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First 150 years of catatonia:Looking back at its complicated history and forward to the road ahead

World Journal of Psychiatry 2024年第5期14卷 600-606页

作者： Levente Csihi Gabor S Ungvari stanley N Caroff Gábor Gazdag Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation Jahn Ferenc South Pest HospitalBudapest 1204Hungary Division of Psychiatry School of MedicineUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawley 6009Western AustraliaAustralia Section of Psychiatry University of Notre DameFremantle 6160Western AustraliaAustralia Behavioral Health Service Corporal Michael J CresenczVeterans Affairs Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPA 19104United States Department of Psychiatry University of PennsylvaniaPerelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPA 19104United States Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Faculty of MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapest 1083Hungary

Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum(1828-1899)was the first to conceptualize and describe the main clinical features of a novel psychiatric illness,which he termed catatonia in his groundbreaking monograph published 150 years *** Kahlbaum postulated catatonia as a separate disease entity characterized by psychomotor symptoms and a cyclical course,a close examination of his 26 cases reveals that most of them presented with motor symptom complexes or syndromes associated with various psychiatric and medical *** his classification system,Kraepelin categorized catatonic motor symptoms that occur in combination with psychotic symptoms and typically have a poor prognosis within his dementia praecox(schizophrenia)disease *** of the substantial influence of Kraepelin’s classification,catatonia was predominantly perceived as a component of schizophrenia for most of the 20th ***,with the advent of the psychopharmacotherapy era starting from the early 1950s,interest in catatonia in both clinical practice and research subsided until the early *** past two decades have witnessed a resurgence of interest in *** Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition,marked a paradigmatic shift by acknowledging that catatonia can occur secondary to various psychiatric and medical *** introduction of an independent diagnostic category termed“Catatonia Not Otherwise Specified”significantly stimulated research in this *** authors briefly review the history and findings of recent catatonia research and highlight promising directions for future exploration.

关键词： Catatonia Historical overview Psychopharmacology Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school

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Layer chicken microbiota:a comprehensive analysis of spatial and temporal dynamics across all major gut sections

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2024年第3期15卷 1056-1070页

作者： Yadav Sharma Bajagai Thi Thu Hao Van Nitish Joat Kapil Chousalkar Robert J.Moore Dragana stanley Institute for Future Farming Systems Central Queensland UniversityRockhamptonQLD 4701Australia School of Science RMIT UniversityBundooraVIC 3083Australia School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences The University of AdelaideRoseworthySouth Australia 5371Australia

Background The gut microbiota influences chicken health,welfare,and productivity.A diverse and balanced microbiota has been associated with improved growth,efficient feed utilisation,a well-developed immune system,disease resistance,and stress tolerance in *** studies on chicken gut microbiota have predominantly focused on broiler chickens and have usually been limited to one or two sections of the digestive system,under con-trolled research environments,and often sampled at a single time *** extend these studies,this investigation examined the microbiota of commercially raised layer chickens across all major gut sections of the digestive system and with regular sampling from rearing to the end of production at 80 *** aim was to build a detailed picture of microbiota development across the entire digestive system of layer chickens and study spatial and temporal *** The taxonomic composition of gut microbiota differed significantly between birds in the rearing and pro-duction stages,indicating a shift after laying *** microbiota compositions were observed between proven-triculus and gizzard,as well as between jejunum and ileum,likely due to their anatomical ***-lus dominated the upper gut in pullets and the lower gut in older *** oesophagus had a high proportion of Proteobacteria,including opportunistic pathogens such as *** abundance of Gallibacterium increased after peak production in multiple gut *** was enriched in the late-lay phase compared to younger birds in multiple gut *** influenced microbial richness and diversity in different *** upper gut showed decreased diversity over time,possibly influenced by dietary changes,while the lower gut,specifi-cally cecum and colon,displayed increased richness as birds ***,age-related changes were inconsist-ent across all organs,suggesting the influence of organ-specific factors in micro

关键词： Chicken microbiota Gut microbiota Layers Spatial variation Temporal variation

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A Critical Assessment of Professor Todd Ryan’s, “Philo on the ‘Incomprehensible Nature of the Supreme Being’ in Dialogues 2”

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Philosophy Study 2024年第2期14卷 91-96页

作者： stanley Tweyman York University TorontoCanada

I begin my comments by acknowledging that Professor Ryan is correct when he states early in his paper that Philo makes common cause with Demea by arguing that philosophical reflection can yield no knowledge of the nature or essence of the divine being. Ryan asserts that Philo’s defense of this claim, as set out in the third and fourth paragraphs in Part 2, has not received the attention it deserves from commentators. This, according to Ryan, is surprising, since, if Philo is successful here, he will have effectively shut down the project of natural theology, before it can even begin. Ryan goes further, citing my work, Scepticism and Belief in Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986) to say that Philo’s challenge receives no direct answer from Cleanthes. Instead, Cleanthes proceeds directly to formulate his version of the Argument from Design. Ryan concludes his introductory remarks by asserting that, in these two paragraphs, Philo offers not one, but two, distinct arguments for the conclusion that we can achieve no strictly philosophical knowledge of the nature of God. He then proceeds to flesh out these two arguments, and attempts to show that neither of Philo’s objections is ultimately telling against Cleanthes’ experimental natural theology.

关键词： strictly Clean neither

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失落的佩特拉是什么让比肩罗马的文明一夜瓦解？

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环球人文地理 2024年第17期 26-35页

作者： Sara 陈曦stanley 秋也流浪记健忘的行摄世界 unsplash 约旦旅游局

这是一座建立在沙漠中的城市，引洪水灌溉出一片绿洲;这是一处失落的文明，曾经诞生了超越雅典、比肩罗马的帝国;这是一朵岩石打造的玫瑰，洪水杀不死，又在黄沙中重现……在约旦哈西姆王国南部的峡谷中，有一座神秘的城市——佩特拉。...

这是一座建立在沙漠中的城市，引洪水灌溉出一片绿洲;这是一处失落的文明，曾经诞生了超越雅典、比肩罗马的帝国;这是一朵岩石打造的玫瑰，洪水杀不死，又在黄沙中重现……在约旦哈西姆王国南部的峡谷中，有一座神秘的城市——佩特拉。它被诗人伯根赞颂为“一道举世无双的东方奇观，一座与时间并驾齐驱的玫瑰古城”。

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渴！渴！渴！墨西哥城即将用光最后一滴水！

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环球人文地理 2024年第11期 46-55页

作者：方小白陈曦stanley ulrikestein 欧德立 Alex Wolf Leonardo fforriol

2024年春夏之交，“干渴的墨西哥城”频繁作为主角，登上其他国家的新闻：“约2100万居民面临缺水”“零日即将到来！或用光最后一滴水”“谁来给墨西哥城解渴”……电视上接受采访的墨城居民无不忧心忡忡。或许他们并不知道，此时此刻...

2024年春夏之交，“干渴的墨西哥城”频繁作为主角，登上其他国家的新闻：“约2100万居民面临缺水”“零日即将到来！或用光最后一滴水”“谁来给墨西哥城解渴”……电视上接受采访的墨城居民无不忧心忡忡。或许他们并不知道，此时此刻整个城市如此缺水，跟他们祖先之间的一场战争有关，也跟一场“杀湖案”有关—为了扩大居住面积，墨城人花几百年时间排光了一个巨湖的水，“杀死”了湖，利用湖底平整的土地建起了伟大的墨西哥城。

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Knowledge of Risk Factors for Hypertension among University Students in Northwestern Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2024年第3期14卷 471-479页

作者： Peter Masikini Irene Constantine stanley Mwita Department of Internal Medicine Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences Mwanza Tanzania Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences Mwanza Tanzania

Introduction: Obesity, excessive alcohol use, cigarette smoking, a lack of physical activity, stress, and an unhealthy diet are modifiable risk factors linked to hypertension. Non-modifiable risk factors for hypertension include older age and a family history of hypertension. The purpose of this study was to assess university students’ knowledge of hypertension risk factors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at St. Augustine University of Tanzania. A pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Out of a total score of eight, a score of four or more was considered good knowledge, and a score of less than four was considered poor. All sociodemographic characteristics were included in logistic regression to calculate the adjusted odds ratio. Results: A total of 390 undergraduate students participated in this study. Most of the participants 266 (68.2%) identified stress as a risk factor for hypertension. The median (IQR) knowledge score was 2 (2 - 3). Overall, only 43 (11.0%) of the participants had good knowledge of risk factors for hypertension. However, none of the sociodemographic factors were associated with a good level of knowledge of risk factors for hypertension. Conclusion: Our findings highlight poor knowledge of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for hypertension among university students in northwestern Tanzania. Only stress and older age were known by more than half of the students as risk factors for hypertension. To reduce the burden of hypertension, it is crucial for prevention and control programs to target improving university students’ knowledge of risk factors for hypertension.

关键词： Knowledge Risk Factors Hypertension University Students Tanzania

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Factors Affecting Cotrimoxazole Prophylactic Therapy Compliance in HIV Patients Attending a Care and Treatment Clinic at Bugando Medical Centre in Mwanza, Tanzania

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2024年第2期14卷 456-468页

作者： stanley Mwita Felix Tarimo Rahma Mbalamla Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences Mwanza Tanzania Department of Biochemistry Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences Mwanza Tanzania

Introduction: Cotrimoxazole Prophylactic Therapy (CPT) compliance lowers the risk of opportunistic infections and other Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-related diseases. The aim of this study was to examine factors that influence compliance with CPT among HIV patients in the Care and Treatment Clinic (CTC) at Bugando Medical Centre (BMC) in Mwanza, Tanzania. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the BMC between April 1, 2021, and June 30, 2021. Data were collected using face-to-face interviews and a semi-structured questionnaire. Data are presented in frequency, percentages, and cross-tabulation tables. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of compliance with CPT by self-reported measurement was 158 (63.7%). Most CPT-compliant participants were more likely to have a spouse who is familiar with CPT, have a family member who is aware of their HIV status, and be aware of the benefits of CPT. The majority of participants who complied with CPT were more likely to have experienced counseling during refill, felt that the length of time spent seeing doctors for treatment was reasonable, and received accurate information from them. Conclusion: Most adult HIV patients attending CTC at BMC were reported to be in compliance with CPT. These findings suggest that improving social support and patient-provider communication may be effective strategies for improving compliance with CPT among HIV patients.

关键词： Factors Compliance Co-Trimoxazole Prophylactic Therapy HIV/AIDS Tanzania Bugando Medical Centre

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The Effect of External Pressure on Mechanical Properties of Aquamarine Gemstone Using First Principles Studies

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Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering 2024年第5期12卷 237-246页

作者： Evarist Kahuluda Pulapa Ventkata Kanaka Rao stanley Mwanga Department of Physics College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences University of Dodoma Dodoma United Republic of Tanzania

Aquamarine gemstones are popular jewelry in the gemstone trade and are currently one of the important products in the world market because of their economic value. Aquamarine is a Beryllium Aluminium Silicate with the chemical formula Be3Al2Si6O18 and crystallizes in the hexagonal system with space group P6/mcc (192), and Tanzania has wide deposits of aquamarine gemstones. The quality of gemstone depends on its characteristic properties, including electronic, optical, and mechanical properties. In the present study, the effect of external pressure on mechanical properties including independent elastic constants and other related parameters such as Bulk modulus, Shear modulus, Young modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and Compressibility were studied. Density Function Theory in the forcite module of the material studies software on the external pressure within the range of 0 - 200 GPa on the optimized structure at electrostatic, Van der Waals and Ewald terms were used in this study. The results reveal that the independent elastic constants are mechanically unstable at 50 - 120 Gpa and are stable at 0 - 40 GPa and above 120 GPa, with the average bulk modulus, shear modulus, young modulus, Poisson’s ratio of 2319.9447, 652.3058, 1789.2236, and 0.26 respectively with the compressibility of 0.059921/TPa, this indicates that aquamarine gemstones are stable against strain and strongly against shear stress but opposing shear deformation. These values are within other crystalline materials found in the literature. This provides technological backing for the comprehensive valuation of mechanical properties, quality, and stability of gemstones available in Tanzania.

关键词： Aquamarine Gemstones Mechanical Properties External Pressure Biovia Material Studio Forcite Module

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