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Evidence-based medicine and precision medicine:complementary approaches to clinical decision-making

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Precision Clinical Medicine 2018年第2期1卷 60-64页

作者： Ngai chow Lucas Gallo Jason W.Busse Department of Health Research Methods Evidence and ImpactMcMaster UniversityHSC-2C1280 Main St.WestHamiltonOntarioL8S 4K1Canada The Michael G.DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care McMaster UniversityMDCL-21011280 Main St.WestHamiltonOntarioL8S 4K1Canada Department of Medicine McMaster University4V331280 Main St.WestHamiltonOntarioL8N 3Z5Canada Department of Anesthesia McMaster UniversityHSC-2V91280 Main St.WestHamiltonOntarioL8S 4K1Canada The Michael G.DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research McMaster University1280 Main St.WestHamiltonOntarioL8S 4K1Canada

Evidence-based medicine is widely promoted for decision-making in health care and is associated with improved patient *** have suggested that evidence-based medicine focuses primarily on groups of patients rather than individuals,but often fail to consider subgroup analyses,N-of-1 trials,and the incorporation of patient values and *** medicine has been promoted as an approach to individualize diagnosis and treatment of diseases through genetic,biomarker,phenotypic,and psychosocial ***,there are often high costs associated with personalized medicine,and high-quality evidence is lacking for effectiveness in many *** the potential of personalized medicine to be realized,it must adhere to the principles of evidencebased medicine:(1)evidence in isolation is not sufficient to make clinical decisions—patient’s values and preferences as well as resource implications must be considered,and(2)there is a hierarchy of evidence to guide clinical decision-making and studies at lower risk of bias are likely to provide more trustworthy findings.

关键词： evidence-based medicine precision medicine decision-making

Chemical Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols During Dust Storms over Xi'an in China

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2008年第5期25卷 847-855页

作者：李旭祥曹军骥 Judith chow 韩永明李顺诚 John WATSON Department of Environmental Science and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University Desert Research Institute Reno NV USA State Key Lab of Loess & Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols including CC （carbonate carbon）, OC （organic carbon）, and EC （elemental carbon） were investigated at Xi＇an, China, near Asian dust source regions in spring 2002. OC varied between 8.2 and 63.7μgm^- 3, while EC ranged between 2.4 and 17.2 μ m^-3 during the observation period. OC variations followed a similar pattern to EC and the correlation coefficient between OC and EC is 0.89 （n=31）. The average percentage of total carbon （TC, sum of CC, OC, and EC） in PM2.5 during dust storm （DS） events was 13.6%, which is lower than that during non-dust storm （NDS） periods （22.7%）. CC, OC, and EC accounted for 12.9%, 70.7%, and 16.4% of TC during DS events, respectively. The average ratio of OC/EC was 5.0 in DS events and 3.3 in NDS periods. The OC-EC correlation （R^2=0.76, n=6） was good in DS events, while it was stronger （R^2=0.90, n=25） in NDS periods. The percentage of watersoluble OC （WSOC） in TC accounted for 15.7%, and varied between 13.3% and 22.3% during DS events. The distribution of eight carbon fractions indicated that local emissions such as motor vehicle exhaust were the dominant contributors to carbonaceous particles. During DS events, soil dust dominated the chemical composition, contributing 69% to the PM2.5 mass, followed by organic matter （12.8%）, sulfate （4%）, EC （2.2%）, and chloride （1.6%）. Consequently, CC was mainly entrained by Asian dust. However, even in the atmosphere near Asian dust source regions, OC and EC in atmospheric dust were controlled by local emission rather titan the transport of Asian dust.

关键词： carbonate carbon organic carbon elemental carbon dust storm

QUANTIFICATION OF SHEAR DAMAGE EVOLUTION IN ALUMINIUM ALLOY 2024T3

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Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica 2007年第1期20卷 57-64页

作者： Tang Chak-yin Fan Jianping Tsui Chi-pong Lee Tai-chiu Chad Luen-chow Rao Bin Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics Huazhong University Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China

Shear damage may occur in the process of metal machining such as blanking and cutting, where localized shear deformation is developed. Experimental findings indicate that microscopic shear damage evolution in aluminium alloy 2024T3 （A1 2024T3） is a multi-stage mechanism, including particle cracking, micro-shear banding, matrix microcracking and coalescence of microcracks. This study is an attempt to use a set of equations to describe the multi-stage shear damage evolution in Al 2024T3. The shear damage variables in terms of multi-couple parameters of a power-law hardening material have been defined. An evolution curve of shearing damage has been calculated from experimental data. The values of the shear damage variable at different stages of damage have also been calculated. By making use of the findings, the relation between the microscopic shear damage evolution and the macroscopic shear response of the material has been discussed.

关键词： shear damage damage evolution equations shear band hardening material microscopic observation

Change in model for end-stage liver disease score at two weeks,as an indicator of mortality or liver transplantation at 60 days in acute-on-chronic liver failure

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Gastroenterology Report 2015年第2期3卷 122-127页

作者： Rajneesh Kumar Thinesh Lee Krishnamoorthy Hiang Keat Tan Hock Foong Lui Wan Cheng chow Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Singapore General HospitalSingapore

Background:Acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF)is characterised by a sudden deterioration of underlying chronic liver disease,resulting in increased rates of mortality and liver *** prognostication can benefit optimal allocation of ***:ACLF was defined as per the disease criteria of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the *** discharge summaries from between January 2001 and April 2013 were *** primary outcome was mortality or liver transplantation within 60 days from onset of ***‘model for end-stage liver disease’(MELD)score and change in MELD at Weeks 1,2 and 4 were reviewed in order to identify the earliest point for prediction of mortality or liver ***:Clinical data were collected on 53 subjects who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion *** 60 days from presentation,20 patients(37.7%)died and 4(7.5%)underwent liver *** MELD of-2 after 2 weeks was 75.0%sensitive and 75.9%specific for predicting mortality or liver *** the MELD score did not increase at 2 weeks,predictive chance of survival was 93.8%over the next 60 *** change at 1 week showed poor sensitivity and *** at 4 weeks was too late for ***:Change in MELD score at 2 weeks provides an early opportunity for prognostication in ACLF.A MELD score that does not deteriorate by Week 2 would predict 93.8%chance of survival for the next 60 *** finding warrants further validation in larger cohort studies.

关键词： acute-on-chronic liver failure model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)score liver transplantation mortality

Type D personality negatively associated with self-care in Chinese heart failure patients

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Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2016年第5期13卷 401-407页

作者： Xi CAO Xiu-Hua WANG Eliza ML Wong Choi Kai chow Sek Ying Chair The Nethersole School of Nursing The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China Nursing School Central South University Changsha China

Background Little is known about the association between type D personality and self-care behaviors in heart failure （HF） patients. We examined the effect of type D personality on self-care behaviors and self-efficacy among Chinese HF patients. Methods A cross-sectional study with a convenience sample was conducted. All participants completed the questionnaires of the self-care of HF index （V6） and type D personality scale. Demographic and clinical variables were obtained from medical records and patient interviews. The me- thods used for data analysis included descriptive analysis, independent-sample t-test, Z2 test, and multiple linear regression. Results A total of 127 HF patients were included and 61.4% of them were male. The average age for this study sample was 64.9± 12.34 years. The majority of the participants were in a New York Heart Association class III or IV （87%）, and the average length of living with HF was 38.24 ± 41.1 months. A total of 33.1% of the participants were identified as having type D personality. No significant differences were determined in the demographic and clinical variables between type D and non-type D patients, except for the mean age and the length of living with HF. Type D patients were younger and had a shorter time of living with HF than their non-type D counterparts. Multiple regression demonstrated significant associations between type D personality and self-care maintenance and self-efficacy after adjusting the demographic and clinical factors. However, type D personality was not significantly associated with self-care management behaviors. Conclusions Type D personality was negatively related to self-care maintenance and self-efficacy in Chinese HF patients. Future study is warranted to develop a tailored intervention to improve engagement in self-care behaviors in HF patients with type D personality.

关键词： Heart failure Self care Self-efficacy Type D personality

Improved estimation of PM_(2.5) brown carbon contributions to filter light attenuation

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Particuology 2021年第3期19卷 1-9页

作者： Judith C.chow L.-W.Antony Chen Xiaoliang Wang Mark C.Green John G.Watson Division of Atmospheric Sciences Desert Research InstituteRenoNVUSA State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXi’anChina Graduate Faculty Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of NevadaReno NevadaUSA Department of Environmental and Occupational Health School of Public HealthUniversity of NevadaLas VegasNVUSA

Multiwavelength light attenuation measurements have been acquired as part of thermal/optical carbon analysis in the *** Speciation Network(CSN)and the Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments(IMPROVE)network beginning in *** are used to estimate PM_(2.5)brown carbon(BrC)contributions to light absorption at various wavelengths,a useful method for separating biomass burning contributions from other *** of light transmitted through the filter deviates from Beers Law as the mass of light absorbing materials *** study estimates the effects of these deviations with empirical adjustment factors applied to samples for CSN from 2016 to 2017 and for IMPROVE from 2016 to *** for the filter loading effect results in an annual average increase of∼6-7%BrC contribution to light attenuation:from 3.6%to 10.7%for the urban,more heavily loaded CSN samples;and from 23.7%to 29.5%for the non-urban IMPROVE *** alternative method is examined for BrC and black carbon(BC)adjustments by calculating the AbsorptionÅngström Exponent(AAE)for BC(i.e.,AAE_(BC))based on the ratios of 635 nm/780 nm light attenuation rather than assuming AAE_(BC)of *** paired-wavelength calculations result in a median AAE_(BC)of 0.76 for CSN and 0.8 for IMPROVE,with the majority of samples(i.e.,91%of CSN and 70%of IMPROVE)showing AAE_(BC)<*** assuming negligible contributions from BrC to AAE at longer wavelengths,the amount of light attenuation at shorter wavelengths(e.g.,405 nm)where BrC is dominant can be *** paired-wavelength method applied to the filter loading adjusted data has a greater effect on urban(fresh)than on non-urban(aged)aerosols,resulting in a factor of two increase in annual averaged BrC light attenuation(from 10.7%to 21.6%)for CSN and by a factor of 1.11(from 29.5%to 32.7%)for IMPROVE *** result demonstrates the importance of particle loading and AAE correction on quantifying BrC light attenuatio

关键词： Organic carbon Brown carbon Elemental carbon Black carbon AbsorptionÅngström Exponent

Control and Stability of Large-scale Power System with Highly Distributed Renewable Energy Generation:Viewpoints from Six Aspects

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2023年第1期9卷 8-14页

作者： Qing-Hua Wu Anjan Bose Chanan Singh Joe H.chow Gang Mu Yuanzhang Sun Zhaoxi Liu Zhigang Li Yang Liu School of Electric Power Engineering South China University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510640China School of Electrical Engineering&Computer Science Washington State UniversityPullmanWA 99164USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX 77843USA Department of Electrical Computer and Systems EngineeringRensselaer Polytechnic Institute(RPI)TroyNYUSA Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control&Renewable Energy Technology Ministry of Education(Northeast Electric Power University)Jilin 132012China School of Electrical Engineering and Automation Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430072China

Power systems are moving toward a low-carbon or carbon-neutral future where high penetration of renewables is *** conventional fossil-fueled synchronous generators in the transmission network being replaced by renewable energy generation which is highly distributed across the entire grid,new challenges are emerging to the control and stability of large-scale power *** analysis and control methods are needed for power systems to cope with the ongoing *** the CSEE JPES forum,six leading experts were invited to deliver keynote speeches,and the participating researchers and professionals had extensive exchanges and discussions on the control and stability of power ***,potential changes and challenges of power systems with high penetration of renewable energy generation were introduced and explained,and advanced control methods were proposed and analyzed for the transient stability enhancement of power grids.

关键词： Distributed energy resources high converter penetration power system control renewable energy generation stability control transient stability

Safety evaluation of nanodiamond-doxorubicin complexes in a Naïve Beagle canine model using hematologic,histological,and urine analysis

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Nano Research 2022年第4期15卷 3356-3366页

作者： Liping Wang Wenqiong Su Khan Zara Ahmad Xin Wang Ting Zhang Youyi Yu Edward Kai-Hua chow Dean Ho Xianting Ding State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes Institute for Personalized MedicineSchool of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200030China Cancer Science Institute of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore 117599Singapore The N.1 Institute for Health(N.1) National University of SingaporeSingapore 117456Singapore The Institute for Digital Medicine(WisDM) National University of SingaporeSingapore 117456Singapore Department of Pharmacology National University of SingaporeSingapore 117597Singapore Department of Biomedical Engineering National University of SingaporeSingapore 117583Singapore

While doxorubicin(DOX)is one of the most common chemotherapeutic drugs for treating cancer,use of DOX must be managed carefully due to dose-related ***(ND)drug delivery system conjugated with DOX(NDX)has been reported to enhance treatment efficacy and attenuate toxicity in murine cancer *** addition,extensive biocompatibility studies indicate that NDs seem to be well tolerated in non-human *** the clinical translation of NDX,it is necessary to verify the safety of ND in large *** of nanomedicine drug safety for large animal are not commonly reported,and this work represents a key milestone in bridging earlier advances towards clinical ***,NDs’safety as a drug-delivery platform was evaluated in Naïve Beagle *** study is performed with DOX,ND,and NDX in a dual-gender animal model using intravenous(IV)injection and hepatic portal vein(HPV)injection *** dogs are monitored for their health phenotype changes in continuous 5 *** and urine obtained are for clinical pathology *** results indicate that ND drug delivery platform significantly relieves DOX toxicity for Naïve Beagle dog *** study provides guidance for the pre-clinical safety assessment of NDX therapy at large animal level.

关键词： nanomedicine doxorubicin nanodiamonds safety biodistribution

Self-therapeutic metal-based nanoparticles for treating inflammatory diseases

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Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2023年第5期13卷 1847-1865页

作者： Ruifang Han Yu Xiao Qianqian Bai chung Hang Jonathan Choi Department of Biomedical Engineering the Chinese University of Hong KongShatinNew TerritoriesHong Kong SARChina

Inflammatory diseases are key contributors to high mortality globally and adversely affect the quality of *** treatments include corticosteroids or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories that may cause systemic toxicity and biologics that may increase the risk of *** nanoparticles that bear not only the drug payload but also targeting ligands for delivery to inflammation sites at lowered systemic toxicity are established in the nanomedicine field,but their relatively large size often leads to systemic ***-based nanoparticles with intrinsic anti-inflammatory properties represent attractive *** are not only designed to be compact for crossing biological barriers(with the nanoparticle serving as a dual carrier and drug),but also support label-free tracking of their interactions with *** review commences with an outline of the common inflammatory diseases,inflammatory pathways involved,and conventional drug-loaded nanoparticles for ***,the review features the emerging applications of self-therapeutic metal-based nanoparticles(e.g.,gold,coper oxide,platinum,ceria,and zinc oxide)for managing inflammatory diseases in animals over the past three years,focusing on therapeutic outcomes and anti-inflammatory *** review concludes with an outlook on the biodistribution,long-term toxicity,and clinical translation of self-therapeutic metalbased nanoparticles.

关键词： Metal-based nanoparticles Inflammatory disease Self-therapeutic Nanomedicine Delivery Gold nanoparticles Clinical translation Reactive oxygen species