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Re-evaluation of recent research on metabolic utilization of energy in poultry: Recommendations for a net energy system for broilers

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Animal Nutrition 2024年第1期16卷 62-72页

作者： Jean Noblet Aye-Cho Tay-Zar shu-biao wu Pairat Srichana Pierre Cozannet Pierre-Andre Geraert Mingan Choct INRAE Charoen Pokphand Foods Public Company Limited (CPF) School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New England Adisseo France S.A.S.

Different energy systems have been proposed for energy evaluation of feeds for domestic animals. The oldest and most commonly used systems take into account the fecal energy loss to obtain digestible energy(DE), and fecal, urinary and fermentation gases energy losses to calculate metabolizable energy(ME). In the case of ruminants and pigs, the net energy(NE) system, which takes into account the heat increment associated with the metabolic utilization of ME, has progressively replaced the DE and ME systems over the last 50 years. For poultry, apparent ME(AME) is used exclusively and NE is not yet used widely. The present paper considers some important methodological points for measuring NE in poultry feeds and summarizes the available knowledge on NE systems for poultry. NE prediction equations based on a common analysis of three recent studies representing a total of 50 complete and balanced diets fed to broilers are proposed; these equations including the AME content and easily available chemical indicators have been validated on another set of 30 diets. The equations are applicable to both ingredients and complete diets. They rely primarily on an accurate and reliable AME value which then represents the first limiting predictor of NE value. Our analysis indicates that NE would be a better predictor of broiler performance than AME and that the hierarchy between feeds is dependent on the energy system with a higher energy value for fat and a lower energy value for protein in an NE system. Practical considerations for implementing such an NE system from the commonly used AME or AMEn(AME adjusted for zero nitrogen balance) systems are presented. In conclusion, there is sufficient information to allow the implementation of the NE concept in order to improve the accuracy of feed formulation in poultry.

关键词： Poultry Feed evaluation Net energy Energy system

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Methodologies for energy evaluation of pig and poultry feeds:A review

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Animal Nutrition 2022年第1期8卷 185-203页

作者： Jean Noblet shu-biao wu Mingan Choct INRAE UMR 1348 PEGASE35590 St-GillesFrance School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New EnglandArmidaleNSW 2351Australia

The cost of feed represents an important part of the total cost in swine and poultry production(>60%)with energy accounting for at least 70%of feed cost.The energy value of ingredients or compound feeds can be estimated as digestible(DE),metabolisable(ME)and net energy(NE)in pigs and ME and NE in poultry.The current paper reviews the different methods for evaluating DE,ME and NE of feeds for monogastric animals and their difficulties and limits,with a focus on NE.In pigs and poultry,energy digestibility depends on the chemical characteristics of the feed,but also on technology(pelleting,for instance)and animal factors such as their health and body weight.The ME value includes the energy losses in urine that are directly dependent on the proportion of dietary N excreted in urine resulting in the concept of ME adjusted for a zero N balance(MEn)in poultry.For poultry,the concept of true ME(TME,TMEn),which excludes the endogenous fecal and urinary energy losses from the excreta energy,was also developed.The measurement of dietary NE is more complex,and NE values of a given feed depend on the animal and environmental factors and also measurement and calculation methods.The combination of NE values of diets obtained under standardised conditions allows calculating NE prediction equations that are applicable to both ingredients and compound feeds.The abundance of energy concepts,especially for poultry,and the numerous feed and animal factors of variation related to energy digestibility or ME utilisation for NE suggest that attention must be paid to the experimental conditions for evaluating DE,ME or NE content.This also suggests the necessity of standardisations,one of them being,as implemented in pigs,an adjustment of ME values in poultry for an N retention representative of modern production conditions(MEs).In conclusion,this review illustrates that,in addition to numerous technical difficulties for evaluating energy in pigs and poultry,the absolute energy values depend on feed and animal factors,the environment,and t

关键词： Pig Poultry Feed Energy value Methodology

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Influence of sex and rearing method on performance and flock uniformity in broilers-implications for research settings

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Animal Nutrition 2023年第1期12卷 276-283页

作者： Ashley England Kosar Gharib-Naseri Sarbast KKheravii shu-biao wu School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New EnglandArmidaleNSW2351Australia

Male and female broiler chickens differ in their growth performance,carcass part weights and nutrient requirements.The potential reasons for these differences have been explored by looking at differences in nutrient digestibility,nutrient transporter gene expression as well as gut microbiota populations between male and female birds.Studies have shown that male broilers have higher crude protein requirements compared to female broilers.The expression of monosaccharide and amino acid transporters show conflicting results as expression depends on the interactions between sex and bird age and breed as well as which tissue is sampled.Differences in microbiota populations between the genders were reported which may contribute towards performance differences,however research in this area is limited.The differences observed between the sexes contribute to increased variation in nutrition trials,and the potential to rear birds as equally mixed-sex becomes an option to reduce the variation introduced by the sex effect.Difference in rearing options obviously would only be feasible provided a quick,practical and cost-effective method of sexing birds is available,a topic that is also discussed in this review.

关键词： Sex effect Chicken Gut microbiota Nutrient transporter gene expression Sexing method

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Non-adiabatic holonomic quantum operations in continuous variable systems

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2024年第6期67卷 12-19页

作者： Hao-Long Zhang Yi-Hao Kang Fan wu Zhen-biao Yang Shi-biao Zheng Fujian Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optics College of Physics and Information EngineeringFuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350116China

Quantum operations by utilizing the underlying geometric phases produced in physical systems are favoured due to their potential robustness.When a system in a non-degenerate eigenstate undergoes an adiabatically cyclic evolution dominated by its Hamiltonian,it will get a geometric phase,referred to as the Berry Phase.While a non-adiabatically cyclic evolution produces an Aharonov-Anandan geometric phase.The two types of Abelian geometric phases are extended to the non-Abelian cases,where the phase factors become matrix-valued and the transformations associated with different loops are non-commutable.Abelian and non-Abelian(holonomic)operations are prevalent in discrete variable systems,whose limited(say,two)energy levels,form the qubit.While their developments in continuous systems have also been investigated,mainly due to that,bosonic modes(in,such as,cat states)with large Hilbert spaces,provide potential advantages in fault-tolerant quantum computation.Here we propose a feasible scheme to realize non-adiabatic holonomic quantum logic operations in continuous variable systems with cat codes.We construct arbitrary single-qubit(two-qubit)gates with the combination of single-and two-photon drivings applied to a Kerr Parametric Oscillator(KPO)(the coupled KPOs).Our scheme relaxes the requirements of the previously proposed quantum geometric operation strategies in continuous variable systems,providing an effective way for quantum control.

关键词： cat qubit continuous variable systems non-Abelian

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Stability analysis of a liquid crystal elastomer self-oscillator under a linear temperature field

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition) 2024年第2期45卷 337-354页

作者： Haiyang wu Jiangfeng LOU biao ZHANG Yuntong DAI Kai LI School of Civil Engineering Anhui Jianzhu UniversityHefei 230601China

Self-oscillating systems abound in the natural world and offer substantial potential for applications in controllers,micro-motors,medical equipments,and so on.Currently,numerical methods have been widely utilized for obtaining the characteristics of self-oscillation including amplitude and frequency.However,numerical methods are burdened by intricate computations and limited precision,hindering comprehensive investigations into self-oscillating systems.In this paper,the stability of a liquid crystal elastomer fiber self-oscillating system under a linear temperature field is studied,and analytical solutions for the amplitude and frequency are determined.Initially,we establish the governing equations of self-oscillation,elucidate two motion regimes,and reveal the underlying mechanism.Subsequently,we conduct a stability analysis and employ a multi-scale method to obtain the analytical solutions for the amplitude and frequency.The results show agreement between the multi-scale and numerical methods.This research contributes to the examination of diverse self-oscillating systems and advances the theoretical analysis of self-oscillating systems rooted in active materials.

关键词： self-oscillation stability analysis multi-scale method liquid crystal elastomer linear temperature field

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Experimental observation of spontaneous symmetry breaking in a quantum phase transition

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2024年第2期67卷 34-39页

作者： Wen Ning Ri-Hua Zheng Jia-Hao Lu Fan wu Zhen-biao Yang Shi-biao Zheng Fujian Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optics College of Physics and Information EngineeringFuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350108China Hefei National Laboratory Hefei 230088China

Spontaneous symmetry breaking(SSB)plays a central role in understanding a large variety of phenomena associated with phase transitions,such as superfluid and superconductivity.So far,the transition from a symmetric vacuum to a macroscopically ordered phase has been substantially explored.The process bridging these two distinct phases is critical to understanding how a classical world emerges from a quantum phase transition,but so far remains unexplored in experiment.We here report an experimental demonstration of such a process with a quantum Rabi model engineered with a superconducting circuit.We move the system from the normal phase to the superradiant phase featuring two symmetry-breaking field components,one of which is observed to emerge as the classical reality.The results demonstrate that the environment-induced decoherence plays a critical role in the SSB.

关键词： quantum phase transition Rabi model spontaneous symmetry breaking superconducting circuit Schrodinger cat states

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Effects of acid mine drainage on photochemical and biological degradation of dissolved organic matter in karst river water

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第1期135卷 26-38页

作者： Linwei Li Xingxing Cao Chujie Bu Pan wu biao Tian Yongheng Dai Yeye Ren College of Resources and Environmental Engineering Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025China Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment Ministry of EducationGuizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025China Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station Ministry of EducationGuizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025China

Dissolved organic matter(DOM)can be removed or transformed by photochemical and biological processes,producing the negative effect of transforming organic carbon into inorganic carbon,which plays a vital role in the karst carbon cycle.However,acid mine drainage(AMD)will affect this process,so the degradation of DOM in karst river water(KRW)needs to be studied in this context.In this study,to reveal the evolution processes of DOM under photochemical and biological conditions in AMD-impacted KRW,AMD and KRW were mixed in different ratios under conditions of visible light irradiation(VL),biodegradation(BD),ultraviolet irradiation(UV)and ultraviolet irradiation+biodegradation(UV+BD).The average DOC concentrations in samples after mixing AMD and KRW in different proportions decreased significantly(by 23%)in UV+BD,which was 1.2–1.4 times higher than under the other conditions and would lead to a significant release of inorganic carbon.Further analysis of the fluorescence parameters via parallel factor analysis(PARAFAC)revealed that the DOM fluorescence components in AMD comprised mainly protein-like substances derived from autochthonous components,while the DOM fluorescence components in KRW were mainly humic-like substances with both autochthonous and allochthonous sources.Therefore,AMD could promote both the photochemical and biological degradation of DOM in karst receiving streams,resulting in the conversion of DOC to inorganic carbon.The results showed that the synergistic effects of UV+BD and AMD accelerated the degradation of DOM and the release of inorganic carbon in KRW,thus affecting the stability of the karst carbon cycle.

关键词： Acid mine drainage Dissolved organic matter Karst river water Photochemical degradation Biological degradation

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Total amino acid level affects the results of standardized ileal digestibility assays for feed ingredients for swine

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Animal Nutrition 2023年第2期13卷 19-30页

作者： Darlene J.Bloxham Michael Azain Gene M.Pesti shu-biao wu Department of Poultry Science The University of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences The University of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA The University of New England ArmidaleNSW 2350Australia

It has been demonstrated that the fiber content of oilseed meals and total amino acids(AA)in distillers'grains products affects standardized ileal digestibility(SID)values from swine assays and that total protein concentration affects the AA digestibility in assays using chickens.This analysis was conducted to test the hypothesis that the total AA content of test samples affects the SID assay results.Databases containing total AA profiles and SID values of 20 feedstuffs commonly fed to pigs from 2 sources,AMINODat 5.0(Evonik Industries,2015)and the Nutrient Requirements of Swine,12th edition(NRC,2012)were used to compare AA concentration effects on standardized ileal digestibility coefficients.Databases were compared with AA and SID available in both data sets.The total AA values were similar for the 2 databases with an R2 of 0.979(P<0.001).The linear relationship between digestibility co-efficients from the 2 databases was highly significant,an R2 of 0.810(P<0.001).Both databases had increased SID values with increasing AA contents within and across feed ingredients.The SID=f(AA concentration)relationship was confirmed with an individual paper.Since SID,as typically measured,is a function of both digestion and absorption,both processes following MichaeliseMenten kinetics,SID=f(AA concentration)may simply be a natural phenomenon.Other reasons for the relationship were explored.Methods of estimating endogenous AA losses and misapplication statistical procedures may contribute to variation in results and at least partially explain why SID=f(AA concentration).

关键词： Apparent ileal digestibility Standardized ileal digestibility Swine Least squares means

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Design and Implementation of Nonlinear Precoding for MIMO-SDMA Toward 6G Wireless

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China Communications 2024年第1期21卷 69-87页

作者： Chaowu wu Yue Xiao shu Fang Gang wu National Key Laboratory of Wireless Communications University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 611731China

In this paper,we present a novel and robust nonlinear precoding(NLP)design and detection structure specifically tailored for multiple-input multipleoutput space division multiple access(MIMO-SDMA)systems toward 6G wireless.Our approach aims to effectively mitigate the impact of imperfect channel estimation by leveraging the channel fluctuation mean square error(MSE)for reconstructing a highly accurate precoding matrix at the transmitter.Furthermore,we introduce a simplified receiver structure that eliminates the need for equalization,resulting in reduced interference and notable enhancements in overall system performance.We conduct both computer simulations and experimental tests to validate the efficacy of our proposed approach.The results reveals that the proposed NLP scheme offers significant performance improvements,making it particularly well-suited for the forthcoming 6G wireless.

关键词： MIMO-SDMA nonlinear precoding Tomlinson-Harashima precoding(THP) vector perturbation(VP)

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Artificial gut and the applications in poultry:A review

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Animal Nutrition 2022年第3期10卷 156-166页

作者： Nishchal K.Sharma shu-biao wu Natalie K.Morgan Tamsyn M.Crowley School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New EnglandArmidaleNSW2351Australia Poultry Hub Australia University of New EnglandArmidaleNSW2351Australia IMPACT School of MedicineDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoria3217Australia

Artificial gut models including both the gastric and intestinal phases have been used in poultry research for decades to predict the digestibility of nutrients,the efficacy of feed enzymes and additives,and caecal fermentation.However,the models used in the past are static and cannot be used to predict interactions between the feed,gut environment and microbiome.It is imperative that a standard artificial gut model for poultry is established,to enable these interactions to be examined without continual reliance on animals.To ensure the validity of an artificial model,it should be validated with in vivo studies.This review describes current practices in the use of artificial guts in research,their importance in poultry nutrition studies and highlights an opportunity to develop a dynamic gut model for poultry to reduce the number of in vivo experiments.

关键词： Artificial gut Gastrointestinal tract In vitro experiment Poultry Simulated gut

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