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Legume Green Manure and Intercropping for High Biomass Sorghum Production

Agricultural Sciences 2024年第6期15卷 605-621页

作者： Clark B. neely Francis M. Rouquette Jr. Cristine L. S. Morgan Frank M. Hons William L. Rooney Gerald R. smith Department of Soil and Crop Science Washington State University Pullman WA USA Texas A&M AgriLife Research Overton TX USA Soil Health Institute Morrisville NC USA Department of Soil and Crop Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Before the advent of cheap, synthetic fertilizers, legumes were commonly used as green manure crops for their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (n). A three-year study at Overton, TX examined legume integration into high-biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) production systems on a Lilbert loamy fine sand recently cultivated after a fertilized bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pasture. In this split-split plot design, ‘Dixie’ crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ‘Iron and Clay’ cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) were integrated into a high-biomass sorghum production system to evaluate impacts on n concentration, C concentration, and yield of high-biomass sorghum and their impacts on soil total n and soil organic carbon (SOC). Main plots were split into crimson clover green manure (CLGM) and winter fallow (FALL) followed by three sub-plots split into warm-season crop rotations: cowpea green manure (CPGM), cowpea-sorghum intercrop (CPSR), and sorghum monocrop (SORG). Three n fertilizer treatments (0, 45, 90 kg n∙ha−1) were randomized and applied as sub-sub plots. The CLGM increased (P sorghum biomass yield (16.5 t DM∙ha−1) 28% in year three but had no effect in the first two years. The CPSR treatment reduced sorghum yield up to 62% compared to SORG;whereas CPGM increased sorghum yield 56% and 18% the two years following cowpea incorporation. Rate of n fertilizer had no effect on sorghum biomass yield. Decrease in SOC and soil n over time indicated mineralization of organic n and may explain why no n fertilizer response was observed in sorghum biomass yield. Cowpea showed strong potential as a green manure crop but proved to be too competitive for successful intercropping in high-biomass sorghum production systems.

关键词： High-Biomass Sorghum Legumes Green Manure Intercrop Cowpea Crimson Clover Soil Organic Carbon Soil nitrogen

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Sex differences in the foraging behavior of a generalist hawkmoth

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Insect Science 2022年第1期29卷 304-314页

作者： Gordon P.smith Goggy Davidowitz Ruben Alarcón Daniel R.Papaj Judith L.Bronstein Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA Department of Entomology University of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA Department of Biology California State University Channel IslandsCamarilloCaliforniaUSA Current address:Department of neurobiology and Behavior Cornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA

Within-species variation in pollinator behavior is widely observed, but its causes have been minimally investigated. Pollinator sex is associated with large differences in behavior that may lead to predictable differences in flower foraging, but this expectation has not been explicitly tested. We investigate sex-associated differences in nectar-foraging behavior of the hawkmoth Hyles lineata, using pollen on the proboscis as a proxy for flower visitation. We tested two predictions emerging from the literature: (1) the sexes differ in the flower species they visit, (2) females are more specialized in flower choice. We also examined potential drivers underlying these predictions by performing field and laboratory experiments to test whether males (3) switch among flower species more frequently, or (4) fly farther and therefore encounter more species than females. Consistent with prediction (1), pollen load composition differed between the sexes, indicative of visitation differences. Contrary to prediction (2), females consistently carried more species-rich pollen loads than males. (3) Both sexes switched between flower species at similar rates, suggesting that differences in floral fidelity are unlikely to explain why females are less specialized than males. (4) Males flew longer distances than females;coupled with larger between-site differences in pollen composition for females, this result suggests that sex differences in mobility influence foraging, and that females may forage more frequently and in smaller areas than males. Together, our results demonstrate that sex-associated foraging differences can be large and consistent over time, and highlight the importance of sex as a driver of variation in pollinator behavior.

关键词： hawkmoths intraspecific variation pollination sex differences

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Helicobacter pylori:High dose amoxicillin does not improve primary or secondary eradication rates in an Irish cohort

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2024年第16期12卷 2773-2779页

作者： Conor Costigan Aoife M O'Sullivan Jim O'Connell Shreyashee Sengupta Thomas Butler Stephen Molloy Fintan John O'Hara Barbara Ryan niall Breslin Sarah O'Donnell Anthony O'Connor Sinead smith Deirdre Mcnamara Trinity Academic Gastroenterology Group School of Medicine-Trinity College DublinDublin D2Ireland Department of Gastroenterology Tallaght University HospitalDublin D24 NR0AIreland

BACKGROUnD Helicobacter pylori(***)eradication rates have fallen globally,likely in large part due to increasing antibiotic resistance to traditional *** areas of high clarithromycin and metronidazole resistance such as ours,Maastricht VI guidelines suggest high dose amoxicillin dual therapy(HDADT)can be considered,subject to evidence for local *** this study we assess efficacy of HDADT therapy for *** eradication in an Irish *** To assess the efficacy of HDADT therapy for *** eradication in an Irish cohort as both first line,and subsequent therapy for patients diagnosed with *** All patients testing positive for *** in a tertiary centre were treated prospectively with HDADT(amoxicillin 1 g tid and esomeprazole 40 mg bid×14 d)over a period of 8 *** was confirmed with Urea Breath Test at least 4 wk after cessation of therapy.A delta-over-baseline>4%was considered *** demographics and treatment outcomes were recorded,analysed and controlled for basic demographics and prior *** *** One hundred and ninety-eight patients were identified with *** infection,10 patients were excluded due to penicillin allergy and 38 patients refused follow up *** all 139 were included in the analysis,55%(n=76)were female,mean age was 46.6 ***,93(67%)of patients were treatment-naïve and 46(33%)had received at least one previous course of *** groups were statistically ***-reported compliance with HDADT was 97%,mild side-effects occurred in 7%.There were no serious adverse drug *** the eradication rate for our cohort was 56%(78/139).Eradication rates were worse for those with previous treatment[43%(20/46)vs 62%(58/93),P=0.0458,odds ratio=2.15].Age and Gender had no effect on eradication *** Overall eradication rates with HDADT were *** being a simple and possibly better tolerated regime,these results do not

关键词： Helicobacter pylori eradication Helicobacter pylori High dose amoxicillin High dose amoxicillin dual therapy Triple therapy

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Endoscopic management of adolescent closed Cowper’s gland syringocele with holmium:YAG laser

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Asian Journal of Urology 2022年第3期9卷 340-342页

作者： Maria F.Becerra nicholas smith Abhishek Bhat Hemendra n.Shah Department of Urology Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA

Dear editor,The term“syringocele”originated from Greek words“syringo”meaning tube and“cele”meaning swelling and was first coined by Maizels et al.[1]in 1983 to represent a spectrum of dilatation of the normal Cowper’s gland *** classified syringocele into four morphological types:Simple,perforate,imperforate,and *** et al.[2]simplified the classification by dividing syringocele into two groups:Closed and open *** diagnosed in the pediatric population,only 10 cases of adult syringocele were reported in literature till 2007[3].Endoscopic management is preferred in most symptomatic adolescent patients and various energy sources employed for endoscopic marsupialization include cold knife urethrotomy,electrocautery,or holmium laser[4,5].Use of holmium laser is reported only in three cases with maximum follow-up of up to 1 year[6e8].We herein report three additional cases of adolescent closed syringocele,provide detailed technique of laser marsupialization,and report its long-term postoperative *** study was approved by the University of Miami Ethics Committee(study ID:20180511).

关键词： laser dividing swelling

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Targeting whole body metabolism and mitochondrial bioenergetics in the drug development for Alzheimer’s disease

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Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2022年第2期12卷 511-531页

作者： Steven n.Austad Scott Ballinger Thomas W.Buford Christy S.Carter Daniel L.smith Jr Victor Darley-Usmar Jianhua Zhang Department of Biology University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAL 35294USA Department of Pathology University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAL 35294USA Department of Medicine University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAL 35294USA Department of nutrition Sciences University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAL 35294USA

Aging is by far the most prominent risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease(AD),and both aging and AD are associated with apparent metabolic *** developing effective therapeutic interventions to treat AD is clearly in urgent need,the impact of modulating whole-body and intracellular metabolism in preclinical models and in human patients,on disease pathogenesis,have been *** is also an increasing awareness of differential risk and potential targeting strategies related to biological sex,microbiome,and circadian *** a major part of intracellular metabolism,mitochondrial bioenergetics,mitochondrial quality-control mechanisms,and mitochondria-linked inflammatory responses have been considered for AD therapeutic *** review summarizes and highlights these efforts.

关键词： Mitochondrial DnA Mitochondrial electron transport chain Mitochondrial quality control Reactive species DAMPs Hexokinase biosynthesis pathway Diabetes Circadian regulation Microbiome

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前扣带皮质向伏隔核的输入控制疼痛和镇痛的社交转移

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中国疼痛医学杂志 2022年第1期28卷 4-6页

作者： smith ML Asada n Malenka RC 华肖肖(译) 张玲(校) 不详同济大学医学院

共情是体验他人的感觉和情感状态,是社交中的重要组成部分。该研究发现小鼠疼痛和吗啡镇痛可以通过短暂的社会接触转移到旁观者身上。光遗传学操控实验表明前扣带皮质(ACC)及其到伏隔核(nAc)的投射选择性地参与疼痛和镇痛的社会转移。... 详细信息

共情是体验他人的感觉和情感状态,是社交中的重要组成部分。该研究发现小鼠疼痛和吗啡镇痛可以通过短暂的社会接触转移到旁观者身上。光遗传学操控实验表明前扣带皮质(ACC)及其到伏隔核(nAc)的投射选择性地参与疼痛和镇痛的社会转移。相比之下,恐惧的社会转移则不需要ACC到nAc的输入,而是依赖于ACC至基底外侧杏仁核(BLA)的投射。这些发现表明ACC与人类共情反应密切相关,并通过不同的下游靶点介导不同形式的共情行为。

关键词：吗啡镇痛伏隔核前扣带皮质共情输入控制光遗传学情感状态疼痛

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natural killer cell-triggered vascular transformation:maternal care before birth?

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2011年第1期8卷 1-11页

作者： Jianhong Zhang Zhilin Chen Graeme n smith B.Anne Croy Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Queen’s UniversityKingstonONCanada Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Queen’s UniversityKingstonONCanada

natural killer(nK)cells are found in lymphoid and non-lymphoid *** addition to important roles in immune surveillance,some nK cells contribute to angiogenesis and circulatory *** uterus of early pregnancy is a non-lymphoid organ enriched in nK cells that are specifically recruited to placental attachment *** species with invasive hemochorial placentation,these uterine natural killer(unK)cells,via secretion of cytokines,chemokines,mucins,enzymes and angiogenic growth factors,contribute to the physiological change of mesometrial endometrium into the unique stromal environment called decidua *** humans,unK cells have the phenotype CD56^(bright) CD16^(dim) and they appear in great abundance in the late secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and early *** expression studies indicate that CD56^(bright) CD16^(dim) uterine and circulating cells are functionally *** humans but not mice or other species with post-implantation decidualization,unK cells may contribute to blastocyst implantation and are of interest as therapeutic targets in female *** and genetic studies in mice first identified triggering of the process of gestation spiral arterial modification as a major unK cell function,achieved via interferon(IFn)-c *** spiral arterial modification,branches from the uterine artery that traverse the endometrium/decidua transiently lose their muscular coat and ability to *** expression of vascular markers changes from arterial to venous as these vessels dilate and become low-resistance,high-volume *** understanding of the vascular interactions of human unK cells is difficult to obtain because endometrial time-course studies are not possible in pregnant *** we briefly review key information concerning unK cell functions from studies in rodents,summarize highlights concerning human unK cells and describe our preliminary studies on development of a humanized,pregnant

关键词： decidua humanized mice pregnancy uterine natural killer cell

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Survey of unmanned subterranean exploration,navigation,and localisation

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IET Cyber-Systems and Robotics 2020年第1期2卷 1-13页

作者： Jeffrey Martz Wesam Al-Sabban Ryan n.smith Physics and Engineering Fort Lewis CollegeDurangoCOUSA Computer and Information Systems umm Al Qura UniversityMakkahSaudi Arabia

Subsurface networks include mining tunnels,caves,and the urban *** of these environments presents a complex setting with significant challenges in exploration,exploitation,*** hazards exist,including environmental and structural,and conditions degrade and change *** present a survey of research in autonomy,networking and mobility focused on exploring and/or mapping subsurface networks in unpredictable and unexplored *** focus is on mining tunnels as a proxy subterranean environment;motivated by the proximity of the authors to the Bonita Peak Mining District;a Superfund site consisting of 48 historic mines which have contaminated soil,groundwater and surface water with heavy metals as a result of historic *** exploration and assessment of the mining tunnels for remediation efforts presents an extremely challenging problem in subterranean ***,the environment in question is the most extreme and challenging subterranean *** assets must enter to explore and re-map the tunnels to assess safety for subsequent entrance by robots and/or humans for proper *** survey is split into three categories--Locomotion,GPS-denied navigation and localization,and *** is concluded with a proposed design for a platform that addresses the difficulties of exploring an abandoned mine.

关键词： groundwater underground exploration

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Balanced and Unbalanced Components of Moist Atmospheric Flows with Phase Changes

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Chinese Annals of Mathematics,Series B 2019年第6期40卷 1005-1038页

作者： Alfredo n.WETZEL Leslie M.smith Samuel n.STECHMAnn Jonathan E.MARTIn Department of Mathematics University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA Department of Mathematics and Department of Engineering Physics University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA Department of Mathematics and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA

Atmospheric variables(temperature, velocity, etc.) are often decomposed into balanced and unbalanced components that represent low-frequency and high-frequency waves, respectively. Such decompositions can be defined, for instance, in terms of eigenmodes of a linear operator. Traditionally these decompositions ignore phase changes of water since phase changes create a piecewise-linear operator that differs in different phases(cloudy versus non-cloudy). Here we investigate the following question: How can a balanced–unbalanced decomposition be performed in the presence of phase changes? A method is described here motivated by the case of small Froude and Rossby numbers,in which case the asymptotic limit yields precipitating quasi-geostrophic equations with phase changes. Facilitated by its zero-frequency eigenvalue, the balanced component can be found by potential vorticity(PV) inversion, by solving an elliptic partial differential equation(PDE), which includes Heaviside discontinuities due to phase changes. The method is also compared with two simpler methods: one which neglects phase changes, and one which simply treats the raw pressure data as a streamfunction. Tests are shown for both synthetic, idealized data and data from Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model simulations. In comparisons, the phase-change method and no-phase-change method produce substantial differences within cloudy regions, of approximately 5K in potential temperature, due to the presence of clouds and phase changes in the data. A theoretical justification is also derived in the form of a elliptic PDE for the differences in the two streamfunctions.

关键词： Potential vorticity inversion Moist atmospheric dynamics Slow-fast systems Balanced-unbalanced decomposition Elliptic partial differential equations

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DEEP-UV COnFOCAL FLUORESCEnCE IMAGInG AnD SUPER-RESOLUTIOn OPTICAL MICROSCOPY OF BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES

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Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 2012年第4期5卷 24-32页

作者： TREVOR A.smith LIISA M.HIRVOnEn CRAIG n.LInCOLn XIAOTAO HAO School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science University of Melbourne Parkville 3010Australia

A wide range of techniques has been developed to image biological samples at high spatial and temporal *** this paper,we report recent results from deep-UV confocal fAuorescence microscopy to image inherent emission from fuorophores such as tryptophan,and structured ilumination microscopy(SIM)of biological *** motivation for developing deep-UV fhuorescence imaging and SIM is to provide methods to complement our measurements in the emerging field of X-ray coherent diffractive imaging.

关键词： Time resolved fuorescence imaging structured ilumnina tion microscopy

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