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Biochar improves diary pasture yields by alleviating P and K constraints with no influence on soil respiration or N2O emissions

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Biochar 2019年第1期1卷 115-126页

作者： Lukas van Zwieten stephen Kimber stephen Morris Lynne M.Macdonald Josh Rust Scott Petty stephen joseph Terry Rose NSW Department of Primary Industries 1243 Bruxner HighwayWollongbar 2477NSWAustralia CSIRO Land and Water Agriculture and Food/Sustainable Agricultural Flagship UrrbraeSA 5064Australia School of Materials Science and Engineering University of New South WalesKensington 2033NSWAustralia Southern Cross Plant Science Southern Cross UniversityLismore 2480NSWAustralia Centre for Organics Research Southern Cross UniversityLismore 2480NSWAustralia

Dairy pastures can be a major source of soil nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)emissions due to the combination of intensive nitrogen(N)fertiliser use and high soil water content,from either rainfall and/or irrigation.Biochar application is a promising approach to lower soil greenhouse gas emissions,particularly under high soil moisture conditions where denitrification is the primary N-transformation pathway.In a replicated field trial,we evaluated the effects of two contrasting biochars derived from poul-try litter and from hardwood on soil N_(2)O emissions,soil ammonium(NH4^(+))and nitrate(NO3^(−))status,pasture productivity and herbage nutrient content.A liming treatment to mimic the liming equivalence of the poultry litter biochar was used to separate any effects observed from changes in soil pH.To further separate the effects of biochars on soil N status,N_(2)O emissions and pasture N uptake,high and low N fertiliser doses(annual application of 672 kg N ha^(−1),336 kg N ha^(−1))were superimposed across all of the treatments.The N fertiliser dose had no significant impact on pasture yield.Application of poultry litter biochar resulted in significant increases in pasture productivity under both high and low N inputs.This was achieved by alleviating soil P,and possibly K nutritional constraints that are typical in Australian Ferralsols.Under the high N fertiliser dose,emissions of N_(2)O from the treatments and control were not significantly different(p>0.05)and ranged between 1.14 and 1.78 kg N_(2)O-N ha^(−1)across the 11-month study.The low N dose resulted in significantly lower emissions of N_(2)O of between 0.80 and 0.84 kg N_(2)O-N ha^(−1),but biochar had no significant effect on net emissions across the season.The lack of impact of biochar on N_(2)O emissions was attributed to the relatively dry conditions over the trial period resulting in nitrification being the most likely N-transformation pathway.During brief episodes of high soil moisture,peak emissions from the biochar plots were lower than from the control or l

关键词： Ferralsol Autochamber methodology Nitrification Urea Lime Poultry litter biochar Hardwood biochar Emission intensity

Factors in fluencing farmers' participation in crop intensification program in Rwanda

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2017年第6期16卷 1406-1416页

作者： Alphonse Nahayo Morris O.Omondi ZHANG Xu-hui LI Lian-qing PAN Gen-xing stephen joseph Institute of Resources Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 P.R. China College of Agriculture Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine University of Rwanda Musanze P. O. Box 210 Rwanda University of New South Wales School of Material Science and Engineering Sydney NSW 2052 Australia

The crop intensification program（CIP）was introduced in Rwanda in 2007 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources（MINAGRI）,Rwanda,as a solution to the land fragmentation,low use of agricultural inputs and low access to extension services.However,due to the voluntary nature of farmers’participation and their reluctance to participate,this study aimed at assessing the factors that influence their participation.Data were collected from 340 respondents through a household survey in Mayange and Rusarabuye sectors.Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression model were used to analyze the data.Results show that the factors that significantly influenced the farmers’participation in the CIP include gender,non-farm income,farmland size,farming experience,land acquisition means,market access,trust and agro-ecological conditions.In fact,the non-farm income significantly increased the farmers’decisions to participate in the CIP（P〈0.001）as it eases the financial capital needed to invest in the CIP activities.On the land acquisition means,the farmers who inherited or bought the land positively and significantly participated in the CIP（P〈0.05）because they had the land tenure security.However,the participation in the CIP was hindered by inadequate irrigation and mechanization facilities,lack of farmers’participation in the CIP planning process,inadequate extension services,inadequate agricultural inputs and inadequate post-harvest technologies.Closer collaboration between farmers,local leaders,extension agents and agricultural service providers as well as the farmers’practical skills in irrigation and mechanization could enhance the participation to the program.Therefore,there is a need on the part of policymakers to empower farmers with adequate knowledge on better cropping practices and agricultural technologies through appropriate extension services and bottom-up based program.

关键词： chemical fertilizers crop intensification program extension services improved seeds post-harvest techniques institutional factors socio-economic factors constraints

三种生物质热解醋液矿物质和有机质组成及其辣椒叶面喷施效应

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农业资源与环境学报 2024年

作者：景俊丽陈硕桐王燕赵正刘成刘志伟夏少攀卞荣军刘晓雨程琨张旭辉李恋卿郑聚锋 DROSOS Marios joseph stephen 潘根兴江苏省有机固体废弃物资源化协同创新中心南京农业大学农业资源与生态环境研究所新南威尔士大学材料科学与工程学院巴斯利卡塔大学农业·森林·食物及环境科学学院

为了解生物质热解醋液的无机与有机组成特点及其叶面喷施对蔬菜生长和品质的影响，探讨其组成及作物效应变化与不同原料和热解工艺的可能联系。本研究选择苹果枝条、玉米秸秆和稻壳等三种农业废弃物炭化工程的热解醋液，分析其基本物质... 详细信息

为了解生物质热解醋液的无机与有机组成特点及其叶面喷施对蔬菜生长和品质的影响，探讨其组成及作物效应变化与不同原料和热解工艺的可能联系。本研究选择苹果枝条、玉米秸秆和稻壳等三种农业废弃物炭化工程的热解醋液，分析其基本物质组成性质及可溶性有机质（DOM）含量，并采用提取-浓缩- GC-MS分析法研究供试醋液主要有机分子组成，继而以其为载体分别配制叶面液体肥料，进行辣椒田间试验。设置对照（清水，CK）、市售常规液体肥料（WSF）、稻壳醋液炭基液体肥料（RF）、玉米秸秆醋液炭基液体肥料（CF）和苹果枝条醋液炭基液体肥料（AF）等5个喷施处理，采集成熟辣椒测定植物生长和品质指标。结果表明：三种热解醋液的水溶性有机质均以有机酸、酚类物质为主，同时含有少量酮类、醛类和酯类等物质。其中，苹果醋液含有机酸量最大，稻壳醋液含酚类最多。不同液体肥料喷施处理均能促进辣椒生长和改善辣椒品质。与CK相比，炭基液体肥喷施辣椒平均增产达35%以上。其中AF处理效果最优，其次是CF、RF和WSF处理。AF显著提高了辣椒坐果数、叶面积和SPAD值，增幅分别为55%、27%和20%；各处理下辣椒果长、果径均显著增加，AF处理下增幅均在20%以上。不同液体肥料喷施均显著增加了（平均增幅约20%）辣椒可溶性糖和辣椒素含量，并提高了可溶性蛋白含量（增幅约5%）；AF处理下各品质指标提升幅度在6%～30%之间，辣椒增产达62%。热解醋液液体肥对辣椒的增产提质效应与热解醋液中微量矿质元素有关，也与小分子有机酸和抗氧化酚类物质含量有关，其分子过程和分子机理仍需要进一步研究。

关键词：热解醋液分子组成辣椒蔬菜生产叶面肥产量与品质

Influences of Biochar and Biochar-Mineral Complex on Mycorrhizal Colonisation and Nutrition of Wheat and Sorghum

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Pedosphere 2015年第5期25卷 686-695页

作者： Paul BLACKWELL stephen joseph Paul MUNROE Hossain M.ANAWAR Paul STORER Robert J.GILKES Zakaria M.SOLAIMAN Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia Geraldton Regional Office School of Materials Science and Engineering University of New South WalesSydney Discipline of Chemistry University of Newcastle University of Wollongong School of Earth and Environment and UWA Institute of Agriculture The University of Western Australia Australian Mineral Fertilisers Pty Ltd. Soil Biology and Molecular Ecology Group School of Earth and Environment and UWA Institute of AgricultureThe University of Western Australia

The high price of synthetic fertilisers and the price barrier for biochar as a soil amendment have encouraged the exploration of using biochar in fertiliser replacement formulations. Biochars coupled with fertilisers can be applied at lower application rates to achieve benefits in plant growth and nutrition, as well as soil biological fertility. It is necessary to evaluate the use of biochar as a fertiliser substitute. Therefore, this study investigated the comparative influences of biochars, including Acacia saligna(AS), Simcoa jarrah(SJ) and Wundowie jarrah(WJ), mineral fertiliser with microbes(MF + M), biochar-mineral complex(BMC) and their combination on mycorrhizal colonisation, growth and nutrition of wheat in a glasshouse experiment and sorghum in field conditions. BMC + MF +M treatment produced higher mycorrhizal colonisation than MF + M alone, indicating that BMC had a significant role in increasing mycorrhizal colonisation. SJ(treated with acetic acid) and MF + M treatments, as well as AS + MF + M application, showed similar effects on mycorrhizal colonisation, but lower colonisation than the BMC + MF + M treatment. Overall, the BMC + MF + M treatment supported the maximum shoot, root and total plant dry weight followed by AS + MF + M and WJ + MF + M. The MF+ M treatment had the maximum shoot N and K concentrations, while BMC + MF + M application had the maximum shoot P concentration. AS + MF + M and WJ + MF + M treatments supported the maximum N uptake by wheat shoots, while BMC + MF+ M supported the maximum P uptake. The results showed that biochars and BMCs could increase mycorrhizal colonisation, plant growth and nutrient uptake of wheat, particularly N, P, K, S and Zn. The field experiment confirmed that BMC application at a rate of 300 kg ha-1could increase the yield of irrigated sorghum on a loam soil and provide better applied P use efficiency compared to a water-soluble fertiliser alone. These results indicated that biochar-based fertilisers might increase the resilience and sustainability of d

关键词：生物矿物小麦生长生物炭菌根营养高粱复合物可持续发展能力

Effects of Enriched Biochars Containing Magnetic Iron Nanoparticles on Mycorrhizal Colonisation,Plant Growth,Nutrient Uptake and Soil Quality Improvement

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Pedosphere 2015年第5期25卷 749-760页

作者： stephen joseph Hossain M.ANAWAR Paul STORER Paul BLACKWELL Chee CHIA Yun LIN Paul MUNROE Scott DONNE Josip HORVAT Jianli WANG Zakaria M.SOLAIMAN School of Materials Science and Engineering University of New South WalesSydney Discipline of Chemistry University of Newcastle Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials and School of Physics University of Wollongong Soil Biology and Molecular Ecology Group School of Earth and Environment (M087) and UWA Institute of AgricultureFaculty of ScienceThe University of Western Australia Australian Mineral Fertilisers Pty Ltd. Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia Geraldton Regional Office Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials University of Wollongong

At present, there is little commercial sale of biochar, since farmers find they can not gain a return on their investment in this amendment in the first few years after its application, because of the high cost associated with large application rates. To overcome this constraint, development of artificially aged enriched biochar-mineral complexes(BMCs), having a higher mineral content, surface functionality, exchangeable cations, high concentration of magnetic iron(Fe) nanoparticles, and higher water-extractable organic compounds has been undertaken by a combined team of researchers and a commercial company. Two biochars produced under different pyrolysis conditions were activated with a phosphoric acid treatment. A mixture of clay, chicken litter, and minerals were added to the biochar, and then this composite was torrefied at either 180 or 220?C. In this study a pot experiment was carried out in glasshouse conditions to determine the effects of four different BMCs, with different formulations applied at rates of 100 and 200 kg ha-1, on the mycorrhizal colonisation, wheat growth and nutrient uptake, and soil quality improvement. It was found that the phosphorus(P) and nitrogen uptake in wheat shoots were significantly greater for a low application rate of BMCs(100 kg ha-1). The present formulation of BMC was effective in enhancing growth of wheat at low application rate(100 kg ha-1). The increase in growth appeared due to an increase in P uptake in the plants that could be partly attributed to an increase in mycorrhizal colonisation and partly due to the properties of the BMC.

关键词：养分吸收植物生长土壤质量生物炭磁性纳米粒子菌根矿物质含量小麦生长

Developing More Effective Enhanced Biochar Fertilisers for Improvement of Pepper Yield and Quality

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Pedosphere 2015年第5期25卷 703-712页

作者： YAO Chunxue stephen joseph LI Lianqing PAN Genxing Yun LIN Paul MUNROE Ben PACE Sarasadat TAHERYMOOSAVI Lukas VAN ZWIETEN Torsten THOMAS Shaun NIELSEN Jun YE Scott DONNE Institute of Resources Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture Nanjing Agricultural University Discipline of Chemistry University of Newcastle School of Materials Science and Engineering University of New South Wales New South Wales Department of Primary Industries School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences & Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation University of New South Wales

Utilization of biochar at high application rates can increase soil C and crop yields, decrease greenhouse gas emissions and reduce nutrient run-off from soils. However, the high application rate of 10 t ha-1may not return a profit to the farmer due to the high cost of biochar. In this study biochar was modified through pre-treating the biomass and post-treating with phosphoric acid, minerals and different chemical fertilisers to study the effects of two new enhanced biochar fertilisers on the yield and quality of green pepper in a field experiment with 5 fertilisation treatments and 3 replications. The two new biochar fertilisers significantly(P < 0.05) increased the yield of green pepper(11.33–11.47 t ha-1), compared with the conventional chemical fertiliser(9.72 t ha-1). The biochar fertiliser treatments improved the vitamin C content of green pepper from 236.99 to 278.28 mg kg-1, and also significantly(P < 0.05) reduced the nitrate content from 132.32 to 101.92 mg kg-1, compared with chemical fertiliser. This study indicated that, compared to the use of conventional chemical fertiliser, all of the biochar fertiliser treatments could significantly improve the yield and quality of green pepper.

关键词：作物产量生物肥料辣椒质量土壤养分流失温室气体排放量开发常规化肥

Feeding Biochar to Cows:An Innovative Solution for Improving Soil Fertility and Farm Productivity

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Pedosphere 2015年第5期25卷 666-679页

作者： stephen joseph Doug POW Kathy DAWSON David R.G.MITCHELL Aditya RAWAL James HOOK Sarasadat TAHERYMOOSAVI Lukas VAN ZWIETEN Joshua RUST Scott DONNE Paul MUNROE Ben PACE Ellen GRABER Torsten THOMAS Shaun NIELSEN Jun YE Yun LIN PAN Genxing LI Lianqing Zakaria M.SOLAIMAN Discipline of Chemistry University of Newcastle School of Materials Science and Engineering University of New South Wales Electron Microscopy Center AIIMUniversity of Wollongong Institute of Resources Ecosystem and Environment of AgricultureNanjing Agricultural University Marron Brook Farm Warren Catchments Council 52 Bath StManjimup 6258 (Australia) Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre University of New South Wales Wollongbar Primary Industries Institute NSW Department of Primary Industries Institute of Soil Water and Environmental SciencesThe Volcani CenterAgricultural Research Organization Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesThe University of New South Wales Soil Biology and Molecular Ecology Group School of Earth and Environment (M087)The University of Western Australia

Addition of biochar produced through thermal decomposition of biomass has been seen as a strategy to improve soils and to sequester carbon(C), but wide scale implementation of the technology requires to devise innovative profitable solutions. To develop biochar utilisation with an integrated system approach, an innovative program was implemented in 2012 on a 53-ha farm in Western Australia to determine the costs and benefits of integrating biochar with animal husbandry and improvement of pastures. Biochar was mixed with molasses and fed directly to cows. The dung-biochar mixture was incorporated into the soil profile by dung beetles.We studied the changes in soil properties over 3 years. Biochar extracted from fresh dung and from the soil to a depth of 40 cm was characterised. A preliminary financial analysis of the costs and benefits of this integrated approach was also undertaken. The preliminary investigation results suggested that this strategy was effective in improving soil properties and increasing returns to the farmer. It was also concluded that the biochar adsorbed nutrients from the cow's gut and from the dung. Dung beetles could transport this nutrient-rich biochar into the soil profile. There was little evidence that the recalcitrant component of the biochar was reduced through reactions inside the gut or on/in the soil. Further research is required to quantify the long-term impact of integrating biochar and dung beetles into the rearing of cows.

关键词：土壤肥力生物炭农业生产率创新喂牛土壤性质新鲜粪便生物利用

2024 Wheelchair Compendium of Physical Activities:An update of activity codes and energy expenditure values

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第1期13卷 18-23页

作者： Scott A.Conger stephen D.Herrmann Erik A.Willis Tom E.Nightingale joseph R.Sherman Barbara E.Ainsworth Department of Kinesiology Boise State UniversityBoiseID 83725USA Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research The University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160USA Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC 27599USA School of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirmingham AL B152TTUK Centre for Trauma Sciences Research University of BirminghamEdgbastonBirmingham AL B152TTUK College of Health Solutions Arizona State UniversityPhoenixAZ 85003USA School of Exercise and Health Shanghai University of SportShanghai 200438China

Purpose:This paper presents an update of the 2011 Wheelchair Compendium of Physical Activities designed for wheelchair users and is referred to as the 2024 Wheelchair Compendium.The Wheelchair Compendium aims to curate existing knowledge of the energy expenditure for wheelchair physical activities(PAs).Methods:A systematic review of the published energy expenditure of PA for wheelchair users was completed between 2011 and May 2023.We added these data to the 2011 Wheelchair Compendium data that was compiled previously in a systematic review through 2011.Results:A total of 47 studies were included,and 124 different wheelchair PA reported energy expenditure values ranging from 0.8 metabolic equivalents for wheelchair users(filing papers,light effort)to 11.8 metabolic equivalents for wheelchair users(Nordic sit skiing).Conclusion:In introducing the updated 2024 Wheelchair Compendium,we hope to bridge the resource gap and challenge the prevailing narratives that inadvertently exclude wheelchair users from physical fitness and health PAs.

关键词： Disability Exercise MET Mobility

The Opportunities and Challenges of Geotourism:A Case Study in Oldonyo Lengai in Tanzania

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地学前缘 2009年第S1期16卷 293-294页

作者： stephen joseph Nyagonde Constantine Deus Shirati College of Natural and Applied Science University of Dar es Salaam College of Arts and Social Science University of Dar es Salaam

Both geoparks and geosites are unique geological features of spectacular importance to earth science (global scientific importance) and the surrounding community.The Oldonyo Lengai(The God for the Maasai people and un... 详细信息

关键词： Oldonyo Lengai geotourism opportuneities and challenges