Tarquin Netherway Teng Yang Tom May Torda Varga Wei Li Victor Rafael Matos Coimbra Virton Rodrigo Targino de Oliveira Vitor Xavier de Lima Vladimir S.Mikryukov Yongzhong Lu Yosuke Matsuda Yumiko Miyamoto Urm Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu14A Ravila50411 TartuEstonia Natural History Museum University of Tartu46 Vanemuise Str51003 TartuEstonia Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre Box 46140530 GothenburgSweden Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden Department of Soil and Environment Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesBox 701475007 UppsalaSweden Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesBox 702675007 UppsalaSweden Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology(EvoGene) Department of BiosciencesUniversity of OsloP.O.Box 1066BlindernNO-0316 OsloNorway University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 3190 Maile WaySt.John 102HonoluluHIUSA Department of Biology University of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 152100 CopenhagenØDenmark Purdue University Northwest WestvilleIN 46391USA Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of SciencesVidenska 108314220 Praha 4Czech Republic GLOBE Institute University of CopenhagenØster Farimagsgade 5KH7.2.321353 CopenhagenDenmark Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi Universitàdi TorinoViale Mattioli 2510125 TorinoItaly Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Farlow Library and Herbarium Harvard University22 Divinity AveCambridgeMA 02138USA Blaihofstr.42 72074 TübingenGermany SYNLAB Estonia Veerenni 53aTallinn 11313Estonia Escuela de Tecnología Médica Universidad Santo TomásLos Carreras 753OsornoChile Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática Universidad MayorCamino La Pirámide 5750HuechurabaSantiagoChile Norwegian Institute for Nature Research(NINA) Sognsveien 680855 OsloNorway School of Life Science and Technology University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 611731People’s Republic of China Evolutionary Biology Faculty of BiologyBiological and Chemical Research CentreUniversity of Warsawul.Zwirki i Wigury 10102-089 WarsawPoland Department of Botany Swedish Museum of

The cryptic lifestyle of most fungi necessitates molecular identification of the guild in environmental studies.Over the past decades,rapid development and affordability of molecular tools have tremendously improved insights of the fungal diversity in all ecosystems and habitats.Yet,in spite of the progress of molecular methods,knowledge about functional properties of the fungal taxa is vague and interpretation of environmental studies in an ecologically meaningful manner remains challenging.In order to facilitate functional assignments and ecological interpretation of environmental studies we introduce a user friendly traits and character database FungalTraits operating at genus and species hypothesis levels.Combining the information from previous efforts such as FUNGuild and FunFun together with involvement of expert knowledge,we reannotated 10,210 and 151 fungal and Stramenopila genera,respectively.This resulted in a stand-alone spreadsheet dataset covering 17 lifestyle related traits of fungal and Stramenopila genera,designed for rapid functional assignments of environmental stud-ies.In order to assign the trait states to fungal species hypotheses,the scientific community of experts manually categorised and assigned available trait information to 697,413 fungal ITS sequences.On the basis of those sequences we were able to summarise trait and host information into 92,623 fungal species hypotheses at 1%dissimilarity threshold.

关键词： Fungal traits Trophic modes Function Guild Bioinformatics High-throughput sequencing Community ecology

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Guest Editorial:Special Section on Control Centers for the Evolving Power Grid:Architecture and Applications

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2022年第2期10卷 I0001-I0002页

作者： Anjan bose Patrick Panciatici Xin Shan Washington State University PullmanUSA RTE ParisFrance NARI Group Corporation(State Grid Electric Power Research Institute) NanjingChina

THE world-wide drive to decrease greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is rapidly changing the mix of fuel resources that are used to generate electricity.The percentage of fossil fuels,especially coal,is declining while the percentage of renewable resources,like wind and solar,is increasing.The generation mix has always depended on the avail-ability of different fuels in different regions,like the availability of hydro or the acceptability of nuclear power,and the recent changes also depend on this geography,like the radiance of the sun or the intensity of the wind.Although these changes will lead to different architectures in the evolving power grid,some trends are already being felt.

关键词： Power gases fuels

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Structural and Operational Optimization of A Flapping Fin Used as A Self-Propulsor for AUV Propulsion

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China Ocean Engineering 2022年第1期36卷 86-99页

作者： FAN Shuang-shuang CI Xiao-han Neil bose CHENG Xiao School of Marine Sciences Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 519082China Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering Zhuhai 519000China Department of Ocean and Naval Architectural Engineering Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt.John’sNL A1C 5S7Canada School of Geospatial Engineering and Science Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 519082China

Marine mammals could directly harvest energy from waves and obtain propulsive force through oscillating flapping fins or horizontal tail flukes,which in many cases have been observed and proved to be substantial.The propulsion generated by the flapping fin has been analyzed by many researchers from both the theoretical and experimental prospects;however,the structural and operational optimization of a flapping fin for the optimal propulsion performance has been less studied,such as the investigation of the effects of the phase difference between heave and pitch motion,maximum oscillation angle,fin shape,oscillation centre of the fin and the operating sea state on the generated propulsion.In this paper,the flapping fin is used as a self-propulsor to propel an autonomous underwater vehicle(AUV)for propulsion assistance.For the optimization design of the flapping fin,its propulsion effect is numerically investigated with different structural parameters and under various operation conditions using computational fluid dynamics(CFD)approaches.Verification and validation study have been implemented to quantify the numerical uncertainties and evaluate the accuracy of the proposed CFD method.Then,a series of case studies are thoroughly conducted to investigate the effects of different structural parameters and operational conditions on the generated propulsion of a flapping fin by CFD simulations.The simulation results demonstrate that different structural parameters and operation conditions would significantly impact the magnitude and distribution state of the fluid pressure around the flapping fin surface,thus,affect the propulsion performance of the fin.The findings in this study will provide guidelines for the structural and operational optimization design of a flapping fin for self-propulsion of mobile platforms.

关键词： autonomous underwater vehicle(AUV) flapping fin self-propulsion computational fluid dynamics(CFD) optimization design

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A Novel Framework for DDoS Attacks Detection Using Hybrid LSTM Techniques

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2023年第6期45卷 2553-2567页

作者： Anitha Thangasamy bose Sundan Logeswari Govindaraj Department of Computer Science and Engineering College of Engineering GuindyAnna UniversityChennai-600025TamilndauIndia

The recent development of cloud computing offers various services on demand for organization and individual users,such as storage,shared computing space,networking,etc.Although Cloud Computing provides various advantages for users,it remains vulnerable to many types of attacks that attract cyber criminals.Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS)is the most common type of attack on cloud computing.Consequently,Cloud computing professionals and security experts have focused on the growth of preventive processes towards DDoS attacks.Since DDoS attacks have become increasingly widespread,it becomes difficult for some DDoS attack methods based on individual network flow features to distinguish various types of DDoS attacks.Further,the monitoring pattern of traffic changes and accurate detection of DDoS attacks are most important and urgent.In this research work,DDoS attack detection methods based on deep belief network feature extraction and Hybrid Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)model have been proposed with NSL-KDD dataset.In Hybrid LSTM method,the Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)technique,which is combined to optimize the weights of the LSTM neural network,reduces the prediction error.This deep belief network method is used to extract the features of IP packets,and it identifies DDoS attacks based on PSO-LSTM model.Moreover,it accurately predicts normal network traffic and detects anomalies resulting from DDoS attacks.The proposed PSO-LSTM architecture outperforms the classification techniques including standard Support Vector Machine(SVM)and LSTM in terms of attack detection performance along with the results of the measurement of accuracy,recall,f-measure,precision.

关键词： Cloud computing distributed denial of service particle swarm optimization long short-term memory attack detection

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