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Human immunodeficiency virus prevention strategies in China

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Chinese Medical Journal 2020年第3期133卷 318-325页

作者： Zun-You Wu sarah Robbins scott Division of HIV Prevention National Center for AIDS/STD Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing 102206China Department of Epidemiology Fielding School of Public HealthUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUnited States.

This paper reviews the current epidemics of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infection in China,particularly the globally available prevention strategies developed and implemented.This review focuses on HIV prevention measures in general,such as education,testing,and counseling and in specific responses to transmission modes,such as blood safety,harm reduction for people who inject drugs,and condom promotion to reduce sexual transmission.We also assess newly developed prevention measures,such as prevention treatment,pre-exposure prophylaxis,post-exposure prophylaxis,male circumcision,and promising potential future preventions,including microbicides and vaccines.Based on this assessment,we provide recommendations for their implementation in China.We conclude that there is no magic bullet for HIV prevention,particularly sexual transmission of the disease,but only a combination of these prevention strategies can control the HIV epidemic.

关键词： Human immunodeficiency virus infection Epidemic Prevention strategies China

Factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse among male students who have sex with men in three Northern regions of China

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Chinese Medical Journal 2019年第14期132卷 1639-1644页

作者： De-Chuan Zhang Zun-You Wu sarah Robbins scott Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public HealthAnhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhui 230032China National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing 102206China

Background:Unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) has previously been associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.Male students who have sex with men (SMSM) are at increased exposure to experience UAI.The aim of this study was to investigate the status of UAI and related factors among SMSM in three northern regions of China.Methods:From November 2018 to January 2019,SMSM,18 years or older,studying or living in Beijing,Tianjin,or Shijiazhuang,who had anal sex in the past 6 months were recruited by community-based organizations to participate in an unmatched,casecontrol study.Detailed demographic and behavioral information were collected via self-administrated electronic questionnaires and factors related to UAI were assessed using uni-and multivariate logistic regression analyses.Results:Among the 511 SMSM included in the study,210 (41.1%) reported UAI in the past 6 months.SMSM who had sexual partners at least 10 years older than themselves (odds ratio [OR]=2.277,95% confidence interval [CI]:1.380-3.756),used vacant capsules before sexual activity (OR =3.858,95 % CI:1.472-10.106),had a self-perceived moderate-HIV risk (OR =2.128,95 %CI:1.403-3.227),and unprotected,first anal intercourse (OR =2.236,95 % CI:1.506-3.320) had increased odds of UAI.Contusions:Factors associated with increased odds of engaging in UAI in the past 6 months among SMSM included having older sexual partners,using vacant capsules,having a self-perceived moderate risk of HIV,and unprotected,first anal intercourse.Continuing education on risk reduction,including improving condom decision making in age-discordant relationships could help address the sexual risk behaviors among SMSM.

关键词： Students Men who have sex with men Unsafe Sex China

Risks and challenges of HIV infection transmitted via blood transfusion

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Biosafety and Health 2019年第3期1卷 124-128页

作者： sarah Robbins scott Zunyou Wu National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention155 Changbai RoadBeijing 102206China

Promoting biosafety regulations and techniques supports human health and protects individuals and groups from harmful incidents.Particular attention should be paid to those potential infectious hazards associated with blood and other bodily fluids,especially those highly transmitted infectious diseases,such as human immunodeficiency virus(HIV),one of the largest global health threats.Ensuring innovative and adaptive screening and laboratory techniques to reduce the possibility of HIV transmission are integral to managing the disease.We review here the evolution and success of blood screening techniques for HIV,along with current issues that still need to be addressed.Published academic articles and media reports about nosocomial HIV transmission events since 1981 were reviewed to identify current blood screening and transfusion safety trends across the globe,along with specific recommendations from the Chinese perspective.Although most initial screening was limited only to antibody and antigen testing,newer screening tests(such as nucleic acid testing),coupled with risk-based screening of donors,have led to reduced risk of HIV transmission and continues to reduce the“window period,”when an HIV-positive individual may test negative though they have been infected.Further examination of current guidelines and regulations across the globe are discussed,in order to understand where critical gaps in screening may exist.Through examination of this data,it is evident that huge strides have been made since the beginning of the epidemic;however improved technical training of staff and streamlined testing guidelines could help promote efficient screening of HIV,while also supporting those providing care.

关键词： Human immunodeficiency virus Blood screening Nosocomial transmission Transfusion-transmitted infection

HIV care continuum among newly diagnosed student and non-student youths between 2012 and 2016 in Hangzhou, China

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Chinese Medical Journal 2019年第12期132卷 1420-1428页

作者： Yan Luo Hong Wu Xing-Liang Zhang Xi-Ting Li sarah Robbins scott Jun-Fang Chen Zun-You Wu Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention HangzhouZhejiang 310021China National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing 102206China

Background: Youths are disproportionally affected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We aimed to assess antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and viral suppression rates among student and non-student youths in Hangzhou, China. Methods: Data were taken from the Chinese HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome Comprehensive Response Information Management System. Youths aged 15 to 24 years who were newly diagnosed with HIV between 2012 and 2016 and were living in Hangzhou were included in the study. Comparisons between student and non-student youths were made for ART initiation within 30 days, 90 days, and 12 months of HIV diagnosis, and the viral suppression rate at 12 months of HIV diagnosis and at 12 months of ART initiation. Results: A total of 707 cases met inclusion criteria, 29.6% of which were students and 70.4% were non-student youths. The student group had a higher proportion of ART initiation compared with the non-student group within 30 days of diagnosis (45.5% vs. 37.0%, P = 0.044), and a slightly higher but not statistically significant proportion at 90 days (67.0% vs. 62.7%), and 12 months (83.7% vs. 78.5%) of HIV diagnosis. ART initiation within 30 days improved from 90% in 2016. A smaller proportion of students experienced viral suppression compared with the non-student group (9.6% vs. 17.1%, P = 0.011) at 12 months after HIV diagnosis, but the suppression rate was similar at 12 months of ART initiation (69.9% vs. 71.1%, P = 0.743). Conclusions: ART initiation in both student and non-student youths has significantly improved between 2012 and 2016. However, the viral suppression rate remained unacceptably low at 12 months of HIV diagnosis in both student and non-student groups. Specific intervention strategies must be taken to address this challenge.

关键词： Human immunodeficiency virus Antiretroviral therapy Viral suppression Student Non-student Youths

Multiplexed Five-Color Molecular Imaging of Cancer Cells and Tumor Tissues with Carbon Nanotube Raman Tags in the Near-Infrared

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Nano Research 2010年第3期3卷 222-233页

作者： Zhuang Liu scott Tabakman sarah Sherlock Xiaolin Li Zhuo Chen Kaili Jiang Shoushan Fan Hongjie Dai Functional Nano&Soft Materials Laboratory(FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials&DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhou 215123China Department of Chemistry Stanford UniversityStanfordCA 94305USA Department of Physics and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

Single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWNTs)with five different C13/C12 isotope compositions and well-separated Raman peaks have been synthesized and conjugated to five targeting ligands in order to impart molecular specificity.Multiplexed Raman imaging of live cells has been carried out by highly specific staining of cells with a five-color mixture of SWNTs.Ex vivo multiplexed Raman imaging of tumor samples uncovers a surprising up-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)on LS174T colon cancer cells from cell culture to in vivo tumor growth.This is the first time five-color multiplexed molecular imaging has been performed in the near-infrared(NIR)region under a single laser excitation.Near zero interfering background of imaging is achieved due to the sharp Raman peaks unique to nanotubes over the low,smooth autofluorescence background of biological species.

关键词： Carbon nanotubes Raman scattering biomedicine multiplexed imaging

Assessing display variability in wild brown anoles Anolis sagrei using a mechanical lizard model

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Current Zoology 2011年第2期57卷 140-152页

作者： sarah R. PARTAN Peter OTOVIC Virginia L. PRICE scott E. BROWN School of Cognitive Science Hampshire College Amherst MA 01002 USA Department of Psychology University of South Florida St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA

Signals used for species identity ought to be highly stereotyped so as to facilitate immediate recognition by con-specifics. It is surprising therefore to find variability in putative species signature displays. The brown anoleAnolis sagreihas a high degree of variability in its signature bobbing display. In this study we collected descriptive data on variability in the temporal structure of wild brown anole bobbing patterns, finding that no two displays analyzed had the same temporal structure, and we also tested whether wild brown anoles prefer the signature display over an alternate display pattern by using mechanical robot playbacks in the field. As a response metric we assessed whether or not the lizards showed social responses (pushup, dewlap extension, or head-nod) in response to the robotic presentations. We found that the lizards responded slightly more to the signature than to the alternate pattern, providing support for the idea that despite the variability seen in displays, the signature pattern is meaningful to them. We tested two other independent variables: speed of the display and elevation of the robot during its display, neither of which was significant. Dewlap extensions were given predominantly by adult males and were more likely to be given in the breeding season than the nonbreeding season. Pushups and head-nods were given equally by males and a combined class of females and juveniles, and were not seasonal. Head-nods increased after the robot turned off, suggesting that they may be used in a conversational turn-taking style during communication.

关键词：显示模式模型评估棕色野生蜥蜴变异机械非繁殖季节

Gabapentin prevalence:clinical and forensic experience in St.Louis,Missouri,USA

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Forensic Sciences Research 2021年第4期6卷 218-223页

作者： sarah B.Riley Kelsie Garbutt Chelsea Crow T.scott Isbell Anthony J.Scalzo school of Medicine Department of Pathology saint Louis Universityst.LouisMissouriUs school of Medicine Department of Pediatrics saint Louis Universityst.LouisMissouriUs Department of sociology and anthropology Forensic sciences Programsaint Louis Universityst.LouisMissouriUSA

Gabapentin(Neurontin)is an anti-epileptic drug that has had wide off-label prescription use since market release due to presumed negligible abuse potential.However,trends in drug misuse have demonstrated that gabapentin misuse is occurring,particularly in those with a history of opioid misuse.This is concerning,because although gabapentin has no direct ligand activity at opioid receptors,it does potentiate the analgesic effect of opioids,and concurrent use of gabapentin and opioids may increase the risk of respiratory depressive effects of opioids.This study investigates the incidence of gabapentin detected in urine samples collected for clinical drug screening purposes in a local hospital emergency department and in postmortem samples submitted by medical examiners in the St.Louis metropolitan area.The prevalence of gabapentin and co-detected drugs in both populations is contrasted,compared,and discussed.This study found that 30%of urine samples collected from patients with suspected drug intoxication presenting to SSM Health Saint Louis University Hospital,a quaternary care medical center,were positive for gabapentin,and nearly two thirds of those were also positive for oxycodone.Over a 6-month period,the incidence of gabapentin positive postmortem cases increased from 18%to 20%.Nearly all gabapentin positive postmortem cases were also positive for an opioid,the most significant being fentanyl,suggesting that gabapentin misuse may be due to its potentiating effect of opioid drug action.This study also highlights the limited utility of immunoassay-based urine drug screens.

关键词： Forensic toxicology clinical toxicology substance misuse gabapentin urine drug screening postmortem mass spectrometry

Nationwide retrospective study of hepatitis B virological response and liver stiffness improvement in 465 patients on nucleos(t)ide analogue

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2022年第31期28卷 4390-4398页

作者： Alnoor Ramji Karen Doucette Curtis Cooper Gerald Yosel Minuk Mang Ma Alexander Wong David Wong Edward Tam Brian Conway David Truong Philip Wong Lisa Barrett Hin Hin Ko sarah Haylock-Jacobs Nishi Patel Gilaad G Kaplan scott Fung Carla S Coffin Department of Medicine University of British ColumbiaVancouver v6t 1z3Canada Department of Medicine University of AlbertaEdmonton t6g 2r7Canada Department of Medicine The Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteUniversity of OttawaOttawa ON K1H 8L6Canada Department of Medicine University of ManitobaWinnipeg r3e 3j7Canada Department of Medicine University of SaskatchewanSaskatoon s7n 5e5Canada Department of Medicine University Health NetworkToronto m5g 2c4Canada Pacific Gastroenterology Associates Vancouver v6z 2k5Canada Vancouver Infectious Disease Centre Vancouver v6z 2c7Canada Department of Medicine McGill UniversityMontreal h3a 0g4Canada Department of Microbiology and Immunology Dalhousie UniversityHalifax b3h 4r2Canada Cumming School of Medicine University of CalgaryCalgary t2n 1n4Canada

BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus(HBV)nucleos(t)ide analog(NA)therapy reduces liver disease but requires prolonged therapy to achieve hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)loss.There is limited North American real-world data using non-invasive tools for fibrosis assessment and few have compared 1st generation NA or lamivudine(LAM)to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate(TDF).AIM To assess impact of NA on virological response and fibrosis regression using liver stiffness measurement(LSM)(i.e.,FibroScan®).METHODS Retrospective,observational cohort study from the Canadian HBV Network.Data collected included demographics,NA,HBV DNA,alanine aminotransferase(ALT),and LSM.Patients were HBV monoinfected patients,treatment naïve,and received 1 NA with minimum 1 year follow-up.RESULTS In 465(median 49 years,37%female,35%hepatitis B e antigen+at baseline,84%Asian,6%White,and 9%Black).Percentage of 64(n=299)received TDF and 166 were LAM-treated with similar median duration of 3.9 and 3.7 years,respectively.The mean baseline LSM was 11.2 kPa(TDF)vs 8.3 kPa(LAM)(P=0.003).At 5-year follow-up,the mean LSM was 7.0 kPa in TDF vs 6.7 kPa in LAM(P=0.83).There was a significant difference in fibrosis regression between groups(i.e.,mean-4.2 kPa change in TDF and-1.6 kPa in LAM,P<0.05).The last available data on treatment showed that all had normal ALT,but more TDF patients were virologically suppressed(<10 IU/mL)(n=170/190,89%)vs LAM-treated(n=35/58,60%)(P<0.05).None cleared HBsAg.CONCLUSION In this real-world North American study,approximately 5 years of NA achieves liver fibrosis regression rarely leads to HBsAg loss.

关键词： Nucleos(t)ide analog therapy Functional cure Hepatitis B virus surface antigen loss Fibrosis regression Liver stiffness measurement Transient elastography

High Performance In Vivo Near-IR (>1 μm) Imaging and Photothermal Cancer Therapy with Carbon Nanotubes

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Nano Research 2010年第11期3卷 779-793页

作者： Joshua T.Robinson Kevin Welsher scott M.Tabakman sarah P.Sherlock Hailiang Wang Richard Luong Hongjie Dai Department of Chemistry Stanford UniversityStanfordCA 94305USA Department of Comparative Medicine Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordCA 94305USA

Short single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWNTs)functionalized by PEGylated phospholipids are biologically non-toxic and long-circulating nanomaterials with intrinsic near infrared photoluminescence(NIR PL),characteristic Raman spectra,and strong optical absorbance in the near infrared(NIR).This work demonstrates the first dual application of intravenously injected SWNTs as photoluminescent agents for in vivo tumor imaging in the 1.0-1.4μm emission region and as NIR absorbers and heaters at 808 nm for photothermal tumor elimination at the lowest injected dose(70μg of SWNT/mouse,equivalent to 3.6 mg/kg)and laser irradiation power(0.6 W/cm2)reported to date.Ex vivo resonance Raman imaging revealed the SWNT distribution within tumors at a high spatial resolution.Complete tumor elimination was achieved for large numbers of photothermally treated mice without any toxic side effects after more than six months post-treatment.Further,side-by-side experiments were carried out to compare the performance of SWNTs and gold nanorods(AuNRs)at an injected dose of 700μg of AuNR/mouse(equivalent to 35 mg/kg)in NIR photothermal ablation of tumors in vivo.Highly effective tumor elimination with SWNTs was achieved at 10 times lower injected doses and lower irradiation powers than for AuNRs.These results suggest there are significant benefits of utilizing the intrinsic properties of biocompatible SWNTs for combined cancer imaging and therapy.

关键词： Photothermal cancer SWNT imaging treatment