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Heat Related Illnesses

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中国运动医学杂志 2007年第6期26卷 755-762页

作者： Robert Carter III samuel n.cheuvront Michael n.Sawka US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine

KEY POInTS Heat illnesses range in severity from mild(heat rash,heat syncope, cramps) to serious(heat exhaustion,heat injury,heat stroke).Although heat illness can occur in anyone,an increased risk is associated with a variety of environmental factors,personal characteristics,health conditions,and *** risk of serious heat illness can be markedly reduced by implementing a variety of countermeasures,including becoming acclimated to the heat,managing heat stress exposure,and maintaining ***,coaches,training staff,and medical personnel should be vigilant for signs and symptoms of heat related *** warning signs are acted upon and body cooling rapidly administered,serious heat illness can be *** heat stroke is suspected,rapid body cooling by immersion or soaking in cold water or ice water should be initiated.

关键词：热疾病热应激热衰竭热昏厥热痉挛流行病学危险因子

The sexually dimorphic expression of glutamate transporters and their implication in pain after spinal cord injury

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neural Regeneration Research 2025年第11期20卷 3317-3329页

作者： Jennifer M.Colón-Mercado Aranza I.Torrado-Tapias Iris K.Salgado Jose M.Santiago samuel E.Ocasio Rivera Dina P.Bracho-Rincon Luis H.Pagan Rivera Jorge D.Miranda Department of Physiology University of Puerto RicoMedical Sciences CampusSan JuanPRUSA national Institutes of Health National Human Genome Research InstituteBethesdaMDUSA Universidad Central del Caribe School of MedicineBayamónPRUSA University of Puerto Rico Carolina CampusCarolinaPRUSA Institute of neurobiology San JuanPRUSA

In addition to the loss of motor function,~60% of patients develop pain after spinal cord *** cellular-molecular mechanisms are not well understood,but the data suggests that plasticity within the rostral,epicenter,and caudal penumbra of the injury site initiates a cellularmolecular interplay that acts as a rewiring mechanism leading to central neuropathic *** can lead to the formation of new connections triggering abnormal sensory *** excitatory glutamate transporters are responsible for the reuptake of extracellular glutamate which makes them a critical target to prevent neuronal hyperexcitability and *** previous studies showed a sexually dimorphic therapeutic window for spinal cord injury after treatment with the selective estrogen receptor modulator *** this study,we investigated the anti-allodynic effects of tamoxifen in male and female rats with spinal cord *** hypothesized that tamoxifen exerts anti-allodynic effects by increasing the expression of glutamate transporters,leading to reduced hyperexcitability of the secondary neuron or by decreasing aberrant *** and female rats received a moderate contusion to the thoracic spinal cord followed by subcutaneous slow-release treatment of tamoxifen or matrix pellets as a control(placebo).We used von Frey monofilaments and the“up-down method”to evaluate mechanical *** treatment decreased allodynia only in female rats with spinal cord injury revealing a sexdependent *** expression profile of glutamatergic transporters(excitatory amino acid transporter 1/glutamate aspartate transporter and excitatory amino acid transporter 2/glutamate transporter-1)revealed a sexual dimorphism in the rostral,epicenter,and caudal areas of the spinal cord with a pattern of expression primarily on *** rodents showed a significantly higher level of excitatory amino acid transporter-1 expression while male rodents showed increased

关键词： allodynia central neuropathic pain EAAT-1/GLAST EAAT-2/GLT-1 glutamate transporters selective estrogen receptor modulator sexual dimorphism spinal cord injury trauma

Multi-Model Communication and Data Assimilation for Mitigating Model Error and Improving Forecasts

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Chinese Annals of Mathematics,Series B 2019年第5期40卷 689-720页

作者： Yian CHEn samuel n.STECHMAnn Department of Mathematics University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA Department of Statistics University of ChicagoChicagoIL 60637USA Department of Mathematics and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA

Models for weather and climate prediction are complex, and each model typically has at least a small number of phenomena that are poorly represented, such as perhaps the Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO for short) or El nino-Southern Oscillation(EnSO for short) or sea ice. Furthermore, it is often a very challenging task to modify and improve a complex model without creating new deficiencies. On the other hand, it is sometimes possible to design a low-dimensional model for a particular phenomenon, such as the MJO or EnSO, with significant skill, although the model may not represent the dynamics of the full weather-climate system. Here a strategy is proposed to mitigate these model errors by taking advantage of each model’s strengths. The strategy involves inter-model data assimilation, during a forecast simulation, whereby models can exchange information in order to obtain more faithful representations of the full weather-climate system. As an initial investigation, the method is examined here using a simplified scenario of linear models, involving a system of stochastic partial differential equations(SPDEs for short)as an imperfect tropical climate model and stochastic differential equations(SDEs for short) as a low-dimensional model for the MJO. It is shown that the MJO prediction skill of the imperfect climate model can be enhanced to equal the predictive skill of the lowdimensional model. Such an approach could provide a route to improving global model forecasts in a minimally invasive way, with modifications to the prediction system but without modifying the complex global physical model itself.

关键词： MJO Multi-Model communication Data assimilation Kalman filter algorithm

Combining material characterization with single and multi-oxyanion adsorption for mechanistic study of chromate removal by cationic hydrogel

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2011年第6期23卷 1004-1010页

作者： Irene M.C.Lo samuel C.n.Tang Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina

Cationic hydrogel with magnetic property was synthesized via radical polymerization and its removal capacity of chromate from contaminated water was found to be 200 mg/*** Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FT-IR） study,the mechanism of chromate removal by hydrogel was found to be non-specific adsorption,mainly due to ion exchange,as evidenced by the positively charged functional group,trimethyl ammonium-n＋（CH3）3,in the *** were accordingly determined by testing di？erent oxyanion adsorption onto the *** results of the chromate adsorption experiments illustrated that the amount of chromate adsorbed was nearly equal to that of the chloride released from the hydrogel,which is part of the evidence for ion *** and multi-oxyanion adsorption experiments were also performed,and it was demonstrated that ion removal was species independent,but charge dependent,another characteristic of the ion exchange *** was found that the same Langmuir model can be applied to best fit the findings of single and multi-oxyanion adsorption,which further indicates the mechanism of chromate removal is attributed to ion *** view of the above,the background anions compete for adsorption sites with chromate,evidenced by inhibitive chromate removal in the presence of background electrolytes in the batch studies,further echoing the ion exchange mechanism.

关键词： adsorption magnetic hydrogel mechanism ion exchange oxyanion

Uncertainty and filtering of hidden Markov models in discrete time

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Probability, Uncertainty and Quantitative Risk 2020年第1期5卷 68-101页

作者： samuel n.Cohen Mathematical Institute University of OxfordWoodstock RoadOxfordUK

We consider the problem of filtering an unseen Markov chain from noisy observations,in the presence of uncertainty regarding the parameters of the processes *** the theory of nonlinear expectations,we describe the uncertainty in terms of a penalty function,which can be propagated forward in time in the place of the *** also investigate a simple control problem in this context.

关键词： Filtering Optimal control Robustness nonlinear expectation

Analytical modeling and simulation of germanium single gate silicon on insulator TFET

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Journal of Semiconductors 2014年第3期35卷 25-28页

作者： T.S.Arun samuel n.B.Balamurugan Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Thiagarajar College of Engineering

This paper proposes a new two dimensional（2D） analytical model for a germanium（Ge） single gate silicon-on-insulator tunnel field effect transistor（SG SOI TFET）. The parabolic approximation technique is used to solve the 2D Poisson equation with suitable boundary conditions and analytical expressions are derived for the surfacepotential,*** is derived further by using the electric fields. The results show that Ge based TFETs have significant improvements ***heanalytical model results with the technology computer aided design（TCAD） simulation results and also comparing them with results from a silicon based TFET.

关键词： tunnel field effect transistor(TFET) analytical modelling Poisson equation surface potential electric field

Effectiveness of an amino acid beverage formulation in diarrheapredominant irritable bowel syndrome:A pragmatic real-world study

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2023年第5期14卷 39-49页

作者： Samantha E niles Phil Blazy samuel n.cheuvront Robert W Kenefick Sadasivan Vidyasagar Adam BSmith neil Fawkes William Denman Department of Research and Development Entrinsic BioscienceNorwoodMA 02062United States Department of Radiation Oncology University of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32611United States Department of Anesthesiology Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMA 02114United States

BACKGROUnD Amino-acid based medical foods have shown promise in alleviating symptoms of drug induced gastrointestinal side effects;particularly,diarrhea-predominant *** bowel syndrome(IBS)is a gastrointestinal disorder that affects up to 9% of people globally,with diarrhea predominant IBS(IBS-D)being the most prevalent *** trials are needed to explore potential added benefits when integrated into standard care for *** To assess the effectiveness of an amino acid-based medical food as an adjunct to standard of care for adults with *** This is a pragmatic,real world,open label,single arm study comparing a 2-week baseline assessment to a 2-week intervention *** hundred adults,aged 18 to 65 years,with IBS-D,according to Rome IV criteria,were enrolled after completing a 2-week baseline assessment period and received a 2-week supply of an amino acid based medical food which was consumed at home twice daily on top of their standard of *** primary outcome was an assessment of tolerability after 2-weeks of consumption,while secondary outcomes included changes in stool consistency(Bristol Stool Form Scale),severity of abdominal pain&discomfort,symptoms of urgency,Global Improvement Survey(GIS),and the IBS severity scoring system(IBS-SSS).RESULTS The test product was well-tolerated as each participant successfully completed the full 14-day trial,and there were no instances of dropouts or discontinuation of the study product *** percent of participants achieved a 50% or more reduction in the number of days with type 6-7 bowel movements(IBS-D stool consistency responders).Fifty-three percent of participants achieved a clinically meaningful reduction of 30% in mean weekly pain scores,and 55%experienced the same for mean weekly discomfort scores(IBS-D pain and discomfort responders).Participants experienced a mean-109.4(95% confidence interval:-130.1,-88.8)point reduction on the IBS-SSS and 52% experienced a minimal

关键词： Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome Amino acid beverage formulation Pragmatic real-world study Medical food Bristol Stool Form Scale Irritable Bowel Syndrome–Severity Scoring System

Balanced and Unbalanced Components of Moist Atmospheric Flows with Phase Changes

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Chinese Annals of Mathematics,Series B 2019年第6期40卷 1005-1038页

作者： Alfredo n.WETZEL Leslie M.SMITH samuel n.STECHMAnn Jonathan E.MARTIn Department of Mathematics University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA Department of Mathematics and Department of Engineering Physics University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA Department of Mathematics and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA

Atmospheric variables(temperature, velocity, etc.) are often decomposed into balanced and unbalanced components that represent low-frequency and high-frequency waves, respectively. Such decompositions can be defined, for instance, in terms of eigenmodes of a linear operator. Traditionally these decompositions ignore phase changes of water since phase changes create a piecewise-linear operator that differs in different phases(cloudy versus non-cloudy). Here we investigate the following question: How can a balanced–unbalanced decomposition be performed in the presence of phase changes? A method is described here motivated by the case of small Froude and Rossby numbers,in which case the asymptotic limit yields precipitating quasi-geostrophic equations with phase changes. Facilitated by its zero-frequency eigenvalue, the balanced component can be found by potential vorticity(PV) inversion, by solving an elliptic partial differential equation(PDE), which includes Heaviside discontinuities due to phase changes. The method is also compared with two simpler methods: one which neglects phase changes, and one which simply treats the raw pressure data as a streamfunction. Tests are shown for both synthetic, idealized data and data from Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model simulations. In comparisons, the phase-change method and no-phase-change method produce substantial differences within cloudy regions, of approximately 5K in potential temperature, due to the presence of clouds and phase changes in the data. A theoretical justification is also derived in the form of a elliptic PDE for the differences in the two streamfunctions.

关键词： Potential vorticity inversion Moist atmospheric dynamics Slow-fast systems Balanced-unbalanced decomposition Elliptic partial differential equations

On the necessary Grid Resolution for Verified Calculation of Premixed Laminar Flames

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Communications in Computational Physics 2010年第7期8卷 304-326页

作者： Ashraf n.Al-Khateeb Joseph M.Powers samuel Paolucci Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering University of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana 46556-5637USA

We consider the grid resolution necessary to resolve combustion in a mixture of calorically imperfect ideal gases described by detailed kinetics and multicomponent *** the steady premixed laminar flame as a paradigm,the required spatial discretization to capture all detailed physics in the reaction zone is found via 1)determination of the finest grid used in a standard software tool which employs adaptive mesh refinement,2)examination of peak values of intermediate species mass fractions in the flame zone as a function of grid size,3)a formal grid resolution study,and 4)a robust new eigenvalue analysis developed to estimate the finest length *** to laminar premixed flames in hydrogen-air flames reveals that the finest length scale is on the order of 10^(−4) cm for combustion at atmospheric *** at this scale is shown to be necessary to capture detailed species mass fraction profiles;other features such as steady flame speeds and equilibrium thermochemical properties do not have such a stringent length scale requirement.

关键词： Length scales premixed flames detailed kinetics