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Upstream-downstream linkages of hydrological processes in the Himalayan region

Ecological Processes 2014年第1期3卷 51-66页

作者： santosh nepal Wolfgang-Albert Flugel Arun Bhakta Shrestha International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development(ICIMOD) KathmanduNepal Department of Geoinformatics Hydrology and ModellingFriedrich Schiller UniversityJena(FSU-Jena)Germany

Understanding the upstream-downstream linkages in hydrological processes is essential for water resources planning in river *** there are many studies of individual aspects of these processes in the Himalayan region,studies along the length of the basins are *** study summarizes the present state of knowledge about linkages in hydrological processes between upstream and downstream areas of river basins in the Himalayan region based on a literature *** paper studies the linkages between the changes in the physical environment of upstream areas(land use,snow storage,and soil erosion)and of climate change on the downstream water availability,flood and dry season flow,and erosion and *** is argued that these linkages are complex due to the extreme altitudinal range associated with the young and fragile geology,extreme seasonal and spatial variation in rainfall,and diversity of anthropogenic *** on the findings,the paper concludes that integrated systems analysis is required to understand the holistic complexity of upstream-downstream linkages of hydrological processes in the river basin *** integrated land and water resources management(ILWRM)approach can be instrumental in developing adaptive solutions to problems and can also enable stakeholders of upstream and downstream areas with various interests and needs to work together for the better utilization and management of land and water *** a part of this,the specific circumstances of the upstream communities,who live in fragile and inaccessible mountain areas with limited resource opportunities,should be taken into account so that incentive mechanisms can be established to encourage and acknowledge their contribution.

关键词： Integrated land and water resources management Himalayan region Integrated systems analysis Geoinformatics Physical linkages Value of environmental services

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Extreme climate projections over the transboundary Koshi River Basin using a high resolution regional climate model

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2017年第3期8卷 199-211页

作者： Rupak RAJBHANDARI Arun Bhakta SHRESTHA santosh nepal Shahriar WAHID REN Guo-Yu Department of Meteorology Tri-Chandra Campus Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu Nepal National Climate Center China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China

The high-resolution climate model Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies (PRECIS) was used to project the changes in futureextreme precipitation and temperature over the Koshi River Basin for use in impact assessments. Three outputs of the Quantifying Uncertaintiesin Model Prediction (QUMP) simulations using the Hadley Centre Couple Model (HadCM3) based on the IPCC SRES A1B emission scenario were used to project the future climate. The projections were analysed for three time slices, 2011e2040 (near future), 2041e2070 (mid-century), and 2071e2098 (distant future). The results show an increase in the future frequency and intensity of climate extremes events such as dry days, consecutive dry days, and very wet days (95th percentile), with greater increases over the southern plains than in the mountainous area to the north. A significant decrease in moderate rainfall days (75th percentile) is projected over the middle (high) mountain and trans-Himalaya areas. Increases are projected in both the extreme maximum and extreme minimum temperature, with a slightly higher rate in minimum temperature. The number of warm days is projected to increase throughout the basin, with more rapid rates in the trans-Himalayan and middle mountain areas than in the plains. Warm nights are also projected to increase, especially in the southern plains. A decrease is projected in cold days and cold nights indicating overall warming throughout the basin.

关键词： Climate change Climate projection Koshi basin PRECIS Extreme climate

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Projection of Future Climate over the Koshi River Basin Based on CMIP5 GCMs

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2016年第2期6卷 190-204页

作者： Rupak Rajbhandari Arun Bhakta Shrestha santosh nepal Shahriar Wahid Department of Meteorology Tri-Chandra Campus Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu Nepal

This paper analyses the climate projections over the Koshi river basin obtained by applying the delta method to eight CMIP5 GCMs for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The GCMs were selected to cover the full envelope of possible future ranges from dry and cold to wet and warm projections. The selected coarse resolution GCM outputs were statistically downscaled to the resolution of the historical climate datasets. The scenarios were developed based on the anomaly between the present reference period (1961-1990) and the future period (2021-2050) to generate transient climate change scenarios for the eight GCMs. The analyses were carried out for the whole basin and three physiographic zones: the trans-Himalaya, high-Himalaya and middle mountains, and southern plains. Future projections show a 14% increase in rainfall during the summer monsoon season by 2050. The increase in rainfall is higher over the mountains than the plains. The meagre amount of rainfall in the winter season is projected to further decrease over both the mountain and southern plains areas of the basin for both RCPs. The basin is likely to experience warming throughout the year, although the increase in winter is likely to be higher. The highest increase in temperature is projected to be over the high Himalayan and middle mountain area, with lower increases over the trans-Himalayan and southern plains areas.

关键词： Climate Projection Climate Change Himalaya Koshi Future Scenario

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Projection of Future Precipitation and Temperature Change over the Transboundary Koshi River Basin Using Regional Climate Model PRECIS

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2018年第2期8卷 163-191页

The Koshi river basin sustains the livelihoods of millions of people in the upstream and downstream areas of the basin. People rely on monsoon rainfall for agricultural production, hydropower generation and other livelihood activities. Climate change is expected to have serious implication on its environment. To reduce the adverse impacts of disasters and to better understand the implication of climate change for the sustainable development, initiative in this regard is necessary. Analysis of past meteorological trends and future climate projections can give us a sense of what to expect and how to prepare ourselves and manage available resources. In this paper, we have used a high-resolution climate model, viz., Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies (PRECIS), to project future climate scenario over the Koshi river basin for impact assessment. Three outputs of the Quantifying Uncertainties in Model Prediction (QUMP) simulations have been used to project the future climate. These simulations were selected from the 17-member Perturbed Physics Ensemble (PPE) using Hadley Centre Couple Model (HadCM3) based on the IPCC SRES A1B emission scenario. The future projections are analysed for three time slices 2011-2040 (near future), 2041-2070 (middle of the century) and 2071-2098 (distant future). Despite quantitative wet and cold bias, the model was able to resolve the seasonal pattern reasonably well. The model projects a decrease in rainfall in the near future and a progressive increase towards the end of the century. The projected change in rainfall is non-uniform, with increase over the southern plains and the middle mountains and decrease over the trans-Himalayan region. Simulation suggests that rainy days will be less frequent but more intense over the southern plains towards the end of the century. Further, the model projections indicate significant warming towards the end of the century. The rate of warming is slightly higher over the trans-Himalayan region

关键词： Future Climate Climate Projection PRECIS Koshi Himalaya

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Climate change and its association with the expansion of vectors and vector-borne diseases in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region:A systematic synthesis of the literature

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2021年第3期12卷 421-429页

作者： Meghnath DHIMAL Isabelle Marie KRAMER Parbati PHUYAL Shyam Sundar BUDHATHOKI Juliane HARTKE Bodo AHRENS Ulrich KUCH David AGRONEBERG santosh nepal Qi-Yong LIU Cun-Rui HUANG Gueladio CISSE Kristie LEBI Doris KLINGELHOFER Ruth MULLER nepal Health Research Council(NHRC) Kathmandu44600Nepal Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies(GIIS) Kathmandu44600Nepal Institute of Occupational Social and Environmental MedicineGoethe UniversityFrankfurt am Main60590Germany Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences(IAU) Goethe UniversityFrankfurt am Main60438Germany Department of Biomedical Sciences Institute of Environment and Sustainable DevelopmentUniversity of AntwerpAntwerp2000Belgium Department of Primary Care and Public Health School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonW2 IPGUnited Kingdom Department of Biomedical Sciences Institute of Tropical MedicineAntwerp2000Belgium International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development(ICIMOD) Kathmandu44600Nepal Department of Vector Biology and Control National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and PreventionChina CDCBeijing102206China WHO Collaborating Centre for Vector Surveillance and Management Beijing102206China Department of Health Policy&Management School of Public HealthSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China Department of Epidemiology and Public Health(EPH) Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute(Swiss TPH)Basel4051Switzerland University of Basel Basel4001Switzerland Department of Global Health University of WashingtonSeattleWA98104USA

Observed weather and projected climate change suggest an increase in the transmission of vector-borne diseases(VBDs)in the Hindu Kush Himalayan(HKH)*** this study,we systematically explore the literature for empiric associations between the climate variables and specific VBDs and their vectors in the HKH *** conducted a systematic synthesis of the published literature on climate variables,VBDs and vectors in the HKH region until the 8th of December *** majority of studies show significant positive associations of VBDs with climatic factors,such as temperature,precipitation,relative humidity,*** systematic review allowed us to identify the most significant variables to be considered for evidence-based trend estimates of the effects of climate change on VBDs and their vectors in the HKH *** evidence-based trend was set into the context of climate change as well as the observed expansion of VBDs and disease vectors in the HKH *** geographic range of VBDs expanded into previously considered non-endemic areas of highlands(mountains)in the HKH region.B ased on scarce,but clear evidence of a positive relationship of most climate variables and VBDs and the observed climatic changes,we strongly recommend an expansion of vector control and surveillance programmes in areas of the HKH region that were previously considered to be non-endemic.

关键词： Chikungunya Dengue Filariasis High altitude Himalayas Leishmaniasis Mountain Mosquito Malaria Sandfly

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Poplar Plantation as an Agroforestry Approach:Economic Benefits and Its Role in Carbon Sequestration in North India

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2024年第4期15卷 880-888页

作者： Rajeev JOSHI Bharat SHARMA Hukum SINGH Nabin DHAKAL santosh AYER Tek MARASENI College of Natural Resource Management Faculty of ForestryAgriculture and Forestry UniversityUdayapurKatari 56310Nepal Sustainable Initiatives for the Community(SIFC) Kathmandu 44600Nepal Forest Research Institute PO New ForestDehradun 248006India Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment University of Southern QueenslandToowoombaQLD 4350Australia

Poplar has gained popularity among farmers of Punjab,Haryana,Western Uttar Pradesh,and the foothills of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh due to their fast growth rate and suitability for industrial uses such as pulp and timber *** poplar trees into agroforestry systems optimizes land resources and economic gains,as successful techniques have been developed to coordinate crop timing and arrangements *** poplar trees with agricultural crops provides additional income streams for farmers and contributes to soil conservation,biodiversity enhancement,and other environmental *** in these regions typically employ effective spacing of 5 m×4 m for block plantation and 1 m×3 m for row *** the present study,a systematic literature review encompassing 137 English-language journal articles was conducted to assess the economic benefits of Poplar using discounted cash flow(DCF)analysis,considering short-rotation poplar(SRC)and very short-rotation poplar(vSRC)plantations alongside annual *** findings revealed that increasing canopy density led to a decline in crop yields by 37%,70%,and 99% at canopy densities of 30%,60%,and 90%,respectively,from early spring to ***-benefit analysis in Saharanpur district,India,indicated average annual net returns of USD 346.36 for Poplar-based agrisilviculture,while monoculture yielded USD 140.73 per ***,economic analysis in Yamunanagar and Haridwar districts showed benefit-cost ratios ranging from 2.35 to ***,Poplar block and boundary plantations were found to sequester significantly more carbon in long-lived biomass,serving as substitutes for fossil fuels(5.45 and 1.84 t ha-1 yr-1)in poplar-based systems with block and boundary *** study suggested expanding spacing between tree rows may mitigate resource competition between plantations and *** study inferred that Poplar-based agroforestry may play a crucial role in climate mit

关键词： agroforestry poplar economic viability carbon sequestration India

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应用改进的Morgan-Morgan-Finney模型评估土壤侵蚀易感性:以尼泊尔Kulekhani流域为例

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2024年第1期15卷 182-196页

作者： THAPA Rabin JOSHI Rajeev BHATTA Binod GHIMIRE santosh 尼泊尔赫陀达农林大学林业学院尼泊尔Hetauda44107 尼泊尔乌达布尔农林大学自然资源管理学院尼泊尔UdayapurKatari56310

本研究旨在考察Kulekhani流域土地利用与土地覆盖(LULC)动态变化及土壤侵蚀情况,并对2000年至2020年不同LULC类别进行分析。研究结果显示,Kulekhani流域森林土地比例从2000年的60.72%上升至2010年的62.43%,2020年达到64.75%。水域面积... 详细信息

本研究旨在考察Kulekhani流域土地利用与土地覆盖(LULC)动态变化及土壤侵蚀情况,并对2000年至2020年不同LULC类别进行分析。研究结果显示,Kulekhani流域森林土地比例从2000年的60.72%上升至2010年的62.43%,2020年达到64.75%。水域面积有小幅增加,2000年占比为1.07%,2020年增加到1.08%。相应地,荒地面积从0.21%增至0.35%。相反,农业用地比例逐渐减少,2000年为38%,2010年为36.24%,2020年降至33.82%。使用改进的Morgan-Morgan-Finney模型估算土壤流失量显示,2000年到2010年期间,加权平均土壤流失量呈下降趋势,而2010年到2020年期间略微增加。计算得出的土壤流失值分别为2000年8.64 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1)、2010年7.12 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1)和2020年7.30 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1)。土壤侵蚀易感性图表明,2000年到2020年期间,非常低风险的土壤侵蚀区域有所增加,主要集中在森林地区,而农业区域则显示出低到中度的易感性。此外,荒地区域显示出中高度的土壤侵蚀易感性。为解决这些问题,建议未来的努力应包括在荒地地区进行造林计划,在农业区域实施保护耕作方式,并采取适当的道路稳定措施。

关键词：水泥沙土地利用土地覆盖坡度降雨量

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Plant endemism in the nepal Himalayas and phytogeographical implications

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Plant Diversity 2019年第3期41卷 174-182页

作者： Achyut Tiwari Yadav Uprety santosh Kumar Rana Department of Botany Tri-Chandra Campus Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal Central Department of Botany Tribhuvan University Kirtipur Kathmandu Nepal Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Kathmandu Nepal Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 Yunnan China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

nepal is located in the central part of the greater Himalayan range with a unique series of mountain chains formed by recent mountain building geological events. As one of the youngest mountains in the world it contributes to diversity of plants and also provided barriers to and corridors through which plants migrated during the ice ages. The higher altitudinal variation with the high mountains, deep river valleys and lowland plains combine with the effects of the summer monsoon and dry winter result with an extraordinary diversity of ecosystems including flora and fauna in a relatively small land area. The existing checklists for nepal record some 6000 species of flowering plants and about 530 ferns. However, the botanical experts estimate that numbers may go up to 7000 when the poorly known remote regions are fully explored. The information on plant endemism in nepal Himalaya is not adequately known as nepal is still struggling to complete long awaited Flora of nepal project. Endemic species are confined to specific areas and are the first to be affected by land use and other global changes. We sought to explore the spatial distribution of endemic plant species in nepal in relation to the consequences associated with climatic and geologic changes over time in the region with the help of published literature. It was found that the endemism showed marked spatial variation between open moist habitat and dry inner valleys, the former with higher endemism. The updated records showed 312 flowering plant species to be endemic to nepal with higher endemism around the elevation of 3800e4200 m at sea level. The recent human population explosion, intensified deforestation, habitat fragmentation and modern day environmental changes are posing greater threats to endemic plant in nepal. The conservation status and threats to these peculiar species are unknown. Nevertheless, environmental degradation and high poverty rates create a potent mix of threats to biodiversity in this l

关键词： Himalaya Topography Endemism

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Effect of plasma treatment on the seed germination and seedling growth of radish(Raphanus sativus)

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Plasma Science and Technology 2022年第1期24卷 95-107页

作者： Rajesh Prakash GURAGAIN Hom Bahadur BANIYA santosh DHUNGANA Ganesh Kuwar CHHETRI Binita SEDHAI Niroj BASNET Aavash SHAKYA Bishnu Prasad PANDEY Suman Prakash PRADHAN Ujjwal Man JOSHI Deepak Prasad SUBEDI Department of Physics School of SciencesKathmandu UniversityDhulikhelKavre 45210Nepal Department of Physics Tri-Chandra Multiple CampusTribhuvan UniversityKathmandu 44600Nepal Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Kathmandu UniversityDhulikhelKavre 45210Nepal Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Kathmandu UniversityDhulikhelKavre 45210Nepal

The effect on the germination and seedling growth of radish(Raphanus sativus)seeds were examined employing a dielectric barrier discharge(DBD)at atmospheric pressure and room temperature for various treatment *** plasma using argon gas of flow rate 21 m^(-1)was employed in this *** seeds were treated with DBD plasma for 1-5 min,*** characteristics,seedling growth parameters,the contact angle of the seed coat,water uptake capacity,mass loss,the temperature of the seeds,chlorophyll,and carotenoid contents of the seedlings were measured before and after the DBD plasma *** treatment of radish seeds significantly increased germination-related characters,including germination percentage,fresh and dry weight,vigor index,and total carotenoids ***,the cumulative production rate was found to be *** from the experiment indicate an acceleration in the water uptake of the radish seeds and make the seed surface hydrophilic by plasma *** electron microscopy analysis showed that etching effects on the seed coat occurred after the argon plasma treatments,which affected the wettability of the radish *** experimental findings showed that seeds being treated by DBD plasma for 2 and 3 min had a positive effect on the germination and seedling growth of radish.

关键词： dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) electron temperature electron density germination growth parameters radish seeds

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Liver cirrhosis in hepatic vena cava syndrome(or membranous obstruction of inferior vena cava)

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World Journal of Hepatology 2015年第6期7卷 874-884页

作者： santosh Man Shrestha Liver Foundation nepal Sitapaela Height

Hepatic vena cava syndrome(HVCS) also known as membranous obstruction of inferior vena cava reported mainly from Asia and Africa is an important cause of hepatic venous outflow obstruction(HVOO) that is complicated by high incidence of liver cirrhosis(LC) and moderate to high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). In the past the disease was considered congenital and was included under Budd-Chiari syndrome(BCS). HVCS is a chronic disease common in developing countries, the onset of which is related to poor hygienic living condition. The initial lesion in the disease is a bacterial infection induced localized thrombophlebitis in hepatic portion of inferior vena cava at the site where hepatic veins open which on resolution transforms into stenosis, membrane or thick obstruction,and is followed by development of cavo-caval collateral anastomosis. The disease is characterized by long asymptomatic period and recurrent acute exacerbations(AE) precipitated by clinical or subclinical bacterial infection. AE is managed with prolonged oral antibiotic. Development of LC and HCC in HVCS is related to the severity and frequency of AEs and not to the duration of the disease or the type or severity of the caval obstruction. HVOO that develops during severe acute stage or AE is a pre-cirrhotic condition. Primary BCS on the other hand is a rare disease related to prothrombotic disorders reported mainly among Caucasians that clinically manifest as acute, subacute disease or as fulminant hepatic failure; and is managed with life-long anticoagulation, portosystemic shunt/endovascular angioplasty and stent or liver transplantation. As epidemiology, etiology and natural history of HVCS are different from classical BCS, it is here, recognized as a separate disease entity, a third primary cause of HVOO after sinusoidal obstruction syndrome and BCS. Understanding of the natural history has made early diagnosis of HVCS possible. This paper describes epidemiology, natural history and dia

关键词： Hepatic venous outflow obstruction Budd-Chiari syndrome Hepatic inferior vena cava disease Bacterial infection Hepatocellular carcinoma

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