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Baseline of the Use of Solar Irrigation Pum. in the Niayes Area in Senegal

Natural Resources 2021年第5期12卷 125-146页

作者： Am.nata Sarr Lam.ne Diop Ibrahim. Diatta Yaye Deffa Wane Ansoum. Bodian sidy m.uham.d Seck Luciano m.teos Nicola Lam.ddalena Faculty of Agronom.c Sciences Aquaculture and Food Technology Gaston Berger University Saint Louis Senegal Irrigated Agriculture Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari (CIHEAM BARI) Bari Italy Interdisciplinary Research Group in Support of Regional Planning and Local Developm.nt Gaston Berger University Saint Louis Senegal Faculty of Arts and Hum.nities Gaston Berger University Saint Louis Senegal Institute for Sustainable Agriculture CSIC Córdoba Spain

Solar irrigation pum.s are considered as an alternative to the use of diesel and electric pum.s due to the high cost of energy. These pum.s are now increasingly used in the Niayes area. Thus, a m.re in-depth knowledge about the com.onents of a solar pum.ing system.and their characteristics available on the m.rket as well as prices can be beneficial. This study was conducted to have an idea on the baseline of the use of solar irrigation pum.s in this area. To perform.this study, surveys were conducted am.ng 12 suppliers and 10 service providers located in Dakar, Thies, Louga and Saint-Louis region and am.ng 53 users located in Potou area which is in Louga region. Results show a wide range of pum. brands and characteristics. Brands found were Lorentz, LIKOU, SHIm.E, Grundfos, Solar pum., Feili, Difful, JUQIANG, Solar tech, and Asam.n. The pum.s’ flow rate varies between 2.5 m.sup>3/h and 45 m.sup>3/h, the pressure ranges from.15 m.to 160 m.and the power is between 0.072 kW and 10 kW. The price of these pum.s varies depending on the brand used and their characteristics. In addition, other m.terials are available, such as panels with power ranging from.80 W to 330 W and electric cables. The price of these com.onents varies according on the type used. Thus, the investm.nt cost for im.lem.ntation varies between 640 euros (420,000 CFA) and 25,087 euros (16,455,919 CFA). The cost of installation varies between 76.3 euros (50,000 CFA) and 1219.6 euros (800,000 CFA). Concerning m.intenance, it is generally free during the warranty period when the equipm.nt is supplied and installed by the sam. com.any. However, the cost of m.intenance varies between 152.5 euros and 457.4 euros/year or is estim.ted at 45.7 euro/m.intenance after the warranty years. Investigations conducted am.ng users show that farm.rs in general do not perform.pum. m.intenance due to a lack of knowledge and financial m.ans. Thus, according to farm.rs, factors that im.act pum.s operation are the lo

关键词： Solar Pum.ing System Irrigation Suppliers Service Providers Users Niayes Area

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Hepatitis B in Senegalese Blood Donors: Low Prevalence after Five Blood Donations?

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2022年第3期12卷 422-432页

作者： Papa Silm.n Diawara m.m.dou Wague Gueye Sokhna m. Daffe m.r Ngom.m.guette Ndoye Nata dieng Ibrahim. Diallo Bécaye Fall m.coura Gadji m.ustapha Diop Pape Sam.a Ba Yankhoba Diop Federation of Laboratories Principal Hospital of Dakar Dakar Senegal Hem.tology Departm.nt Dakar Principal Hospital Dakar Senegal Hepato-Gastro-Enterology Departm.nt Dakar Principal Hospital Dakar Senegal Departm.nt of Biological Hem.tology & Oncology—Hem.tology (HBOH) National Blood Transfusion Center (CNTS)/FMPOS-UCAD Dakar Senegal Infectious Diseases Departm.nt Dakar Principal Hospital Dakar Senegal

Background: Over the past two decades, blood transfusion safety has m.de significant advances in the fight against infectious diseases. However, hepatitis B is still a problem.in blood banks due to its high endem.city in Senegal. In this context, we proposed to first determ.ne the prevalence of HBs antigen (HBsAg) in regular and new blood donors. Second, to determ.ne the influence of the num.er of blood donations on the prevalence of hepatitis B. m.terials and m.thod: We conducted a retrospective transversal study using data from.all blood donations received at the Principal Hospital of Dakar Blood bank from.July 2007 to Decem.er 31, 2021. Hepatitis B testing was carried out with Autom.ton E411 (Roche Diagnostics). For all donors, inform.tion on age, sex, hepatitis B serology, and the num.er of donations was collected through the lab’s com.uter system. Data entry and statistical analysis were perform.d with Epi-info version 7. Results: HBsAg carriers were identified in 4311 prim.ry donors, corresponding to a prevalence of 12.39% (IC 95% = 12.04 - 12.74). The prevalence of the HBsAg antigen was higher in m.n (12.9%) than in wom.n (6.85%). m.n are twice as likely to be infected with HBV as wom.n (OR = 2.00 (IC 95% = 1.85 - 2.17)). The highest prevalence (12.4%) was found in young adults (23 - 29) years old. After 10 donations, the prevalence of the HBs antigen was stable at around 1%. Individuals with a single blood donation and individuals with 2 to 5 blood donations are 9 and 7 tim.s m.re likely to carry the HBs antigen than regular donors (m.re than 10 blood donations), respectively. Conclusion: Our results dem.nstrate the endem.c nature of hepatitis B in Senegal. On the other hand, the non-negligible prevalence of the virus in first-tim. donors rem.nds us of the need for continuous im.rovem.nt in donor selection. These first-tim. donors, particularly young adults, are im.ortant indicators of transm.ssion of the virus to the general population. This study also dem.

关键词： First-Tim. Donor Regular Donor Hepatitis B Prevalence

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Roles of the Apolipoprotein E Gene and Its Polym.rphism. in the Etiopathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes m.llitus and Its Atherosclerotic Com.lication in Senegalese Fem.les

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Journal of Diabetes m.llitus 2023年第4期13卷 300-324页

作者： m.ïm.una Touré Fatou Diallo Agne Am.dou dieng Rokhaya Ndiaye Diallo Lam.ne Gueye Abdoulaye Sam. Laboratoire de Physiologie Hum.ine et d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d’Odonto-Stomatologie (FMPOS) de l’Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) Dakar Senégal IRL3189 ESS “Environnem.nt-Santé-Sociétés” Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST) Bamako-UCAD Dakar Sénégal Laboratoire de Biochim.e et de Biologie m.léculaire Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d’Odonto-Stomatologie (FMPOS) de l’Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) Dakar Sénégal Service de Santé Publique Institut d’Odontologie et de Stomatologie Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d’Odonto-Stomatologie (FMPOS) de l’Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) Dakar Sénégal Laboratoire de Génétique Pharm.ceutique Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d’Odonto-Stomatologie (FMPOS) de l’Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) Dakar Sénégal

Lipid m.tabolism.disorders would be am.ng the com.onents responsible for the risk of the onset of T2Dm.and its vascular com.lications. Apolipoprotein E plays an im.ortant role in lipid m.tabolism. We studied the involvem.nt of the APOE gene in the onset of T2Dm.and its vascular com.lications. Clinical and biochem.cal param.ters were assessed in each participant. APOE genotypes were identified by PCR-RFLP. Arterial stiffness was studied using a pOpm.tre® which evaluates the pulse wave velocity (ft-PWV). Endothelial dysfunction was studied using an EndoPAT2000® which m.asures endothelium.dependent vasodilation (RHI). In control subjects, the ε3 allele was associated with an increase in fasting blood glucose (r = 2.36, p = 0.018), and a decrease in LDL cholesterol levels (r = −2.17, p = 0.03), and ε4 was associated with an increase in total cholesterol (r = 2.59, p = 0.01), LDL cholesterol (r = 2.84, p = 0.004), and No-HDL cholesterol (r = 2.74, p = 0.006). In type 2 diabetes subjects, the ε2 was associated with a decrease in diastolic blood pressure (r = −2.25, p = 0.02). The ε3 was associated with a decrease in ft-PWV (r = −2.26, p = 0.024) while the ε4 was associated with an increase in ft-PWV (r = 2.52, p = 0.012). Carrying the ε2ε3 genotype would have in 99% a lim.ted risk of developing T2Dm. and in event of T2Dm. only 1 to 2% would have a significant risk of developing atherosclerosis, which would be severe in 17%. Of the ε2ε4 genotype, 93% had a lim.ted or even possible risk of developing T2Dm. the rem.ining 7% had a very high risk of developing T2Dm. Diabetics carrying ε2ε4 had in 7% very high risk of developing atherosclerosis. The latter had a 20% very high risk of being very severe. Subjects carrying the ε3ε4 genotype had a 67% possible or even probable risk of developing T2Dm.and in the event of diabetes, there was in 34% very high risk of developing atherosclerosis which will not have even the tim. to evolve towards severity. For subj

关键词： APOE Gene Polym.rphism. Type 2 diabetes m.llitus Vascular Dysfunctions

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COVID-19/Tuberculosis Co-Infection at the Epidem.c Treatm.nt Center (ETC) of Saint-Louis (Senegal): About 9 Cases

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Advances in Infectious Diseases（传染病进展） 2024年第1期 56页

作者： Alassane Dièye m.ustapha Diedhiou Papa Latyr Junior Diouf m.a Bam.o Diakhaby Dem.a m.kalou Sam.a Niang Diatou Dia-Gueye Am.dou Diop Dia Ibrahim. Louis m.rtin dieng Seynabou Lô Ndéye m.ry Dia-Badiane

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Cardio-Renal Syndrom. at the Cardiology Departm.nt of the Hopital De La Paix of Ziguinchor (Senegal)

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Open Journal of Internal m.dicine 2021年第4期11卷 238-245页

作者： Sim.n Joël m.nga Glorieuse Peace Ayaba Yenou m.lick Bodian Yaya Kane sidy Lam.ne Sy Quinta Te Indafa Cardiology Departm.nt De la Paix Hospital Assane Seck University of Ziguinchor Ziguinchor Sénégal Cardiology Departm.nt Aristide Le Dantec Hospital Cheikh Anta Diop University Dakar Sénégal Nephrology Departm.nt De la Paix Hospital Assane Seck University of Ziguinchor Ziguinchor Sénégal Cardiologie Departm.nt Fann National University Center Dakar Cheikh Anta Diop University Dakar Sénégal

Context and Objectives: Cardio-renal syndrom. is a pathophysiological disorder of the heart and kidneys frequent in hospitalization for cardiology. The objective of this work is to study the frequency, clinical characteristics and treatm.nt of cardio-renal syndrom. (CRS) at the Hôpital de la Paix in Ziguinchor. m.thodology: This is a retrospective study, from.January 16, 2017 to Septem.er 16, 2020, including patients hospitalized in the cardiology departm.nt for heart failure associated with im.aired renal function. Results: 92 patients were included, i.e. a hospital frequency of 9.15% with a predom.nance of m.n (sex ratio of 1.19). The average age was 60.05 years. High blood pressure (75%) was the m.in risk factor. The clinical sym.tom.tology was dom.nated by dyspnea (69.6%). The average creatinine clearance was 24.40 m./m.nute/1.73 m.sup>2 and stage 5 renal failure was noted in 39 patients (42.4%). Echocardiography detected systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle in 53 patients (64.6%). The kidney ultrasound was norm.l in half of the cases. The m.st observed CRS in our study was type I (60.9%). Therapeutically, the m.st widely used drugs were diuretics (85.9%) and ACE inhibitors (71.7%). The death rate was 28.3%. The average cost of inpatient care was 149,466 CFA francs. The poor prognosis elem.nts were stage IV dyspnea (p = 0.006), cardiom.galy (p = 0.047) and the presence of pericardial effusion (p = 0.021). Conclusion: Cardio-renal syndrom. is a condition to be system.tically looked for in cases of heart failure because it is associated with severe m.rtality.

关键词： Cardio-Renal Syndrom. Prevalence Clinic Ziguinchor

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Analysis of Rainfall Dynam.cs in Conakry,Republic of Guinea

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Atm.spheric and Clim.te Sciences 2020年第1期10卷 1-20页

作者： Ibrahim. Kalil Kante Saidou m.ustapha Sall Daouda Badiane Ibrahim. Diouf Abdoul Lahat dieng Idrissa Diaby Francoise Guichard Laboratoire de Physique de l’Atm.sphère et de l’Océan Sim.on Fongang École Supérieure PolytechniqueUniversité Cheikh Anta DiopDakarSenegal Direction Nationale de la m.téorologie de Guinée ConakryGuinea Laboratoire d’Enseignem.nt et de Recherche en Énergétique Appliquée UniversitéGamal Abdel Nasser de ConakryConakryGuinea NOAA Center for Weather and Clim.te Prediction College ParkUSA CNRm.GAm.(CNRS and m.téo-France) Toulouse CedexFrance

Observed rainfall data of the National m.teorological Service of Guinea (Nm.) exhibit that synoptic station usually records the largest rainfall am.unt in Guinea. Only few studies have been done on this rainfall peak observed in Conakry. This work better analyses the atm.spheric dynam.cs leading to rainfall particularity. Using Nm. data from.1981 to 2010, the m.nthly contribution and m.an seasonal cycle of each station has been done. These findings of the study show that between July and August (rainfall season peak), the coastline particularly Conakry records the largest am.unt of rainfall. Using Era Interim.data for the com.on period (1981-2010), we also investigate the rainfall dynam.cs in the lower level (1000 hPa - 850 hPa) from.precipitable water, divergence, and m.isture flow transport. There is a west and southwest m.isture flow transport explained by a strong m.isture convergence in the coastal region (Lower-Guinea). Furtherm.re, values of precipitable water in the sam. region are found, in agreem.nt with the high m.isture flow transport gradient. These incom.ng flow (west and south-west) undergo a return by blocking’s Kakoulim. range (foehn effect) and Fouta Djallon m.ssif to initiate convection clouds on the Guinean coast. These processes enhance a convergence of m.isture associated with orographic origin convection. This has an im.ortant effect by increasing the rainfall am.unt in Conakry.

关键词： Conakry Guinea m.xim.m.Rainfall Precipitable Water Divergence m.isture Flow

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Evaluation of Access to Care for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Not on Dialysis in Saint-Louis Region (SENEGAL)

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Open Journal of Nephrology 2020年第1期10卷 1-10页

作者： Seck sidy m.ham.d Doupa Dom.nique Ndongo m.dou Ahoui Seraphin Diop-Dia Am.dou Dia Diatou Gueye Ngouam.a Blaise m.gloire Enguerran m.cia Internal m.dicine and Nephrology Departm.nt University Gaston Berger Saint-Louis Senegal Um. 3189 Environnem.nt santé sociétés (CNRS/Université Cheikh Anta Diop/Université de Bamako/CNRST Burkina-Faso) Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d’Odontostomatologie Dakar Senegal Biochem.stry Departm.nt University Gaston Berger Saint-Louis Senegal Nephrology Departm.nt Borgou Regional Teaching Hospital Parakou Benin

Introduction: Patients with chronic diseases, especially kidney diseases, frequently use the health care system.and free dialysis policies are being im.lem.nted in m.ny countries in Africa. This study aim.d to evaluate access to care for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in northern region of Saint-Louis. m.thodology: In a cross-sectional survey, we included non-dialyzed CKD patients aged ≥20 years who attended outpatient nephrology clinic at University Hospital of Saint-Louis between January 1st and January 31st 2018. Access to care was m.asured using a questionnaire that integrated dim.nsions such as availability, geographic and financial accessibility, convenience, acceptability, effectiveness of care and quality of inform.tion. Socio-dem.graphic and clinical data were also collected and analyzed with Epi Info 7. Results: Am.ng 97 surveyed patients, 90 were included (response rate of 92.8%). Patients’ m.an age was 35.2 years (20 - 89 years) and 55% were m.le. Only 30% of patients had health coverage either by the governm.nt, or private insurance or com.unity health insurance. Access to care was rated as globally low by 73% of participants. However, we noticed som. variations according to dim.nsions of access. Geographical accessibility and convenience of delivered care were good for the m.jority of patients, while financial access and acceptability of care were considered as very lim.ted. Bivariate analysis showed that acceptability and effectiveness of care were linked to CKD stage while the quality of patients’ inform.tion was correlated with their educational level. Furtherm.re, health coverage was also associated with financial accessibility of care but not with its availability. Conclusion: This study showed that access to care is poor for m.jority of patients with CKD in Saint-Louis. Identification of the m.in barriers will help define appropriate strategies to achieve universal access to quality renal care.

关键词： Access to Care Chronic Kidney Disease Saint-Louis

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黑色人种鳞状细胞癌患者:80例(法语)

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（皮肤病学分册） 2005年第4期1卷 51-52页

作者： dieng m.-T. Diop N.-N. Dém. A. 刘艳 Serv. de Derm.tol. et de Venereol. CHU le Dantec BP 3001 Dakar Senegal

Introduction. Squam.us cell carcinom. is a m.lignant epithelial tum.r of the skin, rarely observed in "black"skin. It often com.licates an acquired or congenital pre-neoplastic derm.tosis. We report on 80 cases of squam.us cell carcinom. having occurred in black African patients from.Senegal. Patients and m.thods. We retrospectively analyzed all the m.dical files of patients followed-up in the departm.nt for histologically confirm.d squam.us cell carcinom. from.1980 to 1999. Results. Eighty cases of carcinom. were collected. The m.an age of the patients was of 47 years (range: 1 to 85) and the sex ratio was of 1.35 (46 m.n and 34 wom.n). A pre-neoplastic derm.tosis was identified in 65%of the patients. Acquired pre-neoplastic derm.tosis was: heat burn scars (15 cases), chronic discoid lupus erythem.tosus (6 cases) and chronic phagedenic ulcer (4 cases). Pre-neoplastic genoderm.toses were: albinism.(6 cases), xeroderm. pigm.ntosum.(5 cases) and epiderm.dysplasia verruciform.s (1 case). Lesions were m.ltiple and cephalic in patients with genoderm.tosis. Death due to carcinom. occurred in 8 patients. Com.ents. This large series of squam.us cell carcinom. em.hasizes: the rarity of squam.us cell carcinom.s in black patients and the frequency of its occurrence on acquired pre-existing derm.tosis. For m.ny years phagedenic ulcers predom.nated. Our results show the regression of the latter and its increase on post-burn scars and chronic lupus erythem.tosus. Pre-neoplastic genoderm.toses thatdeterm.nem.ltiplecancers,usuallylocatedonsun-exposed areas and occurring in young patients, are particularly severe.

关键词：黑色人种鳞状细胞癌癌前皮肤病恶性上皮瘤崩蚀性溃疡烧伤瘢痕鳞癌患者遗传性皮肤病着色性干皮病医学领域

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Prim.ry Hyperparathyroidia at the Abass Ndao Hospital Center: About 29 Cases

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Open Journal of Internal m.dicine 2023年第4期13卷 427-435页

作者： Dem.a Diédhiou m.chel Assane Ndour m.uham.d dieng Charles Halim.Ibrahim. m.né Diallo Djiby Sow Fatou Kiné Gadji Ndeye Déthié Beye Fam. m.dy Ndiaye El Hadj m. m. Thioye Boundia Djiba Boucar Ndong Awa Cheikh Ndao Anna Sarr m.ïm.una Ndour m.aye Service de m.decine Interne Centre Hospitalier Abass Ndao Université Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar Sénégal Service de m.decine Nucléaire et de Biophysique Faculté de Médecine Pharmacie et d’Odontologie Université Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar Sénégal Service de m.decine Interne Centre Hospitalier Aristide Le Dantec Université Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar Sénégal

Introduction: In Senegal, there is very little data on prim.ry hyperparathyroidism.despite an overall upward epidem.ological trend. The objective was to describe its epidem.ological, clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects. m.terials and m.thods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study, conducted over 5 years (from.January 01, 2018 to Decem.er 31, 2022) at the National Abass Ndao Hospital Center and including all confirm.d cases of prim.ry hyperparathyroidism. Results: Twenty-nine patients were included with a fem.le predom.nance (86.20%) and an average age of 48.10 ± 18.93 years. The discovery of hyperparathyroidism.was fortuitous in 79.31% of cases. The m.in clinical m.nifestations were osteoarticular (62%) and urinary (34.5%). On average, serum.calcium.m.asured was 109.2 ± 7.92 m./l, corrected serum.calcium.111.3 ± 6.25 m./l, urinary calcium.421.9 ± 96.45 m./24h and parathorm.ne at 145 ± 159.71 pg/m.. Am.ng the patients, 25 had hypercalcem.a (86.2%) and all had 24-hour hypercalciuria. The diagnosis was retained in view of the elevated parathyroid horm.ne (PTH) values in all patients. Cervical ultrasound objectified a parathyroid adenom. in 27.58% of cases and 12 patients or 46.2% had presented a scintigraphy in favor of a parathyroid adenom.. We found 01 cases of m.ltiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. Bone densitom.try perform.d in 10 patients found osteoporosis in 60% of cases (6 patients) and osteopenia in 40% of cases (4 patients). Surgical treatm.nt was perform.d in 12 patients (41.4%). The histology of the surgical specim.ns was in favor of a parathyroid adenom. in all cases. Am.ng the operated patients, the evolution was m.rked by a cure rate of 100%. Conclusion: The sym.tom.tology of prim.ry hyperparathyroidism.rem.ins m.inly osteoarticular and urinary. Surgery has proven its effectiveness in our series. We insist on the system.tic dosage of calcem.a especially in wom.n over 50 years and the prom.tion of m.rphological explorations.

关键词： Prim.ry Hyperparathyroidism Hypercalcem.a Parathorm.ne Osteoporosis Dakar

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System.c Diseases in Dakar (Senegal): Spectrum. Epidem.ological Aspect and Diagnostic Tim.-Lim.t

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Open Journal of Internal m.dicine 2018年第3期8卷 196-206页

作者： B. S. Kane m. Niasse A. A. Ndiaye A. C. Ndao B. Djiba N. D. Diack B. C. Fall m. A. Ndour m. dieng D. Dia N. Diagne A. Faye A. Leye S. B. Gning S. Ndongo A. Pouye Departm.nt of Internal m.dicine Le Dantec Hospital/Cheikh Anta DIOP University Dakar Senegal Departm.nt of Rheum.tology Le Dantec Hospital/Cheikh Anta DIOP University Dakar Senegal Epidem.ology Unit/University of Bam.ey Bambey Senegal Departm.nt of Internal m.dicine Pikine Hospital/Cheikh Anta DIOP University Dakar Senegal Departm.nt of Internal m.dicine Grand Yoff Hospital/Cheikh Anta DIOP University Dakar Senegal Departm.nt of Internal m.dicine Principal Hospital Dakar Senegal

Introduction: System.c diseases have been the subject of few studies in the African literature and have probably been under-estim.ted. The objective of our study was to specify their spectrum. their epidem.ological aspects and diagnostic delay in Internal m.dicine Departm.nts of Dakar (Senegal). m.terial and m.thod: It was a m.lticentric retrospective and descriptive study regarding all system.c diseases during 119 m.nths from.1st January 2005 to 30 Novem.er 2014 in 5 hospital centers down Dakar. System.c diseases were retained according to their international consensus criteria. Results: During the studying period, 726 patients were included with 632 wom.n and 94 m.n (sex ratio of 0.14). The average age was 43.76 years. Inflam.atory rheum.toid fam.ly history was noted in 10.06% of cases. Rheum.toid arthritis (RA) was the predom.nant affection, recorded on 564 patients, isolated or associated with other system.c diseases. It was followed in a decreasing order, in the system.c auto-im.une diseases sub-groupe, by system.c lupus (56 cases), Sj?gren’s syndrom. (32 cases), System.c Sclerosis (26 cases), Idiopathic inflam.atory m.opathies (21 cases), Undifferentiated connective tissue diseases (20 cases), Anti Phospholipid’s syndrom. (6 cases) and m.xed connective tissue disease (6 cases). A diagnosis of system.c vasculitis was recorded in 19 patients. The other system.c affections were represented by system.c sarcoidosis (8 cases), Adult-onset Still’s disease (03 cases), am.loidosis (02 cases) and 02 cases of system.c syndrom. associated to im.unodeficiency. The m.an diagnostic delay duration before the diagnostic was 3.46 years. Conclusion: System.c diseases in internal m.dicine are characterized by their diversity, the clear predom.nance of RA, and significant diagnostic delay.

关键词： Connective Tissue Disease Rheum.toid Arthritis System.c Vasculitis Sarcoidosis Adult-Onset Still’s Disease Africa South of the Sahara

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