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Role of milk carbohydrates in intestinal health of nursery pigs: a review

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2022年第3期13卷 628-641页

作者： Ki Beom Jang sung woo kim Department of Animal Science North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC 27695USA

Intestinal health is essential for the resistance to enteric diseases and for nutrient digestion and absorption to support *** intestine of nursery pigs are immature and vulnerable to external challenges,which cause negative impacts on the structure and function of the *** nutritional interventions,the benefits of milk are significant for the intestinal health of *** coproducts have traditionally been used in starter feeds to improve the growth of nursery pigs,but their use is somewhat limited due to the high costs and potential risks of excessive lactose on the ***,understanding a proper feeding level of milk carbohydrates is an important start of the feeding *** nursery pigs,lactose is considered a highly digestible energy source compared with plant-based starch,whereas milk oligosaccharides are considered bioactive compounds modulating intestinal immunity and ***,milk carbohydrates,mainly composed of lactose and oligosaccharides,have essential roles in the intestinal development and functions of nursery *** proper feeding levels of lactose in starter feeds could be variable by weaning age,body weight,or genetic *** of lactose and milk oligosaccharides have been broadly studied in human health and animal ***,this review focuses on the mechanisms of lactose and milk oligosaccharides affecting intestinal maturation and functions through modulation of enterocyte proliferation,intestinal immunity,and intestinal microbiota of nursery pigs.

关键词： Intestinal health Lactose Milk carbohydrates Milk oligosaccharides Nursery pig

Development and application of a multi-step porcine in vitro system to evaluate feedstuffs and feed additives for their efficacy in nutrient digestion, digesta characteristics, and intestinal immune responses

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Animal Nutrition 2024年第2期17卷 265-282页

作者： Hee Yeon kim Jun-Ok Moon sung woo kim Application Center CJ Blossom Park Department of Animal Science North Carolina State University

In vitro model provides alternatives to the use of live animals in research. In pig nutrition, there has been a tremendous increase in in vivo research over the decades. Proper utilization of in vitro models could provide a screening tool to reduce the needs of in vivo studies, research duration, cost, and the use of animals and feeds. This study aimed to develop a multi-step porcine in vitro system to simulate nutrient digestion and intestinal epithelial immune responses affected by feedstuffs and feed additives. Seven feedstuffs(corn, corn distillers dried grains with solubles [corn DDGS], barley, wheat, soybean meal, soy protein concentrates, and Corynebacterium glutamicum cell mass [CGCM]), feed enzymes(xylanase and phytase), and supplemental amino acids(arginine, methionine, and tryptophan), were used in this in vitro evaluation for their efficacy on digestibility, digesta characteristics, and intestinal health compared with the results from previously published in vivo studies. All in vitro evaluations were triplicated. Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS9.4. Evaluations included(1) nutrient digestibility of feedstuffs,(2) the effects of feed enzymes, xylanase and phytase, on digestibility of feedstuffs and specific substrates, and(3) the effects of amino acids, arginine, tryptophan, and methionine, on anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-heat stress statuses showing their effects(P < 0.05) on the measured items. Differences in dry matter and crude protein digestibility among the feedstuffs as well as effects of xylanase and phytase were detected(P < 0.05), including xylo-oligosaccharide profiles and phosphorus release from phytate. Supplementation of arginine, tryptophan, and methionine modulated(P < 0.05) cellular inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. The use of this in vitro model allowed the use of 3 experimental replications providing sufficient statistical power at P < 0.05. This indicates in vitro models can have increased prec

关键词： Digestion Feed additive Feedstuff In vitro Intestine Pig

Intestinal challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in pigs,and nutritional intervention to prevent postweaning diarrhea

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Animal Nutrition 2017年第4期3卷 322-330页

作者： Yawang Sun sung woo kim Department of Animal Science North Carolina State University College of Animal Science and Technology Southwest University

Gut health of nursery pigs immediately after weaning is tightly associated with their growth performance and economic values. Postweaning diarrhea(PWD) is one of the major concerns related to gut health of nursery pigs which often is caused by infections of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC),mainly including F4(K88)^+ and F18^+ E. coli. The main virulence factors of ETEC are adhesins(fimbriae or pili) and enterotoxins. The common types of fimbriae on ETEC from PWD pigs are F18^+ and F4^+. Typically, PWD in pigs is associated with both F18^+ and F4^+ ETEC infections whereas pre-weaning diarrhea in pigs is associated with F4+ ETEC infection. Enterotoxins including heat-labile enterotoxins(LT) and heatstable peptide toxins(ST) are associated with causing diarrhea in pigs. At least 109 to 1010 ETEC are required to induce diarrhea in nursery pigs typically lasting 1 to 5 days after ETEC infection. Antibiotics used to be the most effective way to prevent PWD, however, with the increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics, alternatives to the use of antibiotics are urgently needed to prevent PWD. Immunopropylaxis and nutritional intervention of antimicrobial minerals(such as zinc oxide and copper sulfate), organic acids, functional feedstuffs(such as blood plasma and egg yolk antibodies), direct fed microbials, phytobiotics, and bacteriophage can potentially prevent PWD associated with ETEC. Some other feed additives such as nucleotides, feed enzymes, prebiotic oligosaccharides, and clay minerals can enhance intestinal health and thus indirectly help with preventing PWD. Numerous papers show that nutritional intervention using selected feed additives can effectively prevent PWD.

关键词： Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Feed additives Immunopropylaxis Nutritional intervention Pigs Postweaning diarrhea

Efficacy of soy protein concentrate replacing animal protein supplements in mucosa-associated microbiota, intestinal health, and growth performance of nursery pigs

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Animal Nutrition 2023年第3期14卷 235-248页

作者： Zixiao Deng Marcos Elias Duarte sung woo kim Department of Animal Science North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC 27695USA

This study investigated the effects of using soy protein concentrate (SPC) to replace animal protein supplements on mucosa-associated microbiota,intestinal health,and growth performance of nursery ***-six newly weaned pigs (BW=6.4±0.6 kg) were allotted to 5 treatments in a randomized complete block *** were fed for 35 d in 3 phases (P;1,2,3) for 10,12,13 d,*** treatments were:(1) basal diet with fish meal (P1:4%,P2:2%,and P3:1%),poultry meal (P1:10%,P2:8%,and P3:4%),and blood plasma (P1:4%,P2:2%,and P3:1%),where SPC replacing none (NC);(2) basal diet with SPC replacing fish meal (RFM);(3) basal diet with SPC replacing poultry meal (RPM);(4) basal diet with SPC replacing blood plasma (RBP);and (5) basal diet with SPC replacing all animal protein supplements (PC).Growth performance was recorded for each *** were euthanized on d 35 to collect jejunal mucosa and tissue to evaluate intestinal health and microbiota,and ileal digesta to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of *** were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of ***,RFM,RPM,and RBP did not affect growth performance,whereas PC decreased (P<0.05) ADG and *** RPM increased (P<0.05) Prevotella stercorea and decreased (P<0.05) Helicobacter *** PC decreased (P<0.05) ***,whilst increasing (P<0.05) Prevotella copri,Propionibacterium acnes,and Pelomonas *** RFM tended to increase (P=0.096) immunoglobulin A in the *** PC tended to decrease (P=0.078) jejunal crypt cell *** were no differences in the villus height,AID of nutrients,intestinal inflammation,and intestinal oxidative stress among *** conclusion,SPC can replace fish meal,poultry meal,or blood plasma individually without affecting growth performance and intestinal health,and AID of nutrients of nursery *** SPC replacing poultry meal benefitted intestinal health by reducing *** and increasing ***,SPC replac

关键词： Blood plasma Fish meal Intestinal health Nursery pigs Poultry meal Soy protein concentrate

Dietary inclusion of multispecies probiotics to reduce the severity of post-weaning diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli F18+ in pigs

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Animal Nutrition 2021年第2期7卷 326-333页

作者： Yawang Sun Marcos E.Duarte sung woo kim Department of Animal Science North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695United States

This study was aimed to determine the efficacy of multispecies probiotics in reducing the severity of post-weaning diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC)F18+on newly weaned ***-two pigs(16 barrows and 16 gilts,BW=6.99±0.33 kg)at 21 d of age were individually allotted in a randomized complete block design with 2×2 factorial arrangement of *** were selected from sows not infected previously and not vaccinated against *** were fed experimental diets for 25 d based on 10 d phase 1 and 15 d phase *** factors were ETEC challenge(oral inoculation of saline solution or *** F18+at 2×109 CFU)and probiotics(none or multispecies probiotics 0.15%and 0.10%for phase 1 and 2,respectively).Body weight and feed intake were measured on d 5,9,13,19,and *** scores were measured *** samples were taken on d 19 and *** d 25,all pigs were euthanized to obtain samples of digesta,intestinal tissues,and *** tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNFα),malondialdehyde(MDA),peptide YY(PYY),and neuropeptide Y(NPY)were measured in serum and intestinal *** were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of *** fecal score of pigs was increased(P<0.05)by ETEC challenge at the post-challenge *** ETEC challenge decreased(P<0.05)jejunal villus height and crypt depth,tended to increase(P=0.056)jejunal TNFα,increased(P<0.05)ileal crypt depth,and decreased(P<0.05)serum *** probiotics decreased(P<0.05)serum TNFα,tended to reduce(P=0.064)jejunal MDA,tended to increase(P=0.092)serum PYY,and increased(P<0.05)jejunal villus height,and especially villus height-to-crypt depth ratio in challenged *** performance of pigs were not affected by ETEC challenge,whereas the probiotics increased(P<0.05)ADG and ADFI and tended to increase(P-0.069)G:F *** conclusion,ETEC F18+challenge caused diarrhea,intestinal inflammation and morphological damages without affecting the growth *** multispecies probiotics enhanced growth pe

关键词： Escherichia coli Growth performance Gut health Nursery pig Post-weaning diarrhea Probiotic

Comparative effects of soy protein concentrate,enzyme‑treated soybean meal,and fermented soybean meal replacing animal protein supplements in feeds on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2023年第5期14卷 2033-2047页

作者： Zixiao Deng Marcos Elias Duarte So Young kim Yunil Hwang sung woo kim Department of Animal Science North Carolina State University116 Polk HallCampus Box 7621RaleighNC 27695USA CJ Cheiljedang Seoul 04560Korea

Background Soy protein supplements,with high crude protein and less antinutritional factors,are produced from soybean meal by different *** study evaluated the comparative effects of various soy protein supplements replacing animal protein supplements in feeds on the intestinal immune status,intestinal oxidative stress,mucosaassociated microbiota,and growth performance of nursery *** Sixty nursery pigs(6.6±0.5 kg BW)were allotted to five treatments in a randomized complete block design with initial BW and sex as *** were fed for 39 d in 3 phases(P1,P2,and P3).Treatments were:Control(CON),basal diet with fish meal 4%,2%,and 1%,poultry meal 10%,8%,and 4%,and blood plasma 4%,2%,and 1%for P1,P2,and P3,respectively;basal diet with soy protein concentrate(SPC),enzyme-treated soybean meal(ESB),fermented soybean meal with Lactobacillus(FSBL),and fermented soybean meal with Bacillus(FSBB),replacing 1/3,2/3,and 3/3 of animal protein supplements for P1,P2,and P3,*** were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS *** The SPC did not affect the BW,ADG,and G:F,whereas it tended to reduce(P=0.094)the ADFI and tended to increase(P=0.091)crypt cell *** ESM did not affect BW,ADG,ADFI,and G:F,whereas tended to decrease(P=0.098)protein carbonyl in jejunal *** FSBL decreased(P<0.05)BW and ADG,increased(P<0.05)TNF-α,and Klebsiella and tended to increase MDA(P=0.065)and IgG(P=0.089)in jejunal *** FSBB tended to increase(P=0.073)TNF-α,increased(P<0.05)Clostridium and decreased(P<0.05)Achromobacter and alpha diversity of microbiota in jejunal *** Soy protein concentrate,enzyme-treated soybean meal,and fermented soybean meal with Bacillus could reduce the use of animal protein supplements up to 33%until 7 kg body weight,up to 67%from 7 to 11 kg body weight,and entirely from 11 kg body weight without affecting the intestinal health and the growth performance of nursery *** soybean meal with

关键词： Enzyme-treated soybean meal Fermented soybean meal Intestinal health Nursery pigs Soy protein concentrate

Impacts of energy feeds and supplemental protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health of pigs from 18 to 45 kg body weight

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Animal Nutrition 2017年第4期3卷 359-365页

作者： Hongyu Chen Shihai Zhang Inkyung Park sung woo kim Department of Animal Science North Carolina State University

A total of 144 pigs with 18.4 ± 2.3 kg initial body weight(BW) at 6 wk of age were used in a 40-d trial to evaluate effects of protease(300,000 U/kg feed, BioResource International Inc., Durham, NC, USA) on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility(AID) of nutrients, and gut health of pigs fed diets with sorghum. Pigs were randomly allotted to 4 treatments(12 pens per treatment, 3 pigs per pen) in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement(corn or sorghum basal diets, and 0 or 0.05% protease as 2 factors) with sex and initial BW as blocks. Experimental period had phase 1(d 1 to 21) and phase 2(d 22 to 40). About 65%(phase 1) and 72%(phase 2) of cereal grains were used in corn or sorghum based diets. Both grains were ground to 400 μm. Body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly. On d 35, serum was collected to quantify tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-a) and malondialdehyde(MDA). Titanium dioxide(0.3%) was added as an indigestible marker for an additional 4 d feeding. On d 40, 32 pigs(8 pigs per treatment)were euthanized to collect digesta from jejunum and ileum(for viscosity and AID), tissues(for morphology) and mucosa samples(for TNF-α and MDA) from duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Replacing corn with sorghum in the diet increased(P < 0.05) overall average daily gain(from 756 to 787 g/day) and average daily feed intake(from 1,374 to 1,473 g/day), reduced(P < 0.05) overall gain:feed ratio(from0.553 to 0.537), and did not affect AID. Pigs fed diets with sorghum had lower(P < 0.05) MDA content in serum(from 14.61 to 6.48 μmol/L) and jejunum(from 1.42 to 0.91 μmol/g protein), and reduced(P < 0.05) villus height(from 492 to 396 μm) and crypt depth(from 310 to 257 μm) in jejunum. Dietary protease improved(P < 0.05) AID of crude protein(from 81.8% to 86.0%), decreased MDA level(from 1.20 to 0.98 μmol/g protein) in duodenum, and increased(P < 0.05) the ratio of villus height to crypt depth(from 1.08 to 1.21) in duodenum. Overall, use of sorghum fully replacing corn in diets could b

关键词： Growth performance Gut health Pigs Protease Sorghum

Investigation of the nutritional and functional roles of a combinational use of xylanase and β-glucanase on intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2024年第5期15卷 1932-1950页

作者： Hyunjun Choi Yesid Garavito Duarte Guilherme A.M.Pasquali sung woo kim Department of Animal Science North Carolina State University116 Polk HallCampus Box 7621RaleighNC 27695USA BASF SE Ludwigshafen 67056Germany

Background Xylanase andβ-glucanase combination(XG)hydrolyzes soluble non-starch polysaccharides that are anti-nutritional *** study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of XG on intestinal health and growth performance of nursery *** Forty pigs(6.5±0.4 kg)were assigned to 5 dietary treatments and fed for 35 d in 3 phases(11,9,and 15 d,respectively).Basal diets mainly included corn,soybean meal,and corn distiller's dried grains with solubles,contained phytase(750 FTU/kg),and were supplemented with 5 levels of XG at(1)0,(2)280 TXU/kg xylanase and 125 TGU/kgβ-glucanase,(3)560 and 250,(4)840 and 375,or(5)1,120 and 500,*** performance was *** d 35,all pigs were euthanized and jejunal mucosa,jejunal digesta,jejunal tissues,and ileal digesta were collected to determine the effects of increasing XG levels and XG intake on intestinal *** Increasing XG intake tended to quadratically decrease(P=0.059)viscosity of jejunal digesta(min:1.74 m Pa·s at 751/335(TXU/TGU)/kg).Increasing levels of XG quadratically decreased(P<0.05)Prevotellaceae(min:0.6%at 630/281(TXU/TGU)/kg)in the jejunal *** XG intake quadratically increased(P<0.05)Lactobacillaceae(max:40.3%at 608/271(TXU/TGU)/kg)in the jejunal *** XG intake quadratically decreased(P<0.05)Helicobacteraceae(min:1.6%at 560/250(TXU/TGU)/kg)in the jejunal *** levels of XG tended to linearly decrease(P=0.073)jejunal Ig G and tended to quadratically increase(P=0.085)jejunal villus height to crypt depth ratio(max:2.62 at 560/250(TXU/TGU)/kg).Increasing XG intake tended to linearly increase the apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter(P=0.087)and ether extract(P=0.065).Increasing XG intake linearly increased(P<0.05)average daily *** A combinational use of xylanase andβ-glucanase would hydrolyze the non-starch polysaccharides fractions,positively modulating the jejunal mucosa-associated *** intake of

关键词： Glucanase Growth performance Intestinal health Nursery pigs Xylanase

Impacts of weaning age on dietary needs of whey permeate for pigs at 7 to 11 kg body weight

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2022年第2期13卷 593-600页

作者： Ki Beom Jang Marcos Elias Duarte Jerry M.Purvis sung woo kim Department of Animal Science North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC 27695USA N.G.Purvis Farm Inc RobbinsNC 27325USA.

Background:Whey permeate is an effective lactose source for nursery pigs and the most benefits are obtained when pigs are at 7 to 11 kg *** weaning ages could cause different length of early-weaner phases until 7 kg BW and thus it would influence the dietary need of whey permeate during 7 to 11 kg BW of *** study aimed to evaluate if weaning ages would affect the dietary needs of whey permeate for optimum growth performance of pigs at 7 to 11 kg ***:A total of 1,632 pigs were weaned at d 21(d 21.2±1.3)or d 25(d 24.6±1.1)after *** pigs had a common early-weaner feeds until they reached 7 kg *** pigs reached 7 kg BW within a weaning age group,they were allotted in a randomized complete block design(2×4 factorial).Two factors were weaning age groups(21 and 25 d of age)and varying whey permeate levels(7.50%,11.25%,15.00%,and 18.75%).Data were analyzed using the GLM and NLIN procedures of SAS for slope-ratio and broken-line analyses to determine the growth response to whey permeate and optimal daily whey permeate intake for the growth of the pigs weaned at different ***:Pigs weaned at 21 d of age had a common diet for 11 d to reach 7 kg BW whereas pigs weaned at 25 d of age needed 2 *** G:F of pigs weaned at 25 d of age responded to increased daily whey permeate intake greater(P<0.05)than pigs weaned at 21 d of *** were obtained(P<0.05)at 88 and 60 g/d daily whey permeate intake or 17.0%and 14.4%of whey permeate for G:F of pigs weaned at 21 and 25 d of age,***:Pigs weaned at an older age with a short early-weaner phase had a greater growth response to whey permeate intake compared with pigs weaned at a younger age with a long early-weaner *** weaning ages affected dietary needs of whey permeate for optimum growth performance of pigs from 7 to 11 kg BW.

关键词： Growth performance Nursery pigs Weaning age Whey permeate