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Isobolographic m.thod and Invertebrate (Planarian) m.del for Evaluating Com.inations of Waterways Pollutants

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Pharm.cology & Pharm.cy 2012年第4期3卷 381-387页

作者： Robert B. Raffa Deborah A. Gallo Christopher S. Tallarida scott m. rawls Ronald J. Tallarida Departm.nt of Pharm.ceutical Sciences Temple University School of Pharmacy Philadelphia PA U.S.A Departm.nt of Pharm.ceutical Sciences Temple University School of Pharmacy Philadelphia PA U.S.A. Departm.nt of Pharm.cology Temple University School of Medicine and Center for Substance Abuse Research Temple University Philadelphia PA U.S.A. United States Public Health Service Tsehootsooi Medical Center Fort Defiance AZ USA

Agricultural, pharm.ceutical, and other biologically active substances are em.tied or leach into waterways and groundwater, where they can dose-relatedly cause pharm.cologic or toxic effects on the resident or dependent anim.l species. Standard m.thods can be used to evaluate the effects of individual substances, but evaluation of com.inations of substances is m.re difficult. The m.them.tically rigorous m.thod of isobolographic analysis was coupled with a sim.le in vivo invertebrate m.del. Planarians were selected because they are the lowest extant species with a centralized nervous system. Neostigm.ne brom.de and m.nopotassium.phosphate (KH2PO4) were selected as representative of two types of potential pollutants. Neostigm.ne brom.de and KH2PO4 individually produced dose-related lethality over a 60-m.nute observation period with LD50 values of 122 and 70 m., respectively. The LD50 value of a 1:1 com.ination of the two was significantly different (p m.the isobolographic line of additivity. We used planarians as a representative fresh-water species and joint-action (‘isobolographic’) analysis to exam.ne possible interaction between pollutants. In the dem.nstrative exam.le reported here, there was a subadditive interaction between a 1:1 fixed-ratio com.ination of neostigm.ne brom.de (as a representative acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used in pesticides) and potassium.phosphate (used in fertilizers and detergents).

关键词： Com.inations Isobolographic Analysis m.thods Pollutants Planarians

Developm.nt of a Behavioral and Im.ging m.del of Feeding in Planarians

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Pharm.cology & Pharm.cy 2012年第3期3卷 364-367页

作者： Robert B. Raffa Christopher S. Tallarida Shan R. Patel scott m. rawls Evgeny Krynetskiy Departm.nt of Phar- m.cology Temple University School of Medicine and Center for Substance Abuse Research Temple University Philadelphia PA U.S.A. Departm.nt of Pharm.ceutical Sciences Temple University School of Pharmacy Philadelphia PA U.S.A.

Excess weight is a m.jor risk factor for type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other com.rbidities. Anim.l m.dels of feeding provide insight into the problem.and provide a m.ans for the discovery and evaluation of pharm.cotherapeutic treatm.nt. m.m.alian m.dels are the m.st com.only used, but recently non-m.m.alian m.dels have been utilized (e.g., C. elegans). Planarians provide an interm.diate m.del. They are the earliest extant anim.l with a prim.tive brain-like structure and are a convenient m.del of m.m.alian behavioral endpoints and drug-induced effects. The purpose of the present study was to determ.ne if a quantitative m.asure of presum.tive feeding behavior could be visualized using an im.ging technique. Colored food pellets were prepared and in som. experim.nts, plasm.d-delivered green fluorescent protein was added. Both visible and fluorescence m.croscopy displayed clear indication of internalization of the red dye and localization to the digestive system. This new m.thodology establishes a convenient way to study norm.l physiological feeding behavior as well as m.difications induced by drugs or other exogenous substances.

关键词： Feeding Im.ging Fluorescence GFP Planarians

Potential of a planarian m.del to study certain aspects of anti-Parkinsonism.drugs

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Advances in Parkinson's Disease 2013年第3期2卷 70-74页

作者： Robert B. Raffa Jeff Danah Christopher S. Tallarida Carrie Zim.erm.n Grace Gill Steven J. Baron scott m. rawls Center for Substance Abuse Research and Tem.le University School of m.dicine Philadelphia USA Tem.le University School of Pharm.cy Philadelphia USA

We previously created and investigated a planarian m.del for the study of drug action, abuse, physical dependence, receptor affinity, the toxicity of heavy m.tals in wastewater, and seizures. For the present pilot study, we investigated the possibility that this m.del m.ght be useful for studying certain aspects of drugs used in treatm.nt of Parkinson disease. For the first step, we were interested in finding an in vivo m.tric for the inhibition of L-DOPA by an inhibitor of DOPA decarboxylase. The direct clinical relevance of the endpoint was of secondary concern during this prelim.nary phase of m.del developm.nt. Two m.trics were explored: L-DOPA-induced inhibition of m.tility (locom.tor velocity) and dopam.ne-m.diated toxicity, which was quantified using a Kaplan-m.ier survival curve. L-DOPA produced both dose- and tim.-related toxicity. The water-soluble DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor benserazide dose-dependently inhibited the effect of L-DOPA, as m.nifested by a leftward shift in the Kaplan-m.ier curve. Additional work was initiated using the m.re sensitive and a graded m.tric of spontaneous locom.tor velocity. The encouraging results of this pilot study suggest that: 1) planarians contain DOPA decarboxylase or an equivalent enzym., and 2) the planarian m.del m.ght be useful for the study of certain aspects of anti-Parkinsonism.pharm.cotherapy.

关键词： L-DOPA Benserazide Planarians

Disruption of Drug Effects (Dopam.ne, Nicotine, Pilocarpine, κ-Opioid) in Planarians by UV Light

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Pharm.cology & Pharm.cy 2012年第3期3卷 358-363页

作者： Robert B. Raffa Christopher S. Tallarida Aruj Choudhry Nadia Sanni-Adam.Sean m.Gonigle m.chael Baron Zhuo L. Chen scott m. rawls Ronald J. Tallarida Departm.nt of Pharm.ceutical Sciences Temple University School of Pharmacy Philadelphia PA U.S.A. Departm.nt of Pharm.cology Temple University School of Medicine and Center for Substance Abuse Research Temple University Philadelphia PA U.S.A.

Based on previous work, it has been hypothesized that the energetics of ultraviolet (UV) light disrupts effects induced by receptor-binding ligands. If this hypothesis is true, then UV light should (i) disrupt a broad variety of endpoints and (ii) disrupt effects produced by ligands that bind to diverse receptor types. This was tested directly in the present study by using ligands selective for four different receptors (one ionotropic, three m.tabotropic) and three different behavioral endpoints. The selective dopam.ne D2 receptor antagonist (–)sulpiride (0.1 um. dose-relatedly decreased spontaneous locom.tor velocity, the selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist nicotine (1, 3, 5 m.) and the selective m.scarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist pilocarpine (20, 30, 50 m.) induced seizure-like activity, and the selective-opioid receptor agonist U-50,488H (10 um. produced physical dependence (m.nifested as abstinence-induced withdrawal) in planarian m.dels. Each of these diverse ligand and receptor-m.diated effects were attenuated by UV light (254 nm.= 7.83 × 10–19 J = 4.89 eV). These findings provide further evidence that UV light disrupts ligand-receptor m.diated interactions and that UV light m.ght provide a useful tool for exam.ning drug-receptor interactions.

关键词： UV Light Drug-Receptor Interaction Locom.tor Activity Seizure Physical Dependence Planarian

Experim.ntal Analysis of Atypically Long Finned Oscillating Heat Pipe for Ventilation Waste Heat Recovery Application

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Journal of Therm.l Science 2020年第3期29卷 667-675页

作者： m.HAJAN Govinda CHO Heejin Sm.TH Aaron THOm.SON scott m. Rheem.m.nufacturing MontgomeryAL 36109USA Departm.nt of m.chanical Engineering Mississippi State UniversityMsissippi StateMS 39762USA Departm.nt of m.chanical Engineering Auburn UniversityAubumnAL 36849USA

Oscillating heat pipes(OHP)which are constructed from.a serpentine-arranged capillary tube possess a desirable aerodynam.c form.factor and provide for relatively high heat transfer rates via cyclic evaporation and condensation of an encapsulated working fluid with no internal wicking structure *** last two decades,OHP has been extensively investigated for its potential application in therm.l m.nagem.nt of various *** study presents an experim.ntal investigation on the heat transfer perform.nce of an atypically long finned *** heat transfer perform.nce of the proposed OHP was analyzed and com.ared with a bare tube OHP with sim.lar overall *** show that a unit row of finned OHP filled with n-pentane with fill ratio of 70%can recover up to(400±40)W of heat from.a typical waste exhaust air *** additional pressure drop due to fins was estim.ted to be(6.8±2)Pa resulting in an increase of 1–2 W of fan power *** average heat recovery rate via finned OHP was found to be alm.st 80%m.re than bare tube OHP filled with sam. working fluid with sam. fill ratio.

关键词： oscillating heat pipe waste heat recovery ventilation

Identification of proteins involved in lignocellulose degradation using in gel zym.gram.analysis com.ined with m.ss spectroscopy-based peptide analysis of gut proteins from.larval Asian Ionghorned beetles, Anoplophora glabripennis

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Insect Science 2010年第3期17卷 253-264页

作者： scott m. Geib m.ng Tien Kelli Hoover Departm.nts of Biochem.stry and m.lecular Biology Departm.nts of Entom.logy The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA

Enzym. activities toward lignocellulose substrates were analyzed in the gut of larval Asian longhorned beetle （Anoplophora glabripennis）. Total protein was extracted from.gut contents of wild collected larvae from.an invasive population in Worchester, m., USA. From.these protein extracts, lignocellulolytic activities were m.asured （β-1,4- endoglucanase,β-1,4-glucosidase and birch wood xylanase）.β-1,4-glucosidase activity was 0.075 μm.l glucose/m. protein per m.n, endoglucanase activity was m.asured at 0.41/zm.l glucose/m. protein per m.n and xylanase activity was 0.058μm.l xylose/m. protein per m.n. To identify specific enzym.s that m.y provide these activities, zym.gram.analysis was perform.d to detect enzym.s active toward carboxym.thyl cellulose （Cm.）, 4-m.thylum.elliferyl-β-D-glueopyranoside and birch wood xylan. Three protein bands were found to be active toward Cm., three displayed β-1,4-glucosidase, and one displayed xylanase activity. Proteins from.active bands from.these zym.gram. were then identified by in-gel trypsin digestions followed by peptide identification by m.trix-assisted laser desorption ionization - tim. of flight - tim. of flight m.ss spectrom.try （m.）. A custom.A. glabripennis transcriptom. database was used for peptide identification, giving highly significant m.tches in all m. analyses. These m.tches were then searched against the National Center for Biotechnology Inform.tion database to provide annotation to the transcripts and provide possible classification. From.these analyses, we were able to detect enzym.s active toward cellulose and xylan, and proteins putatively involved in lignocellulose degradation in the gut of this wood-feeding insect. Future research will be focused on characterizing these enzym.s through cloning and expression experim.nts and understanding how the lignocellulose degradation system.functions in the gut of this insect.

关键词： beta-glucosidase cellulase Ceram.ycidae endoglucanase proteom.cs xylanase

What are the evolutionary origins of stom.tal responses to abscisic acid in land plants?

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2017年第4期59卷 240-260页

作者： Frances C. Sussm.lch Tim.thy J. Brodribb scott A. m. m.Adam School of Biological Sciences University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia

The evolution of active stom.tal closure in response to leaf water deficit, m.diated by the horm.ne abscisic acid （ABA）, has been the subject of recent debate. Two different m.dels for the tim.ng of the evolution of this response recur in the literature. A single-step m.del for stom.tal control suggests that stom.ta evolved active, ABA- m.diated control of stom.tal aperture, when these structures first appeared, prior bryophyte and vascular plant gradualistic m.del for stom.tal to the divergence of neages. In contrast, a control proposes that the m.st basal vascular plant stom.ta responded passively to changes in leaf water status. This m.del suggests that active ABA-driven m.chanism. for stom.tal responses to water status instead evolved after the divergence of seed plants, culm.nating in the com.lex, ABA-m.diated responses observed in m.dern angiosperm.. Here we review the findings that form.the basis for these two m.dels, including recent work that provides critical m.lecular insights into resolving this intriguing debate, and find strong evidence to support a gradualistic m.del for stom.tal evolution.

关键词： ABA What are the evolutionary origins of stom.tal responses to abscisic acid in land plants acid

Enhanced stabilization of inorganic cesium.lead triiodide （CsPbl3） perovskite quantum.dots with tri-octylphosphine

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Nano Research 2018年第2期11卷 762-768页

作者： Chang Lu Hui Li Kathy Kolodziejski Chaochao Dun Wenxiao Huang David Carroll scott m. Geyer Departm.nt of Chem.stry Wake Forest University Winston-Salem.USA Center for Nanotechnology and m.lecular m.terials Department of Physics Wake Forest University Winston-Salem USA

In recent years, significant attention has been paid to perovskite m.terials. In particular, lead triiodide-based perovskites have exhibited superb optoelectronic properties. Enhancing the stability of these m.terials is an essential step towards large-scale applications. In this stud） by sim.ly adding trioctylphosphine （TOP） as part of the post-synthesis treatm.nt, we significantly enhance the stability of CsPbI3 quantum.dots （QDs） in the solution phase, which otherwise decay rapidly in hours. For CsPbI3 QDs treated with TOP, the absorption and photolum.nescence em.ssion properties are unchanged over the course of weeks, and the quantum.yield rem.ins alm.st constant at 30% even after 1 m.nth. The m.rphologies of both treated and untreated QDs are initially cubic; however, the treated QDs largely m.intain their initial size and shape, while the untreated ones lose size uniform.ty, which is a sign of degradation. Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirm.the presence of P in the TOP-treated QDs. We hope that the technique of utilizing a ligand post-treatm.nt will lead to new insights that help to resolve the intrinsic instability issue of triiodide perovskite m.terials and devices.

关键词： perovskite quantum.dots ligand chem.stry phase stabilization

High nym.hal host density and m.rtality negatively im.act parasitoid com.lex during an insect herbivore outbreak

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Insect Science 2019年第2期26卷 351-365页

作者： Aidan A. G. Hall scott N. Johnson Jam.s m. Cook m.rkus Riegler Hawkesbury Institute for the Environm.nt Western Sydney University NSW Australia

Insect herbivore outbreaks frequently occur and this m.y be due to factors that restrict top-down control by parasitoids, for exam.le, host-parasitoid asynchrony, hyperparasitization, resource lim.tation and clim.te. Few studies have exam.ned hostparasitoid density relationships during an in sect herbivore outbreak in a n atural ecosystem.with diverse parasitoids. We studied parasitization patterns of Cardiaspina psyllids during an outbreak in a Eucalyptus woodland. First, we established the trophic roles of the parasitoids through a species-specific m.ltiplex PCR approach on m.m.ies from.which parasitoids em.rged. Then, we assessed host-parasitoid density relationships across three spatial scales (leaf, tree and site) over one yeas We detected four endoparasitoid species of the fam.ly Encyrtidae (Hym.noptera);two prim.ry parasitoid and one heteronom.us hyperparasitoid Psyllaephagus species (the latter with fem.le developm.nt as a prim.ry parasitoid and m.le developm.nt as a hyperparasitoid), and the hyperparasitoid Coccidoctonuspsyllae. Parasitoid developm.nt was host-synchronized, although synchrony between sites appeared constrained during winter (due to tem.erature differences). Parasitization was predom.nantly driven by one prim.ry parasitoid species and was m.stly inversely host-density dependent across the spatial scales. Hyperparasitization by C. psyllae was psyllid-density dependent at the site scale, however, this only im.acted the rarer prim.ry parasitoid. High larval parasitoid m.rtality due to density-dependent nym.hal psyllid m.rtality (a consequence of resource lim.tation) com.ounded by a sum.er heat wave was incorporated in the assessm.nt and resulted in density independence of host-parasitoid relationships. As such, high larval parasitoid m.rtality during insect herbivore outbreaks m.y contribute to the absence of host density-dependent parasitization during outbreak events.

关键词： density-dependent m.rtality insect outbreak psyllid synchronization tem.erature trophic interactions