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brazilian payment for environmental services programs emphasize water-related services

International soil and Water Conservation Research 2023年第2期11卷 276-289页

作者： Ingrid Mamedes angélica Guerra Dulce b.b.Rodrigues Letícia Couto Garcia Raquel de Faria Godoi Paulo Tarso s.Oliveira Faculty of Engineering Architecture and Urbanism and GeographyFederal University of Mato Grosso do SulMS79070-900Brazil Programa de Pós-Graduaçāo em Ecologia e Conservaaçāo Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do SulCampo GrandeBrazil Laboratorio de Ecologia da Intervenaçāo-LEl Instituto de BiociênciasUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso do SulCampo GrandeBrazil Department of Hydraulics and sanitary Engineering Sao Carlos School of EngineeringUniversity of Sao PauloSao CarlosSPBrazil

based on"user pays"and"provider gets"principles,the Payment for Environmental services(PEs)consists of providing economic incentives or compensation for land users who adopt activities that promote ecosystem *** PEs initiatives have grown rapidly in brazil over the last few decades,however,studies that address the panorama of these programs in the country are still scarce,regional,or ***,we investigate the PEs overview in brazil through interviews and an extensive literature *** found in total 80 PEs programs implemented in brazil,of which 14 were *** pro-grams are poorly distributed across the country,mostly concentrated in the Atlantic Forest(56.25%)and savanna(36.25%)biomes,in southeastern *** majority of programs primarily prioritize improving water quality and ***,reforestation,protection of native vegetation,and soil and water conservation are their main proposed *** positive impacts of brazil's PEs experi-ences are evident;while the lack of transparency and monitoring,and poor spatial and financial dis-tribution are still major *** conclude that if correctly implemented,PEs schemes offer a path to reconcile environmental conservation with agricultural production in brazil.

关键词： Conservation funding Ecological restoration Environmental compliance Public policy soil and water conservation

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structure and Thermal Parameters of Ni_(20)Pd_(80) Alloy

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Journal of Materials science & Technology 2009年第2期25卷 208-210页

作者： s. Ahmad A.b. ziya A. Aziz z.I. zafar Department of Physics Bahauddin Zakariya University Department of Chemistry Bahauddin Zakariya University

The structure and thermal parameters of Ni20Pd80 alloy were studied by X-ray diffraction（XRD）. The diffraction experiments performed in the temperature range of 308-1100 K revealed that the alloy formed a face centered cubic （fcc） Al-type structure. The temperature dependence of the lattice parameters was investigated by using the bragg line displacement method showing that the lattice parameter increases with the increase of temperature. The mean linear thermal expansion （MLTE（%））, coefficient of thermal expansion （CTE, α）, the characteristic Debye temperature （（θD） and mean square amplitudes of vibration were determined from XRD data. The value of Debye temperature was found to be 253 K. It was found that temperature factor was independent of the static displacements.

关键词： Alloys structure Thermal parameters X-ray diffraction (XRD)

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罗哌卡因浓度对髋关节置换术中腰丛神经阻滞的影响

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中国矫形外科杂志 2024年第10期32卷 941-945页

作者：李小娜马成才蒋宇刘伟亳州市人民医院麻醉科安徽亳州236800 亳州市人民医院关节骨科安徽亳州236800

[目的]探讨罗哌卡因浓度对髋关节置换术中腰丛神经阻滞效果的影响。[方法]2022年1月—2023年8月100例全麻联合腰丛神经阻滞下行初次单侧髋关节置换术的患者纳入本研究。采用抛硬币法随机分为三组,所有患者术前均行腰丛神经阻滞,其中,32... 详细信息

[目的]探讨罗哌卡因浓度对髋关节置换术中腰丛神经阻滞效果的影响。[方法]2022年1月—2023年8月100例全麻联合腰丛神经阻滞下行初次单侧髋关节置换术的患者纳入本研究。采用抛硬币法随机分为三组,所有患者术前均行腰丛神经阻滞,其中,32例采用0.25%罗哌卡因,34例采用0.30%罗哌卡因,另外34例采用0.35%罗哌卡因。比较三组围手术期资料。[结果]三组手术时间、术中出血量、苏醒时间、拔管时间、下床时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),0.25%组术中不同时间点平均动脉压(mmHg)[(98.8±1.2),(96.4±3.4),(90.4±4.8),(84.8±2.5),P=0.208]和心率(次/min)[(78.5±6.0),(77.4±6.9),(74.7±7.3),(75.2±6.3),P=0.076]均无显著变化,相比之下,0.30%组和0.35%组术中平均动脉压和心率均有显著变化(P0.05)。术后疼痛情况方面,三组术后VAs评分、首次补救镇痛时间、镇痛泵按压次数、血管活性药物使用次数差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。[结论]低浓度罗哌卡因用于髋关节置换术中腰丛神经阻滞血流动力学更稳定,且镇痛效果较更高浓度罗哌卡因无明显差异。

关键词：髋关节置换术腰丛神经阻滞罗哌卡因浓度血流动力学

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识别液态和固态水的四波段水指数及其在咸海流域的应用

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中国科学：地球科学 2024年第3期54卷 788-807页

作者：岳兵陈曦李赛博杜正平 John WILsON 杨筠慧焦毅蒙黄双燕周成虎中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所乌鲁木齐830011 中国科学院大学资源与环境学院北京100049 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所北京100101 spatial sciences Institute University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90089-0374USA

虽然已有许多水指数被运用于咸海和咸海流域的水域面积分析,然而已有研究尚存在很大的不确定性.由于所使用水指数存在水体误识别的问题,导致不同研究得出的结论差异很大.此外,各种研究采用的咸海流域面积也差异很大,流域面积从约1百万km... 详细信息

虽然已有许多水指数被运用于咸海和咸海流域的水域面积分析,然而已有研究尚存在很大的不确定性.由于所使用水指数存在水体误识别的问题,导致不同研究得出的结论差异很大.此外,各种研究采用的咸海流域面积也差异很大,流域面积从约1百万km^(2)到2百万km^(2)不等.因此,我们首先界定咸海流域、锡尔河和阿姆河流域以及它们的上、中、下游的边界,然后提出可识别液态水和固态水的四波段指数(ILsW),以解决传统水指数的误别偏差问题.ILsW基于绿色、红色、近红外和热红外波段反射值,是归一化差异水指数(NDWI)和地表温度(LsT)的合成.验证结果显示,ILsW水指数在咸海流域的准确性远远超过其他指数.研究结果表明,南咸海的水域面积平均每年缩小963km^(2),而北咸海几乎没有变化;由于气候变暖,咸海流域上游常年冰雪面积有大幅度退缩趋势,阿姆河上游和锡尔河上游常年冰雪的退缩速率分别为年均6233和384km^(2)/a.气候变化和人类活动引起了严重的水亏问题.自20世纪90年代以来,水亏呈增长趋势,平均每年增长3.778亿m^(3).2011~2020年期间,整个咸海流域平均总水亏量为76.967亿m^(3),而锡尔河流域上游(咸海流域的一个组成部分)水盈余量为25.461亿m^(3).研究结果对制定咸海流域可持续发展战略具有重要意义.

关键词：咸海流域锡尔河流域阿姆河流域水指数水面积覆盖水亏缺气候变化

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Examining the effect of the aging state on strength and plasticity of wrought aluminum alloys

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Journal of Materials science & Technology 2022年第27期122卷 54-67页

作者： z.Qu z.J.zhang J.X.Yan P.zhang b.s.Gong s.L.Lu z.F.zhang T.G.Langdon shi-Changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials Institute of Metal ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China school of Materials science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of ChinaShenyang 110016China Department of Mechanical Engineering University of SouthamptonSouthampton SO171BJUnited Kingdom

A general rule of strength and plasticity was proposed for three typical wrought Al alloys(2xxx,6xxx,and 7xxx)subjected to different aging *** of the work-hardening processes and dislocation configurations in tensile and compressive testing reveal that this general rule arises because there is a common mechanism for these three kinds of wrought alloys whereby the tendency for cross-slip increases monotonously with aging *** analyzing the strain hardening exponent and the stacking fault energy,it is demonstrated that the change in the dislocation slip mode is attributed mainly to the formation of second phases rather than to the matrix ***,a new work-hardening model was proposed for wrought Al alloys containing second phases and this explains the interaction between dislocations and second phases and other relevant experimental *** work is therefore beneficial for quantitatively investigating and optimizing the strength and plasticity of wrought aluminum alloys.

关键词： Wrought aluminum alloy strength and plasticity Work hardening Dislocation slip mode second phase

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Optimization of performance of the KM2A full array using the Crab Nebula

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Chinese Physics C 2024年第6期48卷 169-178页

作者：曹臻 F.Aharonian 安琪阿西克古白云翔包逸炜 D.bastieri 毕效军毕玉江蔡金庭曹晴曹文羽曹喆常进常劲帆陈尚明陈恩生陈亮陈林陈龙陈明君陈玛丽陈起辉陈素弘陈天禄陈阳程宁程耀东崔明阳崔树旺崔晓红崔昱东戴本忠代洪亮戴子高单增罗布 D.della Volpe 董绪强段凯凯樊军辉范一中方军方堃冯存峰封莉冯少辉丰晓婷冯有亮 s.Gabici 高博高川东高林青高启高卫高伟康葛茂茂耿利斯 G.Giacinti 龚光华苟全补顾旻皓郭福来郭晓磊郭义庆郭莹莹韩毅昂何会海贺昊宁何佳银何新波何钰 M.Heller 贺远强侯博文侯超侯贤胡红波胡铨胡世聪黄代绘黄天奇黄文俊黄性涛黄晓渊黄勇黄志成季筱璐贾焕玉贾康江琨姜晓巍姜泽军金敏康明铭柯通 D.Kuleshov.K.Kurinov 李兵兵李澄李骢李丹李飞李海波李会财李华阳李军李剑李捷李凯李文龙李文莲李秀荣李昕李一卓李哲黎卓梁恩维梁云峰林苏杰刘冰刘成刘栋刘虎刘海东刘佳刘江来刘金艳刘茂元柳若愚刘四明刘伟刘怡刘以农鲁睿罗晴吕洪魁马伯强马玲玲马欣华毛基荣闵振 W.Mitthumsiri 穆慧君南云程 A.Neronov 区子维庞彬宇 P.Pattarakijwanich 裴致远齐孟尧祁业情乔冰强秦家军 D.Ruffolo A.sáiz D.semikoz 邵澄宇邵琅 O.shchegolev 盛祥东舒富文宋慧超 Yu.V.stenkin V.stepanov 苏扬孙秦宁孙晓娜孙志斌谭柏轩唐庆文唐泽波田文武王超王昌贝王广威王洪光王惠惠王建成汪凯王利苹王玲玉王培汉王冉王为王祥高王祥玉王阳王玉东王岩谨王忠海王仲翔王振王铮韦大明魏俊杰魏永健文韬吴超勇吴含荣武莎吴雪峰吴雨生席邵强夏捷夏君集项光漫肖迪泫肖刚辛广广辛玉良邢祎熊峥徐东莲徐仁峰徐仁新徐伟立薛良闫大海颜景志颜田杨朝文杨帆杨冯帆杨何文杨佳盈杨莉莉杨明洁杨睿智杨深邦姚玉华姚志国叶一锰尹丽巧尹娜游晓浩游智勇于艳红袁强岳华曾厚敦曾婷轩曾玮查敏张彬彬张丰张海明张恒英张建立张丽霞张力张鹏飞张佩佩张瑞张少博张少如张寿山张潇张笑鹏张云峰张毅张勇赵兵赵静赵雷赵立志赵世平郑福周斌周浩周佳能周猛周平周荣周勋秀祝成光祝凤荣朱辉朱科军左雄 LHAAsO Collaboration Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics&Experimental Physics Division&Computing Center Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of sciences Beijing 100049China Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center Chengdu 610000China Dublin Institute for Advanced studies 31 Fitzwilliam Place2 DublinIreland Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics P.O.Box 10398069029 HeidelbergGermany state Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics China University of science and Technology of China Hefei 230026China school of Physical science and Technology&school of Information science and Technology Southwest Jiaotong UniversityChengdu 610031China school of Astronomy and space science Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China Center for Astrophysics Guangzhou UniversityGuangzhou 510006China Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang 050024China Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and space Astronomy&Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy Purple Mountain ObservatoryChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210023China Tsung-Dao Lee Institute&school of Physics and Astronomy Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology Shanghai Astronomical ObservatoryChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200030China Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays(Tibet University) Ministry of EducationLhasa 850000TibetChina National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China school of Physics and Astronomy(zhuhai)&school of Physics(Guangzhou)&sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology(zhuhai) Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 519000&Guangzhou 510275China school of Physics and Astronomy Yunnan UniversityKunming 650091China Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire Facultéde SciencesUniversitéde Genève24 Quai Ernest Ansermet1211 GenevaSwitzerland Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary science Shandong UniversityQingdao 266237China APC Universit'e Paris Cit'eCNRS/IN2P3CEA/IRFUObservat

The full array of the Large High Altitude Air shower Observatory(LHAAsO)has been in operation since July *** its kilometer-square array(KM2A),we optimized the selection criteria for very high and ultrahigh energyγ-rays using data collected from August 2021 to August 2022,resulting in an improvement in significance of the detection in the Crab Nebula of approximately 15%,compared with that of previous *** the implementation of these new selection criteria,the angular resolution was also significantly improved by approximately 10%at tens of *** aspects of the full KM2A array performance,such as the pointing error,were also calibrated using the Crab *** resulting energy spectrum of the Crab Nebula in the energy range of 10-1000 TeV are well fitted by a log-parabola model,which is consistent with the previous results from LHAAsO and other experiments.

关键词： γ-ray Crab Nebula significance

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EFFECT OF THE DEFECT sTATEs DENsITY ON OPTICAL bAND GAP OF CdIn_(2)O_(4)THIN FILM

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Acta Metallurgica sinica(English Letters) 2005年第3期18卷 403-410页

作者： H.s.san z.G.Wu b.Li b.X.Feng KeyLaboratoryforMagnetismandMagneticMaterialofMinistryofEducation LanzhouUniversityLanzhou730000China shanghaiInstituteofTechnicalPhysics TheChineseAcademyofSciencesShanghai200083China

Transparent conducting oxides CdIn2O4 thin films were prepared by radio-frequenc y reactive sputtering from a Cd-In alloy target in Ar+O2 atmosphere. by transmis sion spectrum and Hall measurement for different samples prepared at different s ubstrate temperatures, it could be found that the carrier concentration would in crease with the decrease of substrate temperature, but absorption edge showed an abrupt variation from a blue shift to a red shift. Theoretically, the paper for mulated the effect of high-density point defects on band structures; it embodied the formation of band tailing, burstein-Moss shift and band-gap narrowing. The density of holes will influence the magnitude of optical band gap and transmitta nce of light. since extrapolation method does not fit degenerate semiconductor m aterials, a more accurate method of obtaining optical band gap is curve fitting. In addition, ionized impurities scattering is the main damping mechanism of the free electrons in CdIn2O4 films, the density of ionized impurities induced by a ltering substrate temperature will affect the carriers mobility.

关键词： sputtering CdIn2O4 thin film electrical property optical property

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青藏高原及其周边二叠纪综合地层、生物群以及古地理和古气候演化

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中国科学：地球科学 2024年第4期54卷 1125-1170页

作者：沈树忠张以春袁东勋徐海鹏琚琦张华郑全锋罗茂侯章帅南京大学地球科学与工程学院内生金属矿床成矿机制研究国家重点实验室关键地球物质循环前沿科学中心南京210023 中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所现代古生物学和地层学国家重点实验室南京210008 中国科学院大学南京学院南京210049 中国矿业大学资源与地球科学学院徐州221116

二叠纪是青藏高原各块体演化的关键时段,发生了一系列重大地质和生物事件,当时横跨南北半球统一的泛大陆演化到了鼎盛阶段,阻断了全球东西向的赤道暖流的同时,在泛大陆的东侧形成了一个半封闭的、具有重要历史意义的特提斯洋暖池,是古-... 详细信息

二叠纪是青藏高原各块体演化的关键时段,发生了一系列重大地质和生物事件,当时横跨南北半球统一的泛大陆演化到了鼎盛阶段,阻断了全球东西向的赤道暖流的同时,在泛大陆的东侧形成了一个半封闭的、具有重要历史意义的特提斯洋暖池,是古-中生代之交生物与环境演变的引擎.青藏高原二叠纪地层分布广泛、化石丰富,从南到北由于跨越不同的纬度带体现出不同的特点.雅鲁藏布江以南的喜马拉雅特提斯带当时位于冈瓦纳大陆印度板块北缘,整个二叠纪沉积含有典型的冈瓦纳冷水型生物群;雅鲁藏布江缝合带内的灰岩外来体时代集中在瓜德鲁普世(Guadalupian,中二叠世)中、晚期至早三叠世,古生物地理与喜马拉雅特提斯带有显著差异,最有可能为新特提斯洋中的海山型沉积.基墨里(Cimmerian)微地块群在乌拉尔世(Cisuralian,早二叠世)早期阿瑟尔期-萨克马尔期(Asselian-sakmarian)全部位于冈瓦纳大陆北缘,均发育冰海相沉积及冈瓦纳型冷水生物群.乌拉尔世中期(约290~280Ma)基墨里微地块群由于印度板块北缘Panjal Traps等大火成岩省岩浆活动与冈瓦纳大陆裂解,并以不同的速度向北漂移.可以分为两个条带,由南羌塘、保山和sibuma地块组成的北基墨里微地块群漂移速度较快,在亚丁斯克期(Artinskian)就已经出现大量碳酸盐岩沉积和暖水生物群,因此,它们最先从冈瓦纳大陆裂解并进入低纬度暖水区域;而由拉萨、腾冲和Irrawaddy地块组成的南基墨里微地块群,漂移速度相对较慢,在空谷(Kungurian)晚期才开始出现大规模碳酸盐岩沉积,并延续至乐平世(Lopingian,晚二叠世),瓜德鲁普世和乐平世地层中含暖水生物为主的动物群,因此,这些地块至少在空谷晚期已经从冈瓦纳大陆北缘分离,裂解时间稍晚于北基墨里微地块群;这种沉积和古生物地理的时空演变差异性表明乌拉尔世的裂解事件造成了中特提斯洋和新特提斯洋的开启和形成.更北的北羌塘地块由于整个二叠纪地层中均含有典型的暖水生物群,与华南地区、思茅地块和印支地块等可以比较,属于古特提斯洋北部的块体.因此,二叠纪中、晚期特提斯域形成了古、中、新特提斯多岛洋共存的局面,是当时构造活动最活跃的地区和全球生物多样性的中心.此外,青藏高原多个块体在二叠纪位于南半球中高纬度地区,完整记录了晚古生代大冰期、亚丁斯克期全球变暖和二叠纪末快速变暖等重大古气候事件,对于阐明板块运动和全球气候演变对生物群时空分布的影响具有举足轻重的作用.

关键词：二叠纪特提斯洋青藏高原生物群古地理

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Microstructural evolution and superelastic properties of ultrafine-graine d NiTi-base d shape memory alloy via sintering of amorphous ribbon precursor

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Journal of Materials science & Technology 2023年第7期138卷 80-92页

作者： W.s.Cai H.z.Lu H.z.Li z.Liu H.b.Ke W.H.Wang C.Yang National Engineering Research Center of Near-net-shape Forming for Metallic Materials Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Processing and Forming of Advanced Metallic MaterialsSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510640China songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan 523808China Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China

NiTi-based shape memory alloys(sMAs)are considered as cutting-edge intelligent functional ***,it remains a great challenge to obtain ultrafine-grained(UFGed)bulk materials with mm-scale size as well as outstanding superelastic ***,UFGed bulk Ti_(35)zr_(15)Ni_(35)Cu_(15)NiTi-based sMA is successfully prepared via spark plasma sintering of amorphous ribbon precursor at different sintering temperatures,and microstructural evolution and superelastic properties are symmetrically *** is found that its grain size ranges from UFG to micro-grain with increased sintering temperature regard-less of the predominant b2 matrix in all bulk ***,the orientation relationships between b2 matrix and nano-scale fcc(Ti,zr)_(2)Ni precipitate evolve from coherent to ***,the UFGed samples exhibit perfect superelasticity with the high recoverable strain of∼5.8%,the stable recov-ery rate above 99%,and the great critical stress inducing martensitic transformation higher than 1 GPa,far superior to the corresponding ones of suction-cast micro-grained TizrNiCu ***,the perfect superelasticity is attributed to the good resistance to dislocation slip or grain boundary slip by residual nano-scale amorphous phase or secondary phase of coherent and semi-coherent fcc(Ti,zr)_(2)Ni *** addition,the gentle superelastic plateau is associated to the favorable transfer stress and the strong ability to accommodate dislocation movement,which is generated by the coherent interface between nano-scale fcc(Ti,zr)_(2)Ni and UFGed b2 *** results suggest that spark plasma sintering of amorphous alloy precursor is a feasible route to obtaining excellent superelasticity in NiTi-based sMAs.

关键词： shape memory alloy Amorphous alloy Microstructure superelasticity

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REsEARCH ON THE sELECTION OF FRICTION MODELs IN THE FINITE ELEMENT sIMULATION OF WARM EXTRUsION

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Acta Metallurgica sinica(English Letters) 2003年第2期16卷 90-96页

作者： X.b.Lin H.s.Xiao z.L.zhang National Die and Mold CAD Engineering Research Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University1954 Hua Shan RoadShanghai 200030ChinaNational Die and Mold CAD Engineering Research CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University1954 Hua Shan RoadShanghai 200030ChinaNational Die and Mold CAD Engineering Research CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University1954 Hua Shan RoadShanghai 200030China

During the process of finite element simulation of precision warm forging, the selection of friction models has a direct effect on the precision accuracy of finite element simulation results. Among all the factors which influence the selection of friction models, the distribution rule of normal stress at the tool-workpiece interface is a key one. To find out the distribution rule of normal stress at the tool-workpiece interface, this paper has made a systematic research on three typical plastic deformation processes: forward extrusion, backward extrusion, and lateral extrusion by a method of finite element simulation. Then on the base of synthesizing and correcting traditional friction models, a new general friction model which is fit for warm extrusion is developed at last.

关键词： friction model warm extrusion finite element simulation

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