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Integrative Zoology 2010年第2期5卷 102-111页

作者： susan A.MAINKA Geoffrey W.howard Science and Learning Unit International Union for Conservation of NatureGlandSwitzerland Regional Office for Eastern and Southern Africa International Union for Conservation of NatureNairobiKenya

two of the key drivers of biodiversity loss today are climate change and invasive *** change is already having a measurable impact on species distributions,reproduction and behavior,and all evidence suggests that things will get worse even if we act tomorrow to mitigate any future increases in greenhouse gas emissions:temperature will increase,precipitation will change,sea level will rise and ocean chemistry will *** the same time,biological invasions remain an important threat to biodiversity,causing species loss,changes in distribution and habitat *** together,the impacts of each of these drivers of change are compounded and interactions between these two threats present even greater challenges to field conservationists as well as ***,the social and economic impacts of climate change and invasive species,already substantial,will be *** of the links between the two should underpin all biodiversity management planning and policy.

关键词： climate change ecosystem management invasive species

Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio:A prognostic tool in patients with inhospital cardiac arrest

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World Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2019年第2期8卷 9-17页

作者： Vishal H Patel Philip Vendittelli Rajat Garg susan Szpunar thomas LaLonde John Lee howard Rosman Rajendra H Mehta Hussein Othman Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Ascension-St John Hospital and Medical Center Department of Internal Medicine Cleveland Clinic Department of Biomedical Investigations and Research Ascension-St John Hospital and Medical Center Department of Critical Care Medicine Ascension-St John Hospital and Medical Center Duke Clinical Research Institute Duke University Medical Center

BACKGROUND In-hospital cardiac arrest(IHCA) portends a poor prognosis and survival to discharge rate. Prognostic markers such as interleukin-6, S-100 protein and high sensitivity C reactive protein have been studied as predictors of adverse outcomes after return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC); however; these variables are not routine laboratory tests and incur additional cost making them difficult to incorporate and less attractive in assessing patient's prognosis. the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio(NLR) is a marker of adverse prognosis for many cardiovascular conditions and certain types of cancers and sepsis. We hypothesize that an elevated NLR is associated with poor outcomes including mortality at discharge in patients with *** to determine the prognostic significance of NLR in patients suffering IHCA who achieve *** A retrospective study was performed on all patients who had IHCA with the advanced cardiac life support protocol administered in a large urban community United States hospital over a one-year period. Patients were divided into two groups based on their NLR value(NLR this cutpoint was derived from receiving operator characteristic curve analysis(area under the curve = 0.66) and provided 73% positive predictive value, 82% sensitivity and42% specificity for predicting in-hospital death after IHCA. the primary outcome was death or discharge at 30 d, whichever came *** We reviewed 153 patients with a mean age of 66.1 ± 16.3 years; 48% were ***-hospital mortality occurred in 65%. the median NLR in survivors was 4.9(range 0.6-46.5) compared with 8.9(0.28-96) in non-survivors(P = 0.001). A multivariable logistic regression model demonstrated that an NLR above 4.55[odds ratio(OR) = 5.20, confidence interval(CI): 1.5-18.3, P = 0.01], older age(OR= 1.03, CI: 1.00-1.07, P = 0.05), and elevated serum lactate level(OR = 1.20, CI:1.03-1.40, P = 0.02) were independent predictors of *** An NLR ≥ 4.5 may

关键词： Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio In-hospital cardiac arrest Prognosis Lactate Asystole Ventricular fibrillation Pulseless electrical alternans Pulseless ventricular tachycardia

A Dominant Allele of Arabidopsis Pectin-Binding Wall-Associated Kinase Induces a Stress Response Suppressed by MPK6 but Not MPK3 Mutations

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Molecular Plant 2012年第4期5卷 841-851页

作者： Bruce D. Kohorn susan L. Kohorn tanya todorova Gillian Baptiste Kevin Stansky Meghan McCullough Department of Biology Bowdoin College ME 04011 USA

the plant cell wall is composed of a matrix of cellulose fibers, flexible pectin polymers, and an array of as- sorted carbohydrates and proteins. the receptor-like Wall-Associated Kinases （WAKs） of Arabidopsis bind pectin in the wall, and are necessary both for cell expansion during development and for a response to pathogens and wounding. Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases （MPKs） form a major signaling link between cell surface receptors and both transcrip- tional and enzyme regulation in eukaryotes, and Arabidopsis MPK6 and MPK3 indeed have important roles in develop- ment and the response to stress and pathogens. A dominant allele of WAK2 requires kinase activity and activates a stress response that includes an increased ROS accumulation and the up-regulation of numerous genes involved in pathogen resistance, wounding, and cell wall biogenesis. this dominant allele requires a functional pectin binding and kinase domain, indicating that it is engaged in a WAK signaling pathway. A null mutant of the major plasma membrane ROS-producing enzyme complex, rbohd/f does not suppress the WAK2ctAP-induced phenotype. A mpk6, but not a mpk3, null allele is able to suppress the effects of this dominant WAK2 mutation, thus distinguishing MPK3 and MPK6, whose activity previously was thought to be redundant. Pectin activation of gene expression is abated in a wak2-null, but is tempered by the WAK-dominant allele that induces elevated basal stress-related transcript levels. the results suggest a mechanism in which changes to the cell wall can lead to a large change in cellular responses and help to explain how pathogens and wounding can have general effects on growth.

关键词： Wall Associated Kinases MPK3 MPK6 pectin oligogalacturonides.

用区域地震面波谱反演洛马普列塔地震余震的震源参数

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地壳构造与地壳应力 2004年第4期 14-21页

作者： susan.L.BECK howard.J.Patton 彭艳菊郑月军弧利桑纳大学地质科学系不详

用区域范围内记录的面波研究1989年10月18日加利福尼亚州洛马普列塔(Loma Prieta)地震的3个较大余震的震源参数。短周期尸波初动震源机制显示为一个震源机制变化较大的复杂的余震序列。许多地震对远震体波分析来说震级太小；因此，区域... 详细信息

用区域范围内记录的面波研究1989年10月18日加利福尼亚州洛马普列塔(Loma Prieta)地震的3个较大余震的震源参数。短周期尸波初动震源机制显示为一个震源机制变化较大的复杂的余震序列。许多地震对远震体波分析来说震级太小；因此，区域面波提供了很重要的震源参数长周期信息。在给定的深度上，用中周期瑞利波和勒大波反演地震矩张量分量，并对不同的深度重复反演，寻找与观测谱拟合最好的震源深度。10月19日10：14：35(md=4．2)的余震为走滑震源机制，伴有NW向垂直断层上的右旋运动，这与当地的断层迹线一致。对10月18日10：22：04(md=4．4)的余震，面波结果表明属于节面走向为NWW的纯逆断层机制。对10月19日09：53：50(md=4．4)的余震，面波结果表明为走滑机制，有一个与圣安德烈斯断层在该处的走向一致的NW向垂直节面。对所分析的余震，面波震源机制解和短周期尸波初动机制解间存在差异。这种差异或许反应了两种观测波带宽不同引起的真实差异。然而，差异也可以归因于：(1)由不正确的近场速度结构引起的初动机制的误差；(2)由不充分的传播路径改正引起的面波机制的误差。

关键词：面波地震余震震源参数区域地震走滑反演震源机制垂直走向动机

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护士健康研究队列中累计铅暴露与绝经年龄

环境与职业医学 2014年第8期31卷 607-607页

作者： Ki-Do Eum Marc G.Weisskopf Linda H.Nie howard Hu susan A.Korrick

[背景]已知绝经期提前与许多不良健康结局相关,包括心血管疾病的患病率和死亡率的风险增加。研究者们已经发现铅不利于女性的生殖功能,但是尚无研究探讨普通人群的铅暴露是否与绝经年龄改变存在相关性。[目的]评估累积铅暴露与自然绝经... 详细信息

[背景]已知绝经期提前与许多不良健康结局相关,包括心血管疾病的患病率和死亡率的风险增加。研究者们已经发现铅不利于女性的生殖功能,但是尚无研究探讨普通人群的铅暴露是否与绝经年龄改变存在相关性。[目的]评估累积铅暴露与自然绝经年龄之间的相关性。[方法]从参加护士健康研究(Nurses’Health Study)的434名女性中获得自述绝经状态,并使用K-壳层X射线荧光(一种累积铅暴露的生物学标志物)测量骨铅浓度。[结果]平均(±SD)自然绝经年龄为(50.8±3.6)岁。较高的胫骨铅水平与较小的绝经年龄相关。在校正分析中,胫骨铅水平为最高三分位的女性其平均绝经年龄比最低三分位的女性年轻1.21岁(95%CI:-2.08^-0.35)(趋势P=0.006)。虽然病例的数量较少(n=23),但胫骨铅水平为最高三分位的女性与最低三分位者相比,绝经期提前(<45岁)的比值比为5.30(95%CI:1.42~19.78)(趋势P=0.006)。髌骨或血液中的铅与绝经年龄之间没有相关性。[结论]上述研究结果支持低水平的累积铅暴露与较早的绝经年龄之间存在相关性。这些数据提示,低水平铅暴露可能通过影响中老年妇女的绝经年龄从而影响绝经期相关的健康结局。

关键词：绝经年龄护士健康铅暴露队列生物学标志物心血管疾病 X射线荧光健康结局

Apple whole genome sequences:recent advances and new prospects

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Horticulture Research 2019年第1期6卷 1247-1270页

作者： Cameron P.Peace Luca Bianco Michela troggio Eric van de Weg Nicholas P.howard Amandine Cornille Charles-Eric Durel Sean Myles ZoëMigicovsky Robert J.Schaffer Evelyne Costes Gennaro Fazio Hisayo Yamane Steve van Nocker Chris Gottschalk Fabrizio Costa David Chagné Xinzhong Zhang Andrea Patocchi susan E.Gardiner Craig Hardner Satish Kumar Francois Laurens Etienne Bucher Dorrie Main Sook Jung Stijn Vanderzande Department of Horticulture Washington State UniversityPullmanWA 99164USA Computational Biology Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’AdigeTN 38010Italy Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’AdigeTN 38010Italy Plant Breeding Wageningen University and ResearchWageningen 6708PBThe Netherlands Department of Horticultural Science University of MinnesotaSt.PaulMN 55108USA Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften Carl von Ossietzky Universität26129 OldenburgGermany GQE-Le Moulon Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueUniversity of Paris-SudCNRSAgroParisTechUniversitéParis-Saclay91190 Gif-sur-YvetteFrance Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et SemencesUMR 134549071 BeaucouzéFrance Department of Plant Food and Environmental SciencesFaculty of AgricultureDalhousie UniversityTruroNS B2N 5E3Canada the New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd Motueka 7198New Zealand School of Biological Sciences University of AucklandAuckland 1142New Zealand AGAP INRACIRADMontpellier SupAgroUniversity of MontpellierMontpellierFrance Plant Genetic Resources Unit USDA ARSGenevaNY 14456USA Laboratory of Pomology Graduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKyoto 606-8502Japan Department of Horticulture Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMI 48824USA the New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd(Plant&Food Research) Palmerston North Research CentrePalmerston North 4474New Zealand College of Horticulture China Agricultural University100193 BeijingChina Agroscope 8820 WädenswilSwitzerland Queensland Alliance of Agriculture and Food Innovation University of QueenslandSt Lucia 4072Australia New Cultivar Innovation Plant and Food ResearchHavelock North 4130New Zealand Agroscope 1260 ChanginsSwitzerland

In 2010,a major scientific milestone was achieved for tree fruit crops:publication of the first draft whole genome sequence(WGS)for apple(Malus domestica).this WGS,v1.0,was valuable as the initial reference for sequence information,fine mapping,gene discovery,variant discovery,and tool development.A new,high quality apple WGS,GDDH13 v1.1,was released in 2017 and now serves as the reference genome for *** the past decade,these apple WGSs have had an enormous impact on our understanding of apple biological functioning,trait physiology and inheritance,leading to practical applications for improving this highly valued *** gene identities for phenotypes of fundamental and practical interest can today be discovered much more ***-wide polymorphisms at high genetic resolution are screened efficiently over hundreds to thousands of individuals with new insights into genetic relationships and ***-density genetic maps are constructed efficiently and quantitative trait loci for valuable traits are readily associated with positional candidate genes and/or converted into diagnostic tests for *** understand the species,geographical,and genomic origins of domesticated apple more precisely,as well as its relationship to wild *** WGS has turbo-charged application of these classical research steps to crop improvement and drives innovative methods to achieve more durable,environmentally sound,productive,and consumer-desirable apple *** review includes examples of basic and practical breakthroughs and challenges in using the apple *** for“what’s next”focus on necessary upgrades to the genome sequence data pool,as well as for use of the data,to reach new frontiers in genomics-based scientific understanding of apple.

关键词： breakthrough hundreds frontier

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GRADE指南：Ⅲ.证据质量分级

中国循证医学杂志 2011年第4期11卷 451-455页

作者： howard Balshem Mark Helfanda Holger J.Schunemann Andrew D.Oxman Regina Kunz Jan Brozek Gunn E.Vist Yngve Falck-Ytter Joerg Meerpohl susan Norris Gordon H.Guyatt GRADE工作组李幼平杨晓妍高霑

本文介绍证据质量分级的GRADE方法。GRADE将证据质量分为高、中、低和极低四个级别。该分级应用于证据群,而非针对个别研究。系统评价中,质量反映了我们认为效应估计值正确的把握度。对推荐意见而言,质量反映了我们认为效应估计值足以... 详细信息

本文介绍证据质量分级的GRADE方法。GRADE将证据质量分为高、中、低和极低四个级别。该分级应用于证据群,而非针对个别研究。系统评价中,质量反映了我们认为效应估计值正确的把握度。对推荐意见而言,质量反映了我们认为效应估计值足以支持某特定推荐的把握度。随机对照试验初定为高质量证据,观察性研究初定为低质量证据。GRADE中所使用的质量一词不只是意味着偏倚风险,还可能受研究结果的不精确性、不一致性和间接性,及发表偏倚的影响。此外,若干因素可增加我们对效应估计值的把握度。GRADE提供了一种系统方法来思考并报告各因素。GRADE将评估证据质量的过程与给出推荐建议的过程分开。推荐强度的判断不仅依赖于证据质量。

关键词：质量评价证据群不精确性间接性不一致性发表偏倚

IPNA临床实践建议:儿童激素敏感型肾病综合征的诊断和治疗

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中国合理用药探索 2023年第2期20卷 1-35页

作者： Agnes trautmann Olivia Boyer Elisabeth Hodson Arvind Bagga Debbie S.Gipson susan Samuel Jack Wetzels Khalid Alhas an Sushmita Banerjee Rajendra Bhimma Melvin Bonilla-Felix Francisco Cano Martin Christian Deirdre Hahn Hee Gyung Kang Koichi Nakanishi Hesham Safouh howard trachtman Hong Xu Wendy Cook Marina Vivarelli Dieter Hafner on behalf of the International Pediatric Nephrology Association 韩思雨(翻译) 季丽娜(翻译) 不详清华大学附属北京清华长庚医院儿科北京102218

特发性肾病综合征是最常见的儿童肾小球疾病,其特征是大量蛋白尿、低蛋白血症和(或)伴有水肿,全球每年儿童患病率为(1.15~16.90)每10万例。约有85%~90%的患者在接受糖皮质激素治疗的4~6周内可达到蛋白尿完全缓解,表现为激素敏感型肾病... 详细信息

特发性肾病综合征是最常见的儿童肾小球疾病,其特征是大量蛋白尿、低蛋白血症和(或)伴有水肿,全球每年儿童患病率为(1.15~16.90)每10万例。约有85%~90%的患者在接受糖皮质激素治疗的4~6周内可达到蛋白尿完全缓解,表现为激素敏感型肾病综合征(SSNS)。约70%~80%的SSNS患者在随访期间至少复发1次,其中多达50%的患者出现频繁复发或依赖糖皮质激素以维持蛋白尿缓解。为延长复发间隔时间,激素治疗的用药剂量和用药时长始终是热点问题之一,且患者出现激素相关并发症的概率较高。临床已应用多种激素助减药物(免疫抑制药物),但在疾病治疗过程中这些药物的选择和用药时机存在明显差异。因此,需要国际循证临床实践建议(CPRs)来指导临床实践、减少实践差异。国际儿科肾脏病学会(IPNA)召集专家小组通过对12个临床相关PICO(研究对象、干预措施、对照、结果/结局)问题进行系统的文献回顾,制定了关于儿童SSNS诊断和治疗的建议和分级。对治疗转归提出了新的定义,有助于指导治疗改变,并为重要的研究问题提供了参考。

关键词：激素敏感型肾病综合征儿童频复发型肾病综合征激素依赖型肾病综合征激素毒性儿科免疫抑制治疗

Nature:研究利用单细胞分析阐明癌症干细胞在脑癌中的关键角色

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现代生物医学进展 2017年第6期17卷 I0003-I0003页

作者： Itay tirosh, Andrew S. Venteicher, Christine Hebert, Leah E. Escalante, Keren Yizhak, Jonathan M. Fisher, Christopher Rodman, Mariella G. Filbin, Cyril Neftel, Jackson Nyman, Benjamin Izar, Joshua M. Francis, Kenneth J. Livak, Dave Gennert, Rahul Satija, todd R. Golub, Miguel N. Rivera, Gad Getz, Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen, Bradley E. Bernstein, Aviv Regev Mario L. Suv agrave Andrew S. Venteicher, Christine Hebert, Leah E. Escalante, Keren Yizhak, Mariella G. Filbin, Cyril Neftel, Niyati Desai, Christina C. Luo, Aanand A. Patel, Maristela L. Onozato, Nicolo Riggi, Ravindra Mylvaganam, A. John Iafrate, Matthew P. Frosch, Miguel N. Rivera, Gad Getz, Bradley E. Bernstein, David N. Louis Mario L. Suv agrave Andrew S. Venteicher, Anoop P. Patel, Brian V. Nahed, William t. Curry, Robert L. Martuza Daniel P. Cahill Christopher Mount Michelle Monje Mariella G. Filbin todd R. Golub Joshua M. Francis todd R. Golub Aviv Regev Broad Institute of Harvard and MIt Cambridge Massachusetts 02142 USA Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts 02114 USA Department of Neurosurgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts 02114 USA Departments of Neurology Neurosurgery Pediatrics and Pathology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California 94305 USA Department of Pediatric Oncology Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children’s Hospital Cancer Center Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA Department of Medical Oncology Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA howard Hughes Medical Institute Koch Institute Department of Biology MIT Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA

近日。来自麻省总医院、博德研究所及哈佛大学的研究人员通过联合研究，在单细胞水平上对脑瘤基因组进行了分析。他们发现。癌症干细胞或许能够诱发少突神经胶质瘤的发生，少突神经胶质瘤是一种缓慢发展但却非常难以治愈的脑癌，相关研... 详细信息

近日。来自麻省总医院、博德研究所及哈佛大学的研究人员通过联合研究，在单细胞水平上对脑瘤基因组进行了分析。他们发现。癌症干细胞或许能够诱发少突神经胶质瘤的发生，少突神经胶质瘤是一种缓慢发展但却非常难以治愈的脑癌，相关研究刊登于Nature杂志上。同时研究者还首次在人类脑瘤样本中鉴别出了癌症干细胞及其分化的后代细胞。

关键词：干细胞单细胞分析癌症脑瘤神经胶质瘤键角利用研究人员