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Familiarity, Knowledge and Practices of Healthcare Professionals Regarding the Pharmacovigilance of Biological Medicines in Lusaka, Zambia: A Multi-Facility Cross-Sectional Study

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2022年第7期13卷 230-251页

作者： Michelo Banda Katia Verhamme Webrod Mufwambi Steward Mudenda Billy Chabalenge Scott Kaba Matafwali ronald kampamba mutati Christabel Nang’andu Hikaambo Martin kampamba Lavina Prashar Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Department of Medical Informatics Erasmus MC Rotterdam Netherlands Department of Bioanalysis Ghent University Ottergemsesteenweg Ghent Belgium Department of Medicines Control Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority Lusaka Zambia Clinical Research Department Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK Department of Physiological Sciences School of Medicine University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia

Background: Pharmacovigilance of biological medicines is crucial because it ensures that medicines meet the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. In Zambia, there is little information on healthcare professionals’ familiarity, knowledge and practices on the pharmacovigilance of biological and biosimilar medicines. Therefore, this study investigated the familiarity, knowledge, and practices related to the pharmacovigilance (PV) of biological and biosimilar medicines at selected hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia. Methods: The study was an analytical questionnaire-based cross-sectional study conducted among healthcare professionals (HCPs) at the Adult hospital, Cancer Diseases hospital, Paediatrics hospital and Women and New Born Hospital in Lusaka. Data were collected over four weeks in May and June 2021 and subsequently analysed using IBM SPSS version 21. The statistical significance was set at a 95% confidence interval. Results: Of 245 participants, only 115 (48.9%) of the HCPs were familiar with biological medicines to a basic understanding. Regarding the term biosimilars, most of the HCPs (40.9%) never heard of this word. The mean score for knowledge regarding the PV considerations of biological medicines was 4.1 out of 8 questions. Most HCPs used non-proprietary names (44.2%) when prescribing, dispensing, or administering biological medicines. Additionally, more than half (57.3%) of HCPs did not record batch numbers when dispensing or administering biological medicines. Conclusion: Healthcare professionals were more familiar with the term biological medicines than biosimilars. Healthcare professionals generally scored poorly when their knowledge regarding the PV considerations of biological medicines was assessed. Thus, there is a need to provide adequate training and continuous professional development among healthcare professionals on the pharmacovigilance of biological and biosimilar medicines.

关键词： Pharmacovigilance Biological Medicines Biosimilars Brand Batch Zambia

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Challenges Affecting African Countries in the Fight against the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Interventional Strategies in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2022年第3期12卷 496-517页

作者： Steward Mudenda Kennedy Mwila Christabel Nang’andu Hikaambo Victor Daka Godfrey Mayoka Maisa Kasanga Michelo Banda Moses Mukosha Ruth Lindizyani Mfune Martin kampamba Lungwani Tyson Muungo ronald kampamba mutati Webrod Mufwambi Misheck Chileshe Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Graduate School of Education Peking University Beijing China Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine Copperbelt University Ndola Zambia Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy School of Pharmacy Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya College of Public Health Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China Department of Pathology and Microbiology University Teaching Hospitals Lusaka Zambia Mary Begg Health Services Ndola Zambia

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused many global challenges, especially in resource-constrained countries. Africa, a continent with a large number of low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), shares this burden disproportionately compared to developed countries. Here we review some of the major challenges African countries face in the fight against COVID-19 and propose some mitigation measures. Studies have reported low adherence to COVID-19 prevention measures in most African countries. Additionally, there has been a shortage of healthcare workers, inadequate surveillance and diagnostic tools, unavailability of drugs in healthcare facilities, increased wrong beliefs, myths, misinformation and misconceptions about COVID-19 and vaccinations, and an already existing burden of infectious and non-infectious diseases across the African continent. Despite being very challenging to implement across African countries, telehealth is a critical solution to offer healthcare services during disease outbreaks. Many African countries have faced challenges in the fight against COVID-19. The training of healthcare workers (HCWs) must be strengthened to help address the shortage. In addition, African countries should strive to invest in research and capacity-building to be self-reliant regarding diagnostic tests. Thus, there is an urgent need to address the challenges faced by African countries in this fight, which may even include increased collaborations with other countries.

关键词： Africa African Countries Challenges COVID-19 COVID-19 Vaccines Pandemic Telehealth Vaccination

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Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns in Adult Patients According to the WHO AWaRe Classification: A Multi-Facility Cross-Sectional Study in Primary Healthcare Hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2022年第10期13卷 379-392页

作者： Steward Mudenda Mary Chomba Billy Chabalenge Christabel Nang’andu Hikaambo Michelo Banda Victor Daka Annie Zulu Abraham Mukesela Maxwell Kasonde Peter Lukonde Enock Chikatula Lloyd Matowe ronald kampamba mutati Tyson Lungwani Muungo Tobela Mudenda Shafiq Mohamed Scott Matafwali Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Department of Medicines Control Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority Lusaka Zambia Department of Public Health Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine Copperbelt University Ndola Zambia Bell Pharmacy Kabulonga Centro Mall Lusaka Zambia Ministry of Health Headquarters Ndeke House Lusaka Zambia Department of Pharmacy Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital Lusaka Zambia Faculty of Pharmacy School of Pharmacy Eden University Lusaka Zambia Department of Pathology Ndola Teaching Hospital Ndola Zambia Remedium Pharmaceuticals Limited Lusaka Zambia Clinical Research Department Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK

Introduction: Indiscriminate prescribing and using of antibiotics have led to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). To reduce this problem, the World Health Organization (WHO) developed the “Access”, “Watch”, and “Reserve” (AWaRe) classification of antibiotics that promotes antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). In Zambia, there are gaps in practice regarding prescribing of antibiotics based on the AWaRe protocol. This study assessed antibiotic prescribing patterns in adult in-patients in selected primary healthcare hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using 388 patient medical files from September 2021 to November 2021, five primary healthcare hospitals namely;Chawama, Matero, Chilenje, Kanyama, and Chipata. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23. Results: Of the selected medical files, 52.3% (n = 203) were for male patients. Overall, the prevalence of antibiotic use was 82.5% (n = 320) which was higher than the WHO recommendation of a less than 30% threshold. The most prescribed antibiotic was ceftriaxone (20.3%), a Watch group antibiotic, followed by metronidazole (17.8%) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (16.3%), both belonging to the Access group. Furthermore, of the total antibiotics prescribed, 41.9% were prescribed without adhering to the standard treatment guidelines. Conclusion: This study found a high prescription of antibiotics (82.5%) that can be linked to non-adherence to the standard treatment guidelines in primary healthcare hospitals. The most prescribed antibiotic was ceftriaxone which belongs to the Watch group, raising a lot of concerns. There is a need for rational prescribing of antibiotics and implementation of AMS programs in healthcare facilities in Zambia, and this may promote surveillance of irrational prescribing and help reduce AMR in the future.

关键词： Antibiotic Prescribing Antimicrobial Resistance Antimicrobial Stewardship AWaRe Classification Prescribing Patterns Primary Healthcare Surveillance Zambia

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Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Healthcare Workers in Africa, Associated Factors and Coping Mechanisms: A Systematic Review

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2022年第3期12卷 518-532页

作者： Steward Mudenda Billy Chabalenge Scott Matafwali Victor Daka Misheck Chileshe Webrod Mufwambi Ruth Lindizyani Mfune Josephine Chali Mukuka Chomba Michelo Banda Racheal Mwaweza ronald kampamba mutati Tyson Lungwani Muungo John Balidawa Christabel Nang’andu Hikaambo James Mwanza Maisa Kasanga Shafiq Mohamed Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Department of Medicines Control Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority Lusaka Zambia Clinical Research Department Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London United Kingdom Department of Public Health Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine Copperbelt University Ndola Zambia MaryBegg Health Services Ndola Zambia Faculty of Paediatrics and Child Health Lusaka College of Nursing Lusaka Zambia Unicaf University Kampala Uganda Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia College of Public Health Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China Department of Pathology and Microbiology University Teaching Hospitals Lusaka Zambia Remedium Pharmaceuticals limited Salama Park Lusaka Zambia

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a public health problem that has caused harm to the mental health of healthcare workers. In Africa, the COVID-19 pandemic has led healthcare workers to experience mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, stress, insomnia and burnout. This study aimed to review published studies on the effect of COVID-19 on the mental health of healthcare workers, associated factors and coping strategies that have been employed in Africa. Methods: This was a systematic review that was conducted through searching databases including;PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar. The study included published literature from January 2020 to May 2022 that met the inclusion criteria. The selection of articles was conducted following the 2020 PRISMA guidelines. Results: A total of 39 articles were retrieved, of which only 18 met the inclusion criteria and were used in this study. Our review revealed that healthcare workers experienced mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, insomnia, stress and burnout that were associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Coping strategies such as religious practices, support from family members and colleagues and avoiding listening to social media about COVID-19 were used to minimize mental health problems. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused increased mental health disorders among healthcare workers in Africa. Identification of factors associated with mental health problems is cardinal in developing coping mechanisms against the psychological impact of COVID-19. Therefore, there is a need for governments to develop and implement strategies for protecting the mental health of healthcare workers during crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

关键词： Africa Coping Mechanisms COVID-19 Factors Healthcare Workers Mental Health Pandemic Psychological Impact

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Does the Luangwa Hippo Population Size and Density Distribution Vary between Upper and Lower Study Blocks? What Are the Management Implications of Such Distribution Pattern?

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Open Journal of Ecology 2014年第5期4卷 262-280页

作者： Chansa Chomba Twakundine Simpamba George kampamba Vincent Nyirenda Copperbelt University Kitwe Zambia School of Agriculture and Natural Resources Disaster Management Training Centre Mulungushi University Kabwe Zambia Zambia Wildlife Authority Department of Research Chilanga Zambia

The pattern of population distribution of the common hippopotamus was examined along the 165 km stretch of the Luangwa River in eastern Zambia. The study area was divided between the upper (A-D) and lower (E-H) study blocks. Population data are collected between 1976-2008 and this study 2009-2012 showed a significant difference in the pattern of density distribution between upper and lower study blocks. Upper blocks had higher density of 41/km than lower blocks 29/km. Length of study blocks was discounted as density was used to determine distribution pattern. Results obtained suggest that primary production in each study block as influenced by river geomorphologic features such as river bends and confluences characterized higher hippopotamus density in the upper blocks. Further research is required to investigate other factors that may have interplayed with food (above ground grass biomass) and river meander features to separate upper and lower blocks.

关键词： Common Hippopotamus Pattern Density Upper Blocks Lower Blocks

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China's Economic Diplomacy and *** as a Case Study

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作者： Chiti，Mwatula kampamba 华中师范大学

学位级别：硕士

论文旨在运用相互依存理论将中国参与赞比亚作为一个研究案例,分析解释中国经济外交是否公平的争议性问题。论文将详细介绍相互依存理论以及经济、政治和文化合作机制。最后,从历史和当代角度分析了中国在赞比亚的参与。这篇论文的目的... 详细信息

论文旨在运用相互依存理论将中国参与赞比亚作为一个研究案例,分析解释中国经济外交是否公平的争议性问题。论文将详细介绍相互依存理论以及经济、政治和文化合作机制。最后,从历史和当代角度分析了中国在赞比亚的参与。这篇论文的目的在于明确中国是否在赞比亚扮演了一个新殖民主义力量的角色,并分析实地统计/实证事实是否明确反映了这一点。我的研究结果与上述错误观念相左,因而我会运用实证统计数据并结合研究领域内的相关理论来证明中国确实更倾向于相互依存和相互发展理论。

关键词：相互依存软实力经济外交

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欧美反垄断法与企业并购政策对中国的启示

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现代管理科学 2002年第5期 17-20页

作者： Michael kampamba 南京大学商学院江苏南京210093

在制定市场组织政策方面,由于中国国内大部分垄断都是国有垄断,反垄断问题还没有引起足够的重视,中国是先从制定反不正当竞争法入手的,故现在还没有完全意义上的反垄断法。目前,中国已经加入了WTO,现在最重要的就是促进制度环境与国际... 详细信息

在制定市场组织政策方面,由于中国国内大部分垄断都是国有垄断,反垄断问题还没有引起足够的重视,中国是先从制定反不正当竞争法入手的,故现在还没有完全意义上的反垄断法。目前,中国已经加入了WTO,现在最重要的就是促进制度环境与国际社会接轨。制定反垄断法不仅可以规范国内企业的重组行为,使其与国际惯例接轨,而且可以防止大型跨国公司在中国进行行业性垄断。因此,出台反垄断法已刻不容缓。本文将从介绍欧美反垄断法与企业并购政策入手,比较这两个法律体系的异同,进而讨论其对中国反垄断法制定的启示。

关键词：反垄断法企业并购政策中国谢尔曼法案克雷顿法案欧美国家 WTO 国际惯例

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Phytochemical Analysis of Leaf, Stem Bark, and Root Extracts of Cassia abbreviata Grown in Zambia

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2022年第5期13卷 119-128页

作者： Reagan Kabuka Steward Mudenda Martin kampamba Martha Chulu Tadious Chimombe Christabel Nang’andu Hikaambo Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences Levy Mwanawasa Medical University Lusaka Zambia Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia

Background: Plants have for a long time been used as medicines to treat ailments. Cassia abbreviata (C. abbreviata) is one of the plants that has been widely used in the management of a range of ailments, including malaria, diarrhea, and abscesses. Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the phytochemical composition of crude extracts of the roots, leaves, and stem bark of C. abbreviata. Materials and Methods: This was a laboratory-based study in which the fresh leaves, stem bark, and roots of C. abbreviata were collected, thoroughly cleaned, chopped into small pieces, and kept at room temperature until fully dry. The dried plant parts were powdered separately and stored separately in airtight containers for the phytochemical investigation. Ethanol (96% v/v) or distilled water was used for the extraction of components of the coarse powder. The mixtures were separately filtered, and the filtrates were reduced to a concentrated semisolid mass by drying in a water bath at 40?C. Thereafter, phytochemical analysis for flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, and proteins was done. Results: The phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extracts revealed the presence of high concentrations of tannins, reducing sugars, and sterols in the stem bark and roots. Flavonoids, phenolics, and proteins were present in high concentrations in the stem bark, while anthraquinone, glycosides, and alkaloids were present in the leaves and roots, respectively. Conclusion: C. abbreviata plant contains a wide range of phytochemical constituents. Depending on the solvent used for extraction, various compositions of phytochemicals are obtained in each part of the tree. However, extraction with ethanol showed a better concentration than with water for most of the phytochemicals.

关键词： Cassia abbreviata Flavonoids Phytochemicals Stem Bark Sterols Tannins

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Antimicrobial Activities of Solanum aculeastrum Fruit Extract against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans: Significance of African Traditional Medicine in Combating Infections and Attaining Universal Health Coverage

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2023年第5期14卷 176-188页

作者： Christabel Nang’andu Hikaambo Phanuel Chilala Ferdinand Ndubi Godfrey Mayoka Martin kampamba Reagan Kabuka Billy Chabalenge Steward Mudenda Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutics School of Pharmacy Kabarak University Nakuru Kenya Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy School of Pharmacy Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences Levy Mwanawasa Medical University Lusaka Zambia Department of Medicines Control Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority Lusaka Zambia

Solanum aculeastrum, a member of the Solanum genus, has a rich history of traditional use in various populations throughout tropical and southern Africa for treating different ailments. This study investigated the antimicrobial activities of S. aculeastrum fruit extracts grown in Zambia against Escherichia coli (E. coli) (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (ATCC 25923), and Candida albicans (C. albicans). After being dried in an oven at 50°C for eight days, the fruits of S. aculeastrum were pulverised and subjected to extraction using methanol and distilled water as solvents. The resulting crude extract was then filtered, concentrated using a water bath, and packed into airtight containers separately. The disc diffusion method was employed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the extracts. The results showed that both the methanolic and aqueous extracts demonstrated antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and C. albicans, but not against E. coli. The zone of inhibition was greater in S. aureus than in C. albicans. This study highlights the importance of researching plants for their medicinal properties, which can pave the way for discovering natural product-based drugs with potential antimicrobial properties. These findings recommend further studies on plants used in African traditional medicine.

关键词： African Traditional Medicine Solanum aculeastrum Phytochemicals Solanum Berries Antimicrobial Activity

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Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices towards the Disposal of Unused and Expired Medications among Students of Private Medical Universities in Lusaka, Zambia

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2022年第2期13卷 49-68页

作者： Martin kampamba Vewoerd Maingaila Tumelo Muyenga Akapelwa Steward Mudenda Luke Biete Webrod Mufwambi Michelo Banda Margaret Phiri Christabel Nang’andu Hikaambo Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Department of Physiological Sciences School of Medicine and Health Sciences Mulungushi University Livingstone Zambia Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice School of Pharmacy Eden University Lusaka Zambia Department of Pharmacy School of Medicine and Health Sciences Mulungushi University Kabwe Zambia

Background: The disposal of unused and expired medications has been a concern in many countries in that, the pharmaceutical waste enters the ecosystem and eventually causes a negative impact on human health and environment. Aim: To assess the knowledge, attitude and disposal practices of unused and expired medicines by students in the private medical universities in Lusaka of Zambia. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted over a period of 8 weeks among 391 respondents from three private universities in Lusaka. Respondents were polled using semi structured questions that focused on their knowledge, attitudes, and disposal practices for unused and expired drugs. In order to analyze data, the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20 was utilized. Results: The mean age of the participants was 23 years (SD: ±3). Out of the 391 participants, 320 (81.8%) knew about medicine waste and 391 (100.0%) responded that unsafe disposal of unused and expired medicine poses a threat to human health and can harm the environment. The drug-take-back system was unknown to a vast percentage of the respondent 371 (94.9%). The majority 274 (70.1%) of respondents had unused medicine stored at home, with antibiotics 215 (56.0%) and analgesia 111 (28.4%) being the most prevalent types of drugs kept in the households. The most commonly used disposal practice for unused 126 (32.2%) and expired medicines 274 (70.1%) was throwing them in household garbage. Only 27 (6.9%) and 30 (7.7%) reported returning unused and expired medicines to the nearest pharmacy respectively. The majority of respondents believed the risk stemmed from the presence of an undesired drug in the home, the potential for harm to children, a lack of proper information on safe disposal practices, and the necessity for a take-back program. Conclusions: The majority of the study participants used unsafe methods to dispose of unused and expired medicine. However, most of the participants acknowledged that un

关键词： Unused Medications Expired Medications Medicine Disposal Medicine Waste

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