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Nitrogen in global animal production and management options for improving nitrogen use efficiency

Science China(Life Sciences) 2005年第Z2期48卷 871-887页

作者： Oene Oenema seerp tamminga Environmental Sciences Wageningen University & Research Center P.O.Box 47NL-6700 AA Wageningenthe Netherlands Animal Sciences Wageningen University & Research Center P.O.Box 338NL-6700 AH Wageningenthe Netherlands

Animal production systems convert plant protein into animal protein. Depending on animal species, ration and management, between 5% and 45 % of the nitrogen (N) in plant protein is converted to and deposited in animal protein. The other 55%-95% is excreted via urine and feces, and can be used as nutrient source for plant (= often animal feed) production. The estimated global amount of N voided by animals ranges between 80 and 130 Tg N per year, and is as large as or larger than the global annual N fertilizer consumption. Cattle (60%), sheep (12%) and pigs (6%) have the largest share in animal manure N production.The conversion of plant N into animal N is on average more efficient in poultry and pork production than in dairy production, which is higher than in beef and sheep production. However, differences within a type of animal production system can be as large as differences between types of animal production systems, due to large effects of the genetic potential of animals, animal feed and management. The management of animals and animal feed, together with the genetic potential of the animals, are key factors to a high efficiency of conversion of plant protein into animal protein.The efficiency of the conversion of N from animal manure, following application to land, into plant protein ranges between 0 and 60%, while the estimated global mean is about 15%. The other 40%- 100% is lost to the wider environment via NH3 volatilization, denitrification, leaching and run-off in pastures or during storage and/or following application of the animal manure to land. On a global scale, only 40%-50% of the amount of N voided is collected in barns, stables and paddocks, and only half of this amount is recycled to crop land. The N losses from animal manure collected in barns, stables and paddocks depend on the animal manure management system. Relative large losses occur in confined animal feeding operations, as these often lack the land base to utilize the N from animal manure effectively.Losses will be relatively low whe

关键词： ammonia, animal number, animal manure, dung, urine, nitrogen excretion, nitrogen loss, management,protein conversion.

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Effect of daidzein on lactobacillus community change in piglet digesta during in vitro fermentation as analyzed by DGGE technique

Effect of daidzein on lactobacillus community change in pigl...

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2003北京国际养猪研讨会暨展览会

作者： Barbara A. Williams seerp tamminga Antoon D.L. Akkermans Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences Wageningen University Wageningen Netherlands Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences Wageningen University Wageningen Netherlands Laboratory of Microbiology Wageningen University Hesselink van Suchtelenweg 4 6703 CT Wageningen Netherlands

＜正＞ The effect of daidzein on Lactobacillus community change during in vitro fermentation ofpiglet digesta from different gastrointestinal （GI） compartment obtained at different ages was investigated.Every three conventionally raised healthy piglets from the same litter were slaughtered at age of 7, 14, 21and 28 days respectively. On each day of slaughtering, the digesta from the same GI compartment （jejunum,ileum, caecum and rectum） was pooled. The pooled digesta from each compartment was used as inocula inthree in vitro fermentation treatments: （a） VanSoest medium with 0.5g of glucose and 50ppm of daidzein;（b） VanSoest medium with 0.5g of glucose;（c） VanSoest medium only.After 48 hours fermentation,

关键词： Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） lactobacillus daidzein dilution PCR digesta piglet

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Effects of morning versus evening reallocation on grazing behavior,rumen fermentation and milk production in strip grazing cows

Effects of morning versus evening reallocation on grazing be...

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第七届草食动物营养国际学术研讨会

作者： P.A.Abrahamse J.Dijkstra S.tamminga Animal Nutrition Group Wageningen Institute of Animal Science （WIAS）sWageningen UniversityP.O.Box 3386700 AHWageningenThe Netherlands Animal Nutrition Group Wageningen Institute of Animal Science （WIAS）sWageningen UniversityP.O.Box 3386700 AHWageningenThe Netherlands Animal Nutrition Group Wageningen Institute of Animal Science （WIAS）sWageningen UniversityP.O.Box 3386700 AHWageningenThe Netherlands

＜正＞Twenty Holstein cows were split into two equal groups to test the effect of timing of allocation to new strip grazing plots on dry matter intake（DMI）,grazing behavior, rumen characteristics and milk production using a repeated measurements design with three periods of 14d each.Cows were allocated to 0.125 ha plots of Lolium perenne L after morning milking（M）or after evening milking（E）.Cows were milked at 0600 and 1600 h and fed 2.7 kg DM/d concentrates with alkanes as a supplement. Although chemical composition of grass was similar between M and E on a daily basis,large differences existed when evaluated morning and evening grass samples in M and E.Neutral detergent fiber（NDF）in grass increased between evening and morning in E,but was equal between morning and evening in M. Crude protein（CP）in grass decreased in time after reallocation while water- soluble carbohydrates（WSC）increased in both treatments. Grass DMI determined using the n-alkane technique,grazing behavior observed using IGER graze recorders,and milk production did not differ（p＞0.05） between treatments.However,there were significant differences between treatments in grazing behavior parameters when data was separated between day and night.Eating time,number of bites and bite:chew ratio were higher in the fist half than in the second half day after reallocating.Eating time in M was more evenly distributed during the day but lower during the night,in comparison to E （figure 1b）.The combined effects of differences on eating behavior and concentrations of NDF and WSC between treatments in different periods of the day probably caused higher intake of NDF and WSC in E,resulting in a significantly higher non-glucogenic to glucogenic volatile fatty acid ratio（NGR）. This was positively related to milk fat percentage in E.In conclusion,different times of allocation altered eating behavior in different parts of the day,NGR and milk fat percentage,but DMI and milk production were not affected.

关键词： grazing behavior rumen fermentation milk production strip grazing water-soluble carbohydrates

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Effects of prolonged methylphenidate treatment on amygdala reactivity and connectivity:a randomized controlled trial in stimulant treatment-naive,male participants with ADHD

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Psychoradiology 2021年第3期1卷 152-163页

作者： Antonia Kaiser Marco A.Bottelier Michiel B.de Ruiter Michelle M.Solleveld Hyke G.H.tamminga Cheima Bouziane Hilde M.Geurts Ramon J.L.Lindauer J.J.Sandra Kooij Paul J.Lucassen Anouk Schrantee Liesbeth Reneman Amsterdam UMC University of AmsterdamDepartment of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam1105 AZthe Netherlands 2University Medical Center GroningenChild Study CenterAccareGroningen9713GZthe Netherlands 3Netherlands Cancer InstituteDivision of Psychosocial Research and EpidemiologyAmsterdam1066CXthe Netherlands 4University of AmsterdamDutch Autism&ADHD Research CenterDepartment of PsychologyAmsterdam1018WTthe Netherlands 5Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamDepartment of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryAmsterdam1105AZthe Netherlands 6Academic Centre for Child and Adolescent PsychiatryLevvelAmsterdam1076ECthe Netherlands 7Expertise Center Adult ADHDPsyQThe Hague2512VAthe Netherlands 8Amsterdam UMCVrije UniversiteitAmsterdam Public Health Research InstituteDepartment of PsychiatryAmsterdam1105AZthe Netherlands 9University of AmsterdamBrain Plasticity GroupSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesAmsterdam1012WXThe Netherlands

Background:Problems with emotional processing are widely reported in individuals with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).Although methylphenidate(MPH)effectively alleviates inattention and hyperactivity symptoms in ADHD,its effects on emotional processing and internalizing symptoms have remained elusive.While we previously found that acute MPH administration modulated neural mechanisms underlying emotional processing in an age-dependent manner,the effects of prolonged administration remained unknown.Objectives:Therefore,we investigated:(i)whether prolonged MPH treatment influences neural substrates(amygdala reactivity and connectivity)of emotional processing,and(ii)whether these effects are modulated by age.Methods:The“effects of Psychotropic drugs On Developing brain-MPH”(“ePOD-MPH”)randomized controlled trial was a 16-week double-blind,placebo-controlled,multi-center trial with MPH in 50 boys(10–12 years of age)and 49 men(23–40 years of age),all stimulant treatment-naive and diagnosed with ADHD.Participants performed an emotional face-matching task during functional magnetic resonance imaging.We assessed their symptoms of ADHD and internalizing symptoms at baseline,during the trial(8 weeks),and 1 week after the trial end(17 weeks).Results and Conclusions:We did not find effects of prolonged MPH treatment on emotional processing,as measured by amygdala reactivity and connectivity and internalizing symptoms in this trial with stimulant treatment-naive participants.This differs from our findings on emotional processing following acute MPH administration and the effects of prolonged MPH treatment on the dopamine system,which were both modulated by age.Interestingly,prolonged MPH treatment did improve ADHD symptoms,although depressive and anxiety symptoms showed a medication-independent decrease.Furthermore,our data indicate that baseline internalizing symptoms may be used to predict MPH treatment effects on ADHD symptoms,particularly in(male)adults with ADHD.

关键词： ADHD fMRI emotional dysregulation internalizing symptoms amygdala face-matching paradigm

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