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Decadal trends in precipitable water vapor over the Indus River Basin using ERA5 reanalysis data

Journal of Mountain Science 2023年第10期20卷 2928-2945页

作者： Seema RANI Jyotsna singh subhash singh Purushottam TIWARI Suraj MAL Department of Geography Institute of ScienceBanaras Hindu UniversityUttar Pradesh 221005India Department of Geography Shaheed Bhagat Singh CollegeUniversity of DelhiNew Delhi 110017India Center for the Study of Regional Development Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiDelhi 11oo6zIndia

Precipitable Water Vapor(PWV)constitutes a pivotal parameter within the domains of atmospheric science,and remote sensing due to its profound influence on Earth’s climate dynamics and weather *** exerts a significant impact on atmospheric stability absorption and emission of radiation,thus engendering alterations in the Earth’s radiative *** such,precise quantification of PWV holds the potential to enhance weather prognostication and fortify preparedness against severe meteorological *** study aimed to elucidate the spatial and temporal changes in seasonal and annual PWV across the Indus River Basin and its sub-basins using ERA5 reanalysis *** present study used ERA5 PWV(entire atmospheric column),air temperature at 2 m(t2m)and 500 hPa(T_500hPa),evapotranspiration,and total cloud cover data from 1960 to *** Sen slope estimator and Mann-Kendall test were used for trend *** and multiple regression methods were used to understand the association of PWV with other *** findings have unveiled the highest increase in mean PWV during the monsoon(0.40 mm/decade),followed by premonsoon(0.37 mm/decade),post-monsoon(0.27 mm/decade),and winter(0.19 mm/decade)throughout the study ***,the mean PWV exhibited the most pronounced positive trend in the sub-basin Lower Indus(LI),followed by Panjnad(P),Kabul(K),and Upper Indus(UI)across all seasons,except *** PWV has also risen in the Indus basin and its sub-basins over the last six *** exhibits a consistent upward trend up to an elevation of 3500 m within the basin which is most pronounced during the monsoon season,followed by the *** escalating PWV within the basin is reasonably ascribed to increasing air temperatures,augmented evapotranspiration,and heightened cloud *** findings hold potential utility for pertinent authorities engaged in water resource management and planning.

关键词： Himalaya Precipitable Water Vapor Indus River Basin Atmosphere Climate Change ERA5 Reanalysis data

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The role and significance of Magnesium in modern day research-A review

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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2022年第1期10卷 1-65页

作者： S V Satya Prasad S B Prasad Kartikey Verma Raghvendra Kumar Mishra Vikas Kumar subhash singh Department of Production and Industrial Engineering National Institute of Technology JamshedpurJharkhand831014India Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of TechnologyKanpur208016India Enhanced Composites and Structures Center School of AerospaceTransport and ManufacturingCranfield UniversityBedfordshire MK43 OALUK Department of Automotive Technology Mechanical Department DivisionFederal TVET instituteAddis AbabaEthiopia

Magnesium is one of the largely available elements in the earth’s crust. It has a low structural density with high specific strength. This unique material property has forced an increase in the use of magnesium and its alloys in various applications pertaining to industrial sector,automobiles, aerospace and biomedical. Since magnesium is a highly reactive metal, it is prone to higher rate of corrosion as compared to its counterparts. Thus, it is essential to analyze the corrosion behavior of magnesium and its alloys in its applications. An appropriate process is to be followed in the design and development of magnesium alloys which overcome the limitations of magnesium and enhance the desired material properties in accordance to their applications. This review paper summarizes the importance of magnesium and its material properties. The influence of various alloying elements on the mechanical properties of magnesium is reviewed. The broad classification of Mg alloys and their behavioral trends are detailed. The corrosion behavior of magnesium and the influence of corrosion products on the material characteristics of magnesium, in aqueous medium, are discussed. The manufacturing techniques of magnesium alloys along with the secondary techniques are also covered. The various applications and the limitations of magnesium in these applications are covered. A complete section is dedicated towards detailing the recent trends of magnesium(Mg) alloys, i.e., the biodegradable nature and applications of Mg alloys. The influence of biocorrosion on Mg alloys and techniques to overcome it have been deliberated. This paper provides a thorough review on recent developments of magnesium with respect to engineering applications.

关键词： Magnesium alloys Biodegradable alloys Magnesium corrosion Biocorrosion

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Spectral absorption control of femtosecond laser-treated metals and application in solar-thermal devices

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Light(Science & Applications) 2020年第1期9卷 1851-1859页

作者： Sohail A.Jalil Bo Lai Mohamed ElKabbash Jihua Zhang Erik M.Garcell subhash singh Chunlei Guo The Institute of Optics University of RochesterRochesterNY 14627USA These authors contributed equally:Sohail A.JalilBo Lai

Direct femtosecond(fs)laser processing is a maskless fabrication technique that can effectively modify the optical,electrical,mechanical,and tribological properties of materials for a wide range of potential ***,the eventual implementation of fs-laser-treated surfaces in actual devices remains challenging because it is difficult to precisely control the surface *** studies of the morphological control of fs-laser-processed surfaces mostly focused on enhancing the uniformity of periodic ***,guided by the plasmon hybridisation model,we control the morphology of surface nanostructures to obtain more control over spectral light *** experimentally demonstrate spectral control of a variety of metals[copper(Cu),aluminium(Al),steel and tungsten(W)],resulting in the creation of broadband light absorbers and selective solar absorbers(SSAs).For the first time,we demonstrate that fs-laser-produced surfaces can be used as high-temperature *** show that a tungsten selective solar absorber(W-SSA)exhibits excellent performance as a high-temperature solar *** integrated into a solar thermoelectric generation(TEG)device,W-SSA provides a 130%increase in solar TEG efficiency compared to untreated W,which is commonly used as an intrinsic selective light absorber.

关键词： steel absorber metals

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SERS study on the synergistic effects of electric field enhancement and charge transfer in an Ag2S quantum dots/plasmonic bowtie nanoantenna composite system

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Photonics Research 2020年第4期8卷 548-563页

作者： BIN WANG CHEN ZHAO HUANYU LU TINGTING ZOU subhash C.singh ZHI YU CHAONAN YAO XIN ZHENG JUN XING YUTING ZOU CUNZHU TONG WEILI YU BO ZHAO CHUNLEI GUO The Guo China-US Photonics Laboratory State Key Laboratory of Applied OpticsChangchun Institute of OpticsFine Mechanics and PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun 130033China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications Changchun Institute of OpticsFine Mechanics and PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun 130033China The Institute of Optics University of RochesterNew York 14627USA

Localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR)of nanostructures and the interfacial charge transfer(CT)of semiconductor materials play essential roles in the study of optical and photoelectronic *** this paper,a composite substrate of Ag2S quantum dots(QDs)coated plasmonic Au bowtie nanoantenna(BNA)arrays with a metalinsulator-metal(MIM)configuration was built to study the synergistic effect of LSPR and interfacial CT using surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)in the near-infrared(NIR)*** Au BNA array structure with a large enhancement of the localized electric field(E-field)strongly enhanced the Raman signal of adsorbed p-aminothiophenol(PATP)probe ***,the broad enhanced spectral region was achieved owing to the coupling of LSPR The as-prepared Au BNA array structure facilitated enhancements of the excitation as well as the emission of Raman signal simultaneously,which was established by finite-difference time-domain ***,Ag2S semiconductor QDs were introduced into the BNA/PATP system to further enhance Raman signals,which benefited from the interfacial CT resonance in the BNA/Ag2S-QDs/PATP *** a result,the Raman signals of PATP in the BNA/Ag2S-QDs/PATP system were strongly enhanced under 785 nm laser excitation due to the synergistic effect of E-field enhancement and interfacial ***,the SERS polarization dependence effeas of the BNA/Ag2S-QDs/PATP system were also *** SERS spectra indicated that the polarization dependence of the substrate increased with decreasing polarization angles(θpola)of excitation from p-polarized(θpola=90°)excitation to s-polarized(θpola=0°)*** study provides a strategy using the synergistic effect of interfacial CT and E-field enhancement for SERS applications and provides a guidance for the development of SERS study on semiconductor QD-based plasmonic substrates,and can be farther extended to other material-nanostructure systems for various optoelectron

关键词： SERS the synergistic effects electric field enhancement charge transfer an Ag2S quantum dots/plasmonic bowti

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Degradation of platinum electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation by lead contamination

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中国化学快报：英文版 2023年第2期34卷 610-612页

作者： Zihao Li Xianggui Zhou subhash singh Xiaoming Wei Chunlei Guo Weishan Li School of Physics and Optoelectronics South China University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510640China The Institute of Optics University of RochesterRochesterNew York 14627United States School of Chemistry South China Normal UniversityGuangzhou 510006China

Platinum exhibits high electrocatalytic activity toward various reactions but might be poisoned by some species. This communication reports a new finding that the electrocatalytic activity of platinum for methanol oxidation will be largely lost in a lead-contaminated environment. This activity loss is demonstrated in an electrochemical cell using a lead counter electrode for measuring the activity of platinum electrode towards methanol oxidation. The recorded methanol oxidation current in this cell is significantly decreased compared with that using a platinum counter electrode. The possible mechanism is related to the adsorption of trace lead ions from the lead counter electrode, as confirmed by comparing the calculated binding energies of platinum and lead ions with oxygen ion. This report is of great importance for reliably designing and efficiently managing direct methanol fuel cells, because trace lead might be present in various components in the fuel cell systems or in air and attention should be paid to its negative effect.

关键词： Activity degradation Platinum electrocatalyst Lead contamination Methanol oxidation Binding energy

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Laser-induced periodic surface structured electrodes with 45% energy saving in electrochemical fuel generation through field localization

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Opto-Electronic Advances 2022年第11期5卷 29-44页

作者： Chaudry Sajed Saraj subhash C.singh Gopal Verma Rahul A Rajan Wei Li Chunlei Guo GPL Photonics Lab State Key Laboratory of Applied OpticsChangchun Institute of OpticsFine Mechanics and PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun 130033China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(UCAS) Beijing 100049China The Institute of Optics University of RochesterRochesterNY 14627USA

Electrochemical oxidation/reduction of radicals is a green and environmentally friendly approach to generating *** reactions,however,suffer from sluggish kinetics due to a low local concentration of radicals around the electrocatalyst.A large applied electrode potential can enhance the fuel generation efficiency via enhancing the radical concentration around the electrocatalyst sites,but this comes at the cost of ***,we report about a~45%saving in energy to achieve an electrochemical hydrogen generation rate of 3×10^(16) molecules cm^(–2)s^(–1)(current density:10 mA/cm^(2))through localized electric field-induced enhancement in the reagent concentration(LEFIRC)at laser-induced periodic surface structured(LIPSS)*** finite element model is used to simulate the spatial distribution of the electric field to understand the effects of LIPSS geometric parameters in field *** the LIPSS patterned electrodes are used as substrates to support Pt/C and RuO_(2) electrocatalysts,the η_(10) overpotentials for HER and OER are decreased by 40.4 and 25%,***,the capability of the LIPSS-patterned electrodes to operate at significantly reduced energy is also demonstrated in a range of electrolytes,including alkaline,acidic,neutral,and ***,when two LIPSS patterned electrodes were assembled as the anode and cathode into a cell,it requires 330 mVs of lower electric potential with enhanced stability over a similar cell made of pristine electrodes to drive a current density of 10 mA/cm^(2).This work demonstrates a physical and versatile approach of electrode surface patterning to boost electrocatalytic fuel generation performance and can be applied to any metal and semiconductor catalysts for a range of electrochemical reactions.

关键词： electric field localization hotspot formation laser-induced periodic surface structures electrochemical fuel generation overall water splitting

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Chemical characteristics of trace metals in PM10 and their concentrated weighted trajectory analysis at Central Delhi,India

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2017年第5期29卷 184-196页

作者： subhash Chandra Monika J.Kulshrestha Ruchi singh Nahar singh CSIR-National Physical Laboratory New Delhi 110012 India. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR - National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL) Campus New Delhi 110012 India Present address: Shriram Institute for Industrial Research Delhi 110007 India.

Trace metals associated with PM10 aerosols and their variation during day and nighttime as well as during different seasons have been studied for the year 2012. PCA analysis suggested5 PCs,which accounted for 86.8% cumulative variance. PC1 accounted for 30% with a significant loading of metals of anthropogenic origin,while PC2 showed 28% variance with the loading of metals of crustal origin. These trace metals showed seasonal distinct day and night time characteristics. The concentrations of Cu,Pb,and Cd were found to be higher during nighttime in all the seasons. Only Fe was observed with significantly higher mean concentrations during daytime of all seasons except monsoon. The highest mean values of Cu,Cd,Zn,and Pb during post-monsoon might be attributed to winds advection over the regions of waste/biomass burning and industrial activities in Punjab and Haryana ***,concentration weighted trajectory analysis suggested that metals of crustal origin were contributed by long-range transport while metals of anthropogenic and industrial activities were contributed by regional/local source regions.

关键词： Trace metals Potential source regions Backward trajectory Principal component analysis

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Variations in body melanisation, ovariole number and fecundity in highland and lowland populations of Drosophila melanogaster from the Indian subcontinent

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Insect Science 2008年第6期15卷 553-561页

作者： subhash Rajpurohit Ravi Parkash Seema Ramniwas Shama singh Department of Biochemistry and Genetics Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak 124001 India

We investigated geographical variations in three fitness-related traits （body melanisation, ovariole number and fecundity） in laboratory-reared offspring of 10 populations of Drosophila melanogaster. The populations were collected from adjacent lowland and highland localities （-80-100 km apart） in the tropical as well as subtropical regions （11.15-31.06°N） covering a linear distance about 3 000 kilometers from south to north on the Indian subcontinent. Persistence of within- as well as between-population differences at 21 ℃ suggest that observed variations in fitness-related traits have a genetic basis. Populations from higher altitudes showed consistently higher trait values （1.4-fold increase） as compared with their corresponding lowland populations. By contrast, latitudinal variations were about two-fold higher across the entire continent. Along latitude as well as altitude, population means showed higher correlation values （r 〉 0.98） between all the three fitness traits. However, on the basis of within-population analysis （assorted darker and lighter flies）, changes in body melanisation were significantly correlated with fecundity but not with ovariole number. Thus, analysis of within-population trait variability should be preferred as compared with data on population means for adaptive significance of fitness-related traits. In the present study, the role of climatic selection is evident from regression analysis with changes in annual average temperature of the sites of origin of populations along latitude as well as altitude.

关键词： altitude body melanisation Drosophila melanogaster fecundity latitude ovariole number

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Thickness Dependent Physical Properties of Thermally Evaporated Nanocrystalline CdSe Thin Films

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2015年第10期28卷 1299-1304页

作者： Anuradha Purohit subhash Chander Satya Pal Nehra Mahendra singh Dhaka Department of Physics Mohanlal Sukhadia University Centre of Excellence for Energy and Environmental Studies Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology Microelectronics Research Center Iowa State University of Science and Technology

This paper presents a study on thickness dependent physical properties of cadmium selenide thin films. The films of thickness 445, 631 and 810 nm were deposited employing thermal evaporation technique on glass and ITO-coated glass substrates followed by thermal annealing in air atmosphere at 200 °C. These films were subjected to X-ray diffractometer, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and electrometer for structural, optical,surface morphological and electrical analysis respectively. The structural analysis reveals that the films are nanocrystalline in nature with cubic phase and preferred orientation（111）. The crystallographic parameters such as lattice constant, interplanar spacing, grain size, internal strain, dislocation density, number of crystallites per unit area and texture coefficient are calculated and discussed. The optical band gap is found in the range 1.75-1.92 e V and observed to increase with *** SEM study shows that the annealed films are uniform, fully covered and well defined. The electrical analysis shows that the conductivity is varied with film thickness and found within the order of semiconductor behavior.

关键词： Thin films X-ray diffraction Optical properties Electrical properties Evaporation

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Enhancement of Urinary Elimination of 3-Bromobenzanthrone Metabolites by Oral Supplementation of Ascorbic Acid in Guinea Pigs

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2004年第4期17卷 390-396页

作者： RAVINDRA P. singh RAJ KHANNA subhash K. KHANNA MUKUL DAS Department of Biochemistry Lucknow University Lucknow-226001Department of Biochemistry Lucknow University Lucknow-226001Food Toxicology Laboratory Industrial Toxicology Research Centre Postal Box No. 80 M. G. Marg Lucknow-226 001 IndiaFood Toxicology Laboratory Industrial Toxicology Research Centre Postal Box No. 80 M. G. Marg Lucknow-226 001 India

Objective 3-Bromobenzanthrone (3-BBA), an anthraquinone intermediate dye, is extensively used in textile industry. Since, our prior studies have shown that 3-BBA caused significant depletion of ascorbic acid (AsA) levels, the effect of exogenous supplementation of AsA on the urinary elimination of 3-BBA metabolites was investigated. Method Guinea pigs were treated with single oral dose of 3-BBA (50 mg/kg b. wt.) in groundnut oil while another group was treated with single oral dose of 3-BBA (50 mg/kg b. wt.) along with 3 day prior and post oral supplementation of AsA. Control groups were either treated with groundnut oil or AsA alone. Urine from individual animals was collected, extracted and analysed on HPTLC. Results The highest elimination of 3-BBA (75 mg) was found to be in 0-24 h urine fraction which decreased to 18 mg and 5 mg in the two subsequent 24 hourly fractions of urine. Exogenous supplementation of AsA increased the total urinary elimination of 3-BBA by almost 77%. A total of 10 fluorescent metabolites excluding the parent compound were eliminated in the urine of guinea pigs treated with 3-BBA. Densitometric scanning of chromatogram showed different peaks at Rf 0.18, 0.22, 0.27, 0.34, 0.40, 0.48, 0.56, 0.66, 0.72, 0.80, and 0.95 which were eliminated and marked as urinary metabolite 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 respectively. AsA not only significantly enhanced the elimination of 3-BBA metabolites but also modified the pattern of metabolites drastically in 0-6 h, 6-24 h and 24-48 h urine fractions. Conclusion These results indicate that AsA may be useful in protecting the toxicity of 3-BBA by fascilitating the urinary metabolite(s) excretion of 3-BBA.

关键词： Ascorbic acid 3-Bromobenzanthrone Metabolites High performance thin layer chromatography

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