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Assessment of climate change impact on high flows in a watershed characterized by flood regulating reservoirs

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2021年第1期14卷 178-191页

作者： Sabin shrestha Suresh sharma Civil and Environmental Consultants Inc.BridgeportWV 26554USA Civil/Environmental Engineering Program Youngstown State UniversityOne University PlazaYoungstownOH 44555USA

A climate-induced extreme flow event such as flooding is one of the most devastating natural hazards,which can significantly damage human lives and *** study examined the effects of climate change on the high flow conditions in the Great Miami River Watershed in Ohio under two emission scenarios(RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5).Streamflow for the 21st century was simulated by utilizing a watershed model-SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)and 10 different climate outputs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5(CMIP5).The future streamflow was divided into three equal periods:2016-2043(early century),2044-2071(mid-century),and 2072-2099(late century)and independently analyzed to compare high flows of respective intervals with baseline periods(1988-2015).The analysis predicted that 7-day,10-year high-flow(7Q10)would increase by 38%under RCP 4.5 and 44%under RCP ***,the annual peak flows for study periods were predicted to increase by 26%under RCP 4.5 and 38%under RCP 8.5 from the base ***,the analysis demonstrated an erratic response for monthly peaks indicating that the peak flow would increase in summer months-May and July to ***,the result did not show any significant increase during the winter season,especially from November to *** analysis of the four major dams located in the watershed showed that the dam’s peak discharges increase in January,May,and *** though increasing peaks were projected in September for the 21st century,the monthly peaks from the watershed outlet were found to be lowest in September as compared to other *** frequency of future flooding compared to the historical record was found to be increasing in the mid-century under RCP 4.5 and the late century under RCP *** the future flood is projected to increase,this study finds the reasonable impact of climate change on flood regulating reservoirs/dams in monthly ***,daily high flows(90th percentile flow)would b

关键词： climate change high flows SWAT Great Miami River Watershed flood regulating reservoir assessment

Changes in regeneration and leaf traits of Rhododendron campanulatum along a treeline ecotone in central Nepal

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Journal of Mountain Science 2020年第3期17卷 602-613页

作者： sharma Prasad Krishna TIWARI Achyut shrestha Babu Bharat Central Department of Botany Tribhuvan UniversityKathmandu44613Nepal Budhanilkantha School Kathmandu44622Nepal

Changes in population structure and plant functional traits across environmental gradient in the near natural treeline is a critical determinant of environmental changes in treelines. In this study we analyzed population characteristics and leaf traits of Rhododendron campanulatum across treeline ecotone in a trans-Himalayan region of Mustang district in central Nepal. Along 4 vertical transects, a total of 72 quadrats(5 m × 5 m)-34 above Betula utilis treeline and 38 below treeline-were sampled to analyze the population structure, regeneration,specific leaf area(SLA) and leaf-stem relationship of R. campanulatum. Our results showed that the regeneration of R. campanulatum was fairly good in both habitats, as evident from density-diameter *** species showed type Ⅲ survivorship curve in both habitats with the highest mortality during early stage of life. However, the seedling density and mortality was higher below treeline than above treeline. Canopy cover and basal cover were found to be the major factors affecting regeneration, as indicated by higher number of juveniles in relatively open areas above treeline. The total leaf area increased(p <0.001) with stem cross-section area in both habitats. However, the SLA was higher below treeline(55 cm^2/g) than above(47 cm^2/g)(p < 0.001);it also increased with the canopy cover of trees(R^2 =0.59, p <0.001) below the treeline. In conclusion,high density of juvenile, low mortality of seedlings,and low SLA above treeline indicated that the species has successfully adapted in climatically stressful alpine habitat with potential to expand upward.

关键词： Rhododendron Climate change Life table Mortality Specific leaf area Mustang district

Impact of global climate change on stream low flows:A case study of the great Miami river watershed, Ohio, USA

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2019年第1期12卷 84-95页

作者： Sabin shrestha Suresh sharma Rishabh Gupta Rabin Bhattarai Civil and Environmental Program Youngstown State UniversityYoungstownOH 44555USA Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIL 61801USA

Climate change will profoundly affect hydrological processes at various temporal and spatial *** study is focused on assessing the alteration of water resources availability and low flows frequencies driven by changing climates in different time periods of the 21st *** study evaluates the adaptability of prevailing Global Circulation Models(GCMs)on a particular watershed through streamflow *** analysis was conducted in the Great Miami River Watershed,Ohio by analyzing historical and future simulated streamflow using 10 climate model outputs and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT).The climate change scenarios,consisting of ten downscaled Coupled Model Intercomparision Project Phase 5(CMIP5)climate models in combination with two Representative Concentration Pathways(RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5)were selected based on the correlation between observed records and model *** for three future periods,2016-2043,2044-2071 and 2072-2099,were independently analyzed and compared with the baseline period(1988-2015).Results from the average of ten models projected that 7-day low flows in the watershed would increase by 19%in the 21st century under both *** trend was also consistent for both hydrological(7Q10,1Q10)and biological low flow statistics(4B3,1B3).Similarly,average annual flow and monthly flows would also increase in future periods,especially in the *** flows simulated by SWAT in response to the majority of climate model projections showed a consistent increase in low flow ***,the flow estimates using the Max-Planck-Institute Earth System Model(MPI-ESM-LR)climate output resulted in the biological based low flows(4B3,1B3)decreasing by 22.5%and 33.4%under RCP 4.5 and 56.9%and 63.7%under RCP 8.5,respectively,in the future when compared to the baseline ***,the low flow ensemble from the 10 climate models for the 21st century seemed to be slightly higher than that of historical low flows.

关键词： climate change low flows SWAT climate models Great Miami River Watershed

Tree regeneration in gap-understory mosaics in a subtropical Shorea robusta(Sal) forest

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Journal of Forestry Research 2019年第6期30卷 2061-2068页

作者： L.N.sharma K.B.shrestha I.E.Maren Forest Action Nepal GPO-12207 LalitpurNepal Department of Biological Sciences University of BergenThormoensgate 53B5007 BergenNorway

Spatial variation in tree-regeneration density is attributed to the specialization of tree species to light availability for germination and *** availability,in turn,varies across the gap-understorey *** gaps provide an important habitat for the regeneration of tree species that would otherwise be suppressed in the *** subtropical forests,there is still a knowledge-gap relating to how canopy disturbances influence tree-regeneration patterns at local scale,and if they disproportionately favor regeneration of certain *** aim to analyze whether canopy gaps promote tree regeneration,and tree species are specialized to gaps or understory for germination and *** sampled vegetation in 128 plots(0.01 ha),equally distributed in gaps and below canopy,in two subtropical Shorea robusta Gaertn.(Sal)forests in Nepal,recording the number of tree seedlings and saplings in each *** compared the regeneration density of seedlings and saplings separately between gaps and the *** mean densities of seedlings and saplings were higher in the gaps at both sites;although there was no difference in the seedling density of the majority of the species between the *** species were confined to either gap or understorey at the seedling *** conclude that gaps are not critical for the germination of tree species in Sal forests but these are an important habitat for enabling seedlings to survive into *** classification of trees into regeneration guilds mainly based on germination does not apply to the majority of tree species in subtropical Sal *** results reaffirm that gap creation promotes tree regeneration by favouring seedling survival and growth and can influence forest management for conservation,as well as for plantations.

关键词： Canopy-gap Density Regeneration Saplings Seedlings Shade tolerance

Underutilized Plant Species in Far West Nepal

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Journal of Mountain Science 2012年第5期9卷 589-600页

作者： Ripu M.KUNWAR Laxmi MAHAT Lila N.sharma Keshab P.shrestha Hiroo KOMINEE Rainer W.BUSSMANN Centre for Biological Conservation Kirtipur-3NayabazarKathmanduNepal GPO Box 19925 Kalanki-1444600KathmanduNepal Natural History Museum SwayambhuTribhuvan University Hatai Clinic KYG Iryoukai Medical Association2-47-22 Togo Iryou Building 1F NakachoTokyoJapan William L.Brown Center Missouri Botanical GardenSt.LouisMO 63110USA

Underutilized plant species help to alleviate common food insufficiencies by providing alternative food supply. They also complement primary health care, furnishing raw materials where the cultivation of staple cereal crops is least feasible and health care is pursued indigenously. Research and promotion of extraction, utilization, and conservation of underutilized species lead to exploration of new staple crops and motivate people to consume in a sustainable manner. The present study describes the current status, uses, and management of underutilized plant species in Far West Nepal. The relative importance of 49 underutilized plant species was computed employing a Relative Importance (RI) technique. The use-values assigned to the species fall into six use-categories: beverage, fodder, food & edible, medicinal, vegetable and veterinary. A total of 22 species appeared in multiple use-categories, while the rest were characterized by a single use-category. Based on relative importance and frequency, Ficus semicordata, Debregesia longifolia, Girardinea diversifolia, Hydrocotyle nepalensis, Garuga pinnata, Aloe vera and Pyrus pashia offer the most potential for future. Underutilized plants proved important to folk medicine and food. These species persist because they remain useful to local people as means of subsistence, production, and primary health care. The findings are important so far as they point up the role of underutilized plants in national food security policy and health care, spelling out their potentialities and cross cutting relationships.

关键词： Underutilized plants Relativeimportance (R/) Ethnoveterinary use Conservation Nepal

Digital Portable Weather Station Monitoring System Using Arduino Uno

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Semiconductor Science and Information Devices 2021年第1期3卷 33-40页

作者： Bibek Dhungana Mahesh sharma Rajesh shrestha Tri-Chandra Multiple College TUGhantagharNepal

The temperature,humidity,atmospheric pressure and altitude are the most important parameters of the *** those parameters are known,it will help to select the best crops for specific location which increases the productivity in agricultural *** is very useful for countries like Nepal where the most of people in this country depends on *** this research,an Arduino based device is constructed which measures those parameters and record the data in real *** DHT22 and BMP180 sensors are used for measuring those parameters whereas RTC and SD Card module is used to record the data in real *** can be displayed on LCD and serial monitor of computer or *** data were collected at Tri-Chandra Multiple College,Ghantaghar and at Gaurighat,Chabahil with the help of Arduino based *** this project,the digital portable weather station monitoring system has been designed and data from this device compared with the data obtained from HTC-2 standard device and error analysis has been done.

关键词： Temperature Humidity Pressure Altitude Arduino UNO LCD

Air Pollution Monitoring System Using Micro Controller Atmega 32A and MQ135 Gas Sensor at Chandragiri Municipality of Kathmandu City

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Semiconductor Science and Information Devices 2022年第2期4卷 35-44页

作者： Rajesh shrestha Manik Maharjan Mahesh sharma Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus KathmanduNepal

Air is one of the essential elements of human’s *** earth’s atmosphere is full of air which contains gases such as Nitrogen,Oxygen,Carbon Monoxide and traces of some rare *** quality of the air has been degrading for some decades due to various activities conducted by the human beings that directly or indirectly affect the atmosphere leading to the air *** are different techniques to measure air ***,with the evolution of time the expensive and less efficient analog devices have been replaced by more efficient and less expensive electronics *** this research,MQ135 sensor is used to measure air quality of a particular location.I2C display is used to monitor the ***,with the increasing in number of vehicles,unplanned urbanization and rapid population growth,air pollution has considerably increased in the last decades in various areas of ***,this project‘Air Pollution Monitoring System’was focused on collection of the data specific location of Chandragiri municipality of Kathmandu *** conclusion,analysis of the data is done with the help of origin software which shows that the Arduino device in this device works perfectly for measuring the air *** quality of the selected area is found to be less than 500 PPM which concludes that the air quality of this area is normal.

关键词： Arduino Uno MQ135 sensor Air pollution I2C display Atmosphere

Designing of the Wireless Digital Portable Temperature and Humidity Monitoring Device and Analyzing Data at Different Part of Kathmandu Valley

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Semiconductor Science and Information Devices 2021年第1期3卷 41-48页

作者： Sabina Bogati Mahesh sharma Rajesh shrestha Tri-Chandra Multiple College TUGhantagharNepal

The atmosphere of planet plays a great role in numerous weather phenomena which affects our life *** understand these phenomena,it requires knowledge about the relation between temperature and *** effects of temperature on humidity influence the potential for precipi*** also directly influences the human health and *** humidity and dew point are the two parameters that are used by the meteorologists for understanding the interaction between temperature and humid*** there is a necessary of a smart monitoring system which is fully automated,accurate and capable enough to monitor all the parameters with ***,it should be portable and less *** this purpose,the digital portable wireless temperature and humidity monitoring device is *** project consists of HC-05 Bluetooth module,DHT-11,Arduino UNO,16 X 2 LCD,and *** data are recorded at different part of Kathmandu Valley with this device wirelessly by using smartphone and analyze it with the help of Origin software.

关键词： Arduino UNO HC-05 Bluetooth module 16 x 2 LCD DHT-11 sensor and wireless

Investigation on phytochemical,antimicrobial activity and essential oil constituents of Nardostachys jatamansi *** different regions of Nepal

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Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2016年第1期 56-60页

作者： Narayan sharma Amit Raj sharma Bishun D Patel Kanti shrestha Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Doon Paramedical College and HospitalDehradunIndia Nepal Academy of Science and Technology(NAST) KhumaltarLalitpurNepal National Ayurveda Research and Training Centre KirtipurKathmanduNepal

Objective:To study chemical constituents of essential oil of the roots of Nardostachys jatamansi found in different regions of Nepal and also to investigate phytochemical as well as antimicrobial activity of the sample with high yield of essential ***:The essential oils of roots of plant from five different regions were extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy for their chemical *** root samples were also subjected to hydro-alcoholic extraction and then fractionated with hexane,chloroform,n-butanol and water so as to perform phytochemical screening and antimicrobial ***:The essential oil yield of sample from Jumla was found to be the highest followed by a sample from Nepalgunj,Surkhet and Kathmandu whereas that of sample from Dharan was found to be the *** chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis of essential oil of five samples showed that“2-beta pinene”appeared dominated in three samples,namely,6VJ Nepalgunj,9VJA Jumla and 10VJ ***“alkohol aus neoclovenoxid”in 8VJ Dharan and“methoxy phenyloxime”in 13VJA Kathmandu was found to be present in the highest *** screening of different fractions of sample 9VJA Jumla showed the presence of alkaloids,terpenoids,glycosides,proteins and amino acids,and carbohydrates *** susceptibility test of same fractions showed the n-butanol fraction potent against all pathogens and most affected one was Escherichia ***:Our study suggests that the essential oil of Nardostachys jatamansi found in Nepal contains more than 80 compounds with their quality and quantity differing from place to place.

关键词： Antimicrobial susceptibility testing Essential oil GC-MS Nardostachys jatamansi Phytochemical screening