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Investigation of the Potential and Mechanism of Clove for Mitigating Airborne Particulate Matter Emission from Stationary Sources

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2017年第2期14卷 390-400页

作者： Jin Tong Xin Liu ronaldo maghirang Kaiqi Wei Linna Liu Chun Wang Yunhai Ma Donghui Chen Hongjia Yan Li guo Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education of China) Jilin University Changchun 130022 China College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130022 China Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Kansas State University Manhattan KS 66506 USA Institute of Military Veterinary Academy of Military Medical Sciences Changchun 130122 China Department of Planning and Construction Jilin Agricultural University Changchun 130118 China

Vegetative Barriers （VB） have the potential to mitigate air pollutants emitted from area sources, including concentrated Animal Feeding Operations （AFOs）. However, the mechanism has not been fully investigated, thereby limiting the application of vegetation systems in practice. An experimental method with repeatable and controllable conditions was developed to measure the change of Particulate Matter （PM） concentrations at upwind and downwind of VB in the wind tunnel and observe accumulated PM on leaves with Scanning Electron Microscope （SEM）, thus evaluating the ability of VB in mitigating PM emitted from AFOs. Branch-scale vegetation, clove （syzygium aromaticum） was selected because its leaves are one of the major factors affecting PM dispersion. The results show that the branch-scale barriers, as porous medium have the ability to interfere with airflow and reduce PM, which could be influenced by wind speed, particle size fraction and surface area density of clove. Moreover, clove elements could adjust to the wind and the micro structure of clove （such as the hierarchical structures of leaves） affected on the PM deposition. These results indicate that the methods developed in this study may be used to evaluate the potential of vegetation in mitigating PM from stationary sources, and some characteristics of vegetation can be further studied as bionic prototype for exploring engineering application of reducing particulates.

关键词： vegetative barrier particulate matter wind tunnel clove animal feeding operation

Health and Environmental Impacts of Smoke from Vegetation Fires: A Review

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2016年第12期7卷 1860-1885页

作者： Zifei Liu James Pat Murphy ronaldo maghirang Daniel Devlin Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA Department of Agronomy Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA

Smoke exposure is often an inevitable side effect of open vegetation fires (both planned and wild) and is an important public health concern. The objective of this paper is to summarize state-of-the-art knowledge on health and environmental impacts of smoke from vegetation fires, to identify research gaps, and to provide needed information to researchers, land managers, policymakers, health care workers, and the general public. The main components of vegetation fire smoke and their characterizations are identified and evaluated. Concentrations, emission ratios, and emission factors of smoke components and the combined health and environmental effects of all hazardous smoke components from vegetation fire smoke exposure are summarized. Trends in risk assessment of vegetation fire smoke, limitations of current research, and future research needs are discussed.

关键词： Emission Exposure Epidemiology Prescribed Burning Particulate Matter Air Pollution

Air Quality, Health and Community Action

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2017年第10期8卷 1057-1074页

作者： Larry E. Erickson Wendy griswold ronaldo g. maghirang Brian P. Urbaszewski Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA University of Memphis Memphis TN USA Respiratory Health Association Chicago IL USA

Air quality is impacting health in many cities in most countries because of particulate pollution, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone. Very small particulates from engine emissions and coal fired electric power plants enter the lungs and pollute the blood of urban residents leading to a burden of disease with more than 3 million premature deaths per year attributed to outdoor air pollution. Welfare losses including premature deaths associated with air pollution were about $5 trillion in 2013. A global transition to electric vehicles, and the generation of electricity without combustion emissions would improve air quality significantly and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This transition is in progress in many parts of the world with more than 2 million electric vehicles in service in 2017. Electric bus and electric taxi sales are increasing, and many large cities have multiple programs to improve air quality. When health costs are considered, it is very appropriate for communities to take action to improve air quality and health. This work reviews and reports many positive actions that are in progress in larger cities.

关键词： Air Pollution Particulates Air Quality Health Electric Vehicles Solar Disease Cities Urban

Using dynamic dewpoint isotherms to determine the optimal storage conditions of inert dust-treated hard red winter wheat

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grain & Oil Science and Technology 2020年第4期3卷 127-137页

作者： Kouame Yao Jennifer Anthony ronaldo maghirang David Hagstrum Kunyan Zhu Subramanyam Bhadriraju Department of grain Science and Industry Kansas State UniversityManhattan 66506USA Department of Chemical Engineering Kansas State UniversityManhattan 66506USA Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Kansas State UniversityManhattan 66506USA Department of Entomology Kansas State UniversityManhattan 66506USA

Water-solid interactions play a key role in determining the efficacy of inert dusts. The critical water activity(Awc) for phase transition in amorphous materials is an important characteristic of amorphous inert dusts used as grain protectants. As water activity(Aw) rises above Awc, amorphous dusts undergo a transition from glassy or vitreous state to rubbery state. Such a transition induces dramatic changes in material properties, texture and structure, and hence impact their performance as grain protectants. Full Dynamic Dewpoint Isotherms(DDI) of a synthetic amorphous zeolite intended for grain protection were generated using the Vapor Sorption Analyzer(VSA) to determine Awcby investigating the relationship between moisture content and Awat constant temperatures. Sorption experimental data was fitted using three sorption isotherm models: guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer(gAB), Double Log Polynomial(DLP),and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller(BET). DLP model was the best model to estimate zeolite and wheat sorption isotherms. Full sorption isotherms of zeolite and wheat obtained at 25, 35, and 45 °C clearly showed the hysteresis phenomenon. The hysteresis loops were of type H3 for wheat, and of type H4 for zeolite powder. The intensity of hysteresis remained unchanged for wheat. However, the intensity of hysteresis decreased with increasing temperatures during water adsorption by porous zeolite powder. Monolayer moisture content values for each sorption direction were provided only by gAB and BET models and indicated a decrease in monolayer moisture content with an increase in temperature. The net isosteric heats of sorption and the differential enthalpy of zeolite estimated by the Clausius–Clapeyron equation and determined graphically decreased with increasing moisture content. Conversely, differential entropy of zeolite decreased with increasing zeolite moisture content. The optimal moisture content of inert dust for grain treatment was dependent on wheat moisture content and whea

关键词： Dynamic dewpoint isotherm Critical water activity gAB BET DLP Sorption kinetics Inert dust Wheat

Determination of Particulate Matter Emissions from Cattle Feedlots Using Wind-Trax and the Flux-gradient Technique

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2016年第2期7卷 176-189页

作者： Henry F. Bonifacio ronaldo g. maghirang Steven L. Trabue Laura L. McConnell John H. Prueger Edna R. Bonifacio Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit USDA Agricultural Research Service University Park PA USA Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA National Laboratory of Agriculture and the Environment USDA Agricultural Research Service Ames IA USA Bayer Crop Science 2 T.W. Alexander Dr. Research Triangle Park NC USA

Large commercial cattle feedlots are significant sources of particulate matter (PM) emissions. This research compared WindTrax and the flux-gradient technique in estimating emissions of PM with aerodynamic diameter 10) from cattle feedlots. Meteorological conditions were measured and PM10 concentrations were profiled vertically (i.e., 2.0 to 7.62 m) at a large commercial beef cattle feedlot in Kansas from May through September 2011. Results show that between the two methods evaluated, WindTrax was least sensitive to changes in heights and number of heights used in the emission estimation, with calculated PM10 emission rates varying by up to 18% only. On the other hand, PM10 emission rates produced by the flux-gradient technique varied by almost 56% when changing either heights and/or number of heights in emission calculation. Both methods were sensitive to height settings, with their respective PM10 emission rates higher when the lowest height setting (2.0 m) was included. Calculating PM10 emission rates with the 7.62-m height led to lower estimates for the flux-gradient technique but no significant change in estimates was observed for WindTrax. As demonstrated in this study, for the flux-gradient technique, settings for the lowest and highest heights were the most critical in emission estimation;exclusion of other heights in between showed only to 2% to 6% change in calculated PM10 emission rates. In general, the higher PM10 emission rates were obtained with the flux-gradient technique. However, eliminating the lowest height (2.0 m) in the calculation and, at the same time, using a specific set of formulations for the flux-gradient technique made its calculated PM10 emission rates slightly lower (but not significantly different) than those from WindTrax.

关键词： PM10 Emission Rates Cattle Feedlots Emission Rate Estimation WindTrax Flux-gradient Technique