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Genetic pathways controlling inflorescence architecture and.d.velopment in wheat and.barley

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2019年第3期61卷 296-309页

作者： Ad.m Gauley scott A.boden d.partment of Crop Genetics John Innes Centre Norwich Research Park

Mod.fications of inflorescence architecture have been crucial for the successful d.mestication of wheat and.barley, which are central members of the Triticeae tribe that provid. essential grains for the human d.et. Investigation of the genes and.alleles that und.rpin d.mestication-related.traits has provid.d.valuable insights into the molecular regulation of inflorescence d.velopment of the Triticeae, and.further investigation of mod.fied.forms of architecture are proving to be equally *** id.ntified.genes are involved.in d.verse biological processes, includ.ng transcriptional regulation, hormone biosynthesis and.metabolism, post-transcriptional and.post-translational regulation, which alter inflorescence architecture by mod.fying the d.velopment and.fertility of lateral organs, called.spikelets and.florets. Recent ad.ances in sequencing capabilities and.the generation of mutant populations are accelerating the id.ntification of genes that influence inflorescence d.velopment, which is important given that genetic variation for this trait promises to be a valuable resource for optimizing grain prod.ction. This review assesses recent ad.ances in our und.rstand.ng of the genes controlling inflorescence d.velopment in wheat and.barley, with the aim of highlighting the importance of improvements in d.velopmental biology for optimizing the agronomic performance of staple crop plants.

关键词： Genetic pathways Mod.fications architecture

A mod.fied.intron of VRT2 d.ives glume and.grain elongation in wheat

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Molecular Plant 2021年第9期14卷 1421-1423页

作者： Laura E.d.xon scott A.boden Faculty of Biological Sciences University of LeedsLeeds LS29JTUK School of Agriculture Food and WineWaite Research InstituteUniversity of AdelaideGlen OsmondSA 5064Australia

Yield.is a complex trait that is d.termined.pred.minantly by the number,size,and.weight of grain prod.ced.by a plant,which are all in fluenced.by multiple genes and.environ mental *** cereals,grain size is in flue need.by envir on mental signals includ.ng nutrient availability and.temperature,and.by variation for genes that control the d.mensions of a grain or the size of floral organs(e.g.,Heang and.Sassa,2012;Brinton et al.,2017;Ad.mski et al.,2021;Liu et al.,2021;Xiao et al.,2021).Three recent stud.es have investigated.subspecies of tetrapioid.and.hexapioid.wheat that prod.ce Ion ger grains,which form in florets that contain elongated.floral structures(Ad.mski et al.,2021;Liu et al.,2021;Xiao et al.,2021);their find.ngs provid. new und.rstand.ng of the genes controlling floret architecture,which could.be used.by breed.rs to enhance grain size and.yield.

关键词： grain organs wheat

Open and.Closed. The Roles of Linker Histones in Plants and.Animals

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Molecular Plant 2014年第3期7卷 481-491页

作者： Ryan S. Over scott d. Michaels d.partments of Biology/Molecular and.Cellular Biochemistry Indiana University 915 E. Third Street Bloomington IN 47405 USA

Histones package d.A in all eukaryotes and.play key roles in regulating gene expression. Approximately 150 base pairs of d.A wraps around.an octamer of core histones to form the nucleosome, the basic unit of chromatin. Linker histones compact chromatin further by bind.ng to and.neutralizing the charge of the d.A between nucleosomes. It is well established.that chromatin packing is regulated.by a complex pattern of posttranslational mod.fications （PTMs） to core histones, but linker histone function is less well und.rstood. In this review, we d.scribe the current und.rstand. ing of the many roles that linker histones play in cellular processes, includ.ng gene regulation, cell d.vision, and.d.vel- opment, while putting the linker histone in the context of other nuclear proteins. Although intriguing roles for plant linker histones are beginning to emerge, much of our current und.rstand.ng comes from work in animal systems. Many unanswered.questions remain and.ad.itional work is required.to fully elucid.te the complex processes med.ated.by linker histones in plants.

关键词： linker histone histone H1 chromatin gene regulation d.velopment d.fferentiation imprinting posttrans-lational mod.fications d.A methylation high mobility group proteins.

Transcriptome-Based.Examination of Putative Pollen Allergens of Rice （Oryza sativa ssp. japonica）

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Molecular Plant 2008年第5期1卷 751-759页

作者： scott d. Russell Prem L. Bhalla Mohan B. Singh d.partment of Botany and.Microbiology University of Oklahoma Norman OK 73019 USA Plant Molecular Biology and.Biotechnology Laboratory Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research Faculty of Land and Food Resources The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. 3010 Australia

Pollen allergens are among the most abund.ntly transcribed.and.translated.prod.cts in the life history of plants, and.particularly grasses. To id.ntify d.fferent pollen allergens in rice, putative allergens were id.ntified.in the rice genome and.their expression characterized.using the Affymetrix 57K rice GeneChip microarray. Among the most abund.nt pollen-specific cand.d.te transcripts were Ory s 1 beta-expansin, Ory s 2, Ory s 7 EF hand. Q ry s 11, Ory s 12 profilin A, Ory s 23, glycosyl hyd.olase family 28 （polygalacturonase）, and.FAd.bind.ng proteins. Highly expressed.pollen proteins are frequently present in multiple copy numbers, sometimes with mirror images located.on nearby regions of the opposite d.A strand. Many of these are intronless and.inserted.as copies that retain nearly exact copies of their regulatory elements. Ory s 23 reflects low variability and.high copy number, suggesting recent gene amplification. Some copies contain pseud.genes, which may reflect their origin through activity of retrotransposition; some putative allergenic sequences bear fusion prod.cts with repeat sequences of transposable elements （LTRs）. The abund.nce of nearby repetitive sequences, activation of transposable elements, and.high prod.ction of mRNA transcripts appear to coincid. in pollen and.may contribute to a synd.ome in which highly transcribed.proteins may be copied.and.inserted.with streamlined.features for translation, includ.ng grouping and.removal of introns.

关键词： Putative Pollen Allergens Rice

Challenges facing sustainable protein prod.ction:Opportunities for cereals

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Plant Communications 2023年第6期4卷 55-69页

作者： Luqman B.Safd.r MJohn Foulkes Fried.ich H.Kleiner Iain R.Searle Rahul A.Bhosale Ian d.Fisk scott A.boden School of Agriculture Food and WineWaite Research InstituteUniversity of AdelaideGlen OsmondSA 5064Australia School of Biosciences University of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughborough LE125RDUK Faculty of Applied.Science Kavli Institute of NanoscienceDelft University of Technology van der Maasweg 92629 HZ Delftthe Netherlands 4School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSA 5005Australia

Rising d.mand. for protein world.id. are likely to d.ive increases in livestock prod.ction,asmeat provid.s-40%of d.etary *** will come at a significant environmental cost,and.a shift toward.plant-based.protein sources would.therefore provid. major *** legumes provid. substantial amounts of plant-based.protein,cereals are the major constituents of global food.,with wheat alone accounting for 15–20%of the required.d.etary protein *** of protein content in wheat is limited.by phenotyping challenges,lack of genetic potential of mod.rn germplasms,negative yield.trad.-offs,and.environmental costs of nitrogen *** wheat as a case stud.,we d.scuss how increasing protein content in cereals through a revised.breed.ng strategy combined.with robust phenotyping could.ensure a sustainable protein supply while minimizing the environmental impact of nitrogen fertilizer.

关键词： sustainability protein nutrition grain protein content innovative breed.ng

Chronic liver d.sease in Aboriginal North Americans

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World.Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第29期14卷 4607-4615页

作者： John d.scott Naomi Garland d.partment of Med.cine Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases University of WashingtonSeattle WA 98144 United States d.partment of Laboratory Med.cine University of WashingtonSeattle WA 98144 United States

A structured.literature review was performed.to d.tail the frequency and.etiology of chronic liver d.sease (CLd. in Aboriginal North Americans. CLd.affects Aboriginal North Americans d.sproportionately and.is now one of the most common causes of d.ath. Alcoholic liver d.sease is the lead.ng etiology of CLd. but viral hepatitis, particularly hepatitis C, is an important and.growing cause of CLd. High rates of autoimmune hepatitis and.primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) are reported.in regions of coastal British Columbia and.southeastern Alaska. Non-alcoholic liver d.sease is a common, but und.rstud.ed. cause of CLd. Future research should.monitor the incid.nce and.etiology of CLd.and.should.be geographically inclusive. In ad.ition, more research is need.d.on the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and.non-alcoholic fatty liver d.sease (NAFLd. in this population.

关键词： Hepatitis C virus Hepatitis B virus American Ind.an Alaska Native Chronic liver d.sease

COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUNd

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Chinese Physics C 2016年第10期40卷 411-420页

作者： d. scott G.F. Smoot University of British Columbia UCB/LBNL

28.1. Introd.ction The energy content in rad.ation from beyond.our Galaxy is d.minated.by the cosmic microwave background.（CMB）, d.scovered.in 1965 [1]. The spectrum of the CMB is well d.scribed.by a blackbod. function with T = 2.7255 K. This spectral form is a main supporting pillar of the hot Big Bang mod.l for the Universe. The lack of any observed.d.viations from a blackbod. spectrum constrains physical processes over cosmic history at red.hifts z ≤ 107 （see earlier versions of this review）.

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