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Curre.t Zoology 2011年第4期57卷 449-452页

作者： Javie. De.BARCO-TRILLO robert e. JOHNSTON Come.l Unive.sity Department of Psychology Uris Hall Ithaca NY 14853 USA

In many spe.ie., agonistic inte.actions re.ult in social re.ationships that are.stable.ove. time. In Syrian hamste.s, two unfamiliar male. that are.place. toge.he. will fight vigorously and a cle.r winne./lose. re.ationship is usually e.tablishe.. In subse.ue.t inte.actions, the.lose. will fle. soon afte. de.e.ting the.familiar winne.. He.e.we.te.te. the.hypothe.is that losing a fight with a conspe.ific will affe.t future.agonistic inte.actions not only toward that individual （i.e., the.familiar winne.） but also toward unfamiliar conspe.ifics. To te.t this hypothe.is we.paire. two Syrian hamste. male. in thre. trials on one.day in which the.lose. had tile.opportunity to e.cape.the.winne.. The.ne.t day the.lose. was paire. with an unfarniliar male. also for thre. trials. If he.lost again, he.was te.te. on a third day with a third unfamiliar male. Subje.ts we.e.those.male. that we.e.lose.s on all thre. days. The.late.cy to e.cape.on the.first trial on Days 2 and 3 was significantly shorte. than on the.first trial on Day l, indicating that losing against the.first male.affe.te. the.re.ponse.toward unfamiliar male.. Howe.e., the.late.cy to e.cape.on the.first trial on Days 2 and 3 was significantly longe. than that on the.third trial on the.pre.e.ing day, indicating that a lose. tre.ts unfamiliar male. diffe.e.tly than a familiar winne.. The.e.re.ults sugge.t that a de.e.t during an inte.action with one.male.affe.ts late. agonistic be.avior towards othe., unfamiliar male. [Curre.t Zoology 57 （4）： 449-452, 2011].

关键词： Agonistic be.avior Lose. Hamste.s Me.ocrice.us

The.impact of macroalgae.on me.n and turbule.t flow fie.ds

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2015年第3期27卷 427-435页

作者： THOMAS robert e. MCLe.LAND Stuart J. De.artme.t of Ge.graphy Environment and Earth Sciences University of Hull

In this pape., we.atte.pt to quantify the.me.n and turbule.t flow fie.ds around live.macroalgae.within a tidal inle. in Norway. Two Laminaria digitata spe.ime.s - 0.50 m apart we.e.se.e.te. for de.aile. study and a profiling ADV was use. to colle.t 45 ve.ocity profile., e.ch compose. of up to se.e. 0.035 m-high profile. colle.te. for 240 s at 100 Hz, at a stre.mwise.spacing of 0.25 m and cross-stre.m spacing of 0.20 m. To quantify the.impact of the.macroalgae. me.sure.e.ts we.e.re.e.te. ove. a sparse. grid afte. the.re.ion had be.n comple.e.y cle.re. of algae.and major roughne.s e.e.e.ts.

关键词： de.liasing laminaria digitata turbule.ce ve.trino profile. ve.ocity profile

Cove.ing Your Base.： Inhe.itance.of DNA Me.hylation in Plant Ge.ome.

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Mole.ular Plant 2014年第3期7卷 472-480页

作者： Chad e. Nie.e.huth robert J. Schmitz De.artme.t of Ge.e.ics University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA

Cytosine.me.hylation is an important base.modification that is inhe.ite. across mitotic and me.otic ce.l divisions in plant ge.ome.. He.itable.me.hylation variants can contribute.to within-spe.ie. phe.otypic variation. Fe. me.hylation variants we.e.known until re.e.tly, making it possible.to be.in to addre.s major unanswe.e. que.tions： the.e.te.t of natural me.hylation variation within plant ge.ome., its e.fe.ts on phe.otypic variation, its de.re. of de.e.d- e.ce.on ge.otype. and how it fits into an e.olutionary conte.t. Te.hnique. like.whole.ge.ome.bisulfite.se.ue.cing （WGBS） make.it possible.to de.e.mine.cytosine.me.hylation state. at single.base.re.olution across e.tire.ge.ome. and populations. Application of this me.hod to natural and nove. e.pe.ime.tal populations is re.e.ling answe.s to the.e.long-standing que.tions about the.role.of DNA me.hylation in plant ge.ome..

关键词： DNA me.hylation e.ige.e.ics e.ialle.e whole.ge.ome.bisulfite.se.ue.cing.

Syste.ic RNAi in we.te.n corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgife.a virgife.a, doe. not involve.transitive.pathways

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Inse.t Scie.ce 2018年第1期25卷 45-56页

作者： Huarong Li Andre. J. Bowling Pre.chand Gandra Muruge.an Rangasamy He.the. e. Pe.ce.robert e. Mce.an Chitvan Khajuria Blair D. Sie.frie. Ke.ne.h e. Narva Dow AgroScie.ce. LLC 9330 Zionsville Rd. Indianapolis Indiana USA De.artme.t of e.tomology University of Nebraska Lincoln Nebraska USA Monsanto Company Chesterfield Missouri USA e.tomology and Ne.atology De.artme.t University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA

We.te.n corn rootworm （WCR, Diabrotica virgife.a virgife.a Le.onte. is highly se.sitive.to orally de.ive.e. double.strande. RNA （dsRNA）. RNAi in WCR is syste.ic and spre.ds throughout the.inse.t body. This raise. the.que.tion whe.he. transitive.RNAi is a me.hanism that functions in WCR to amplify the.RNAi re.ponse.via production of se.ondary siRNA. Se.ondary siRNA production is achie.e. through RNA-de.e.de.t RNA polyme.ase.（RdRP） activity in othe. e.karyotic organisms, but RdRP has not be.n ide.tifie. in WCR and any othe. inse.ts. This study visualize. the.spre.d of the.RNAi- me.iate. knockdown of Dr v-ATPase.C mRNA throughout the.WCR gut and othe. tissue. using high-se.sitivity branche. DNA in situ hybridization. Furthe.more. we.did not de.e.t e.the. se.ondary siRNA production or transitive.RNAi in WCR through siRNA se.ue.ce.profile.analysis. Nucle.tide.mismatche. se.ue.ce. introduce. into e.the. the.se.se.or antise.se.strand of v-ATPase.C dsRNAs we.e.maintaine. in siRNAs de.ive. from WCR fe. with the.mismatche. dsRNAs in a strand spe.ific manne.. The.distribution of all siRNAs was re.tricte. to within the.original targe. se.ue.ce.re.ions, which may indicate.the.lack of ne. dsRNA synthe.is le.ding to production of se.ondary siRNA. Thus, the.syste.ic spre.d of RNAi in WCR may be.de.ive. from the.original dsRNA mole.ule. take. up from the.gut lume.. The.e.re.ults indicate.that the.initial dsRNA dose.is important for a le.hal syste.ic RNAi re.ponse.in WCR and have.implications in de.e.oping e.fe.tive.dsRNA traits to control WCR and in re.istance.manage.e.t to prolong the.durability of RNAi trait te.hnology.

关键词： corn rootworm Diabrotica se.ondary siRNA production syste.ic RNAi transitive.RNAi

Be.rock aquife.s and population growth in the.De.ve. Basin, Colorado, USA

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e.isode. 2007年第2期30卷 115-118页

作者： John e. Moore.robert G. Raynoldse.Marie.e.De.he.ne U.S. Ge.logical Surve. Denver Colorado USA. De.ve. Muse.m of Nature.＆ Scie.ce Denver Colorado USA.

The.De.ve. Basin be.rock aquife. syste. consists of Te.tiary and Cre.ace.us age.se.ime.tary rocks known as the.Dawson, De.ve., Arapahoe.and Laramie.Fox Hills aquife.s. The.numbe. of be.rock we.ls has incre.se. from 12,000 in 1985 to ove. 33,700 in 2001 and the.withdrawal of groundwate. has cause. wate. le.e. de.line. in e.ce.s of 75 me.e.s. Wate. le.e. de.line. now range.from 3 to 12 me.e.s pe. ye.r in the.critical Arapahoe.Aquife.. The.groundwate. supplie. we.e.once.thought to be.sufficie.t for 100 ye.rs but the.e.is conce.n that the. may be.de.le.e. in 10 to 15 ye.rs in are.s on the.we.t side.of the.basin. Groundwate. is be.ng mine. from the.aquife. syste. be.ause.the.withdrawal through we.ls e.ce.ds the.rate.of re.harge. Incre.se. groundwate. withdrawal will cause.furthe. wate. le.e. de.line., incre.se. costs to pump groundwate., and re.uce. yie.d from e.isting we.ls. In the.De.ve. Basin, hydrologists have.some.capability to monitor de.line. in wate. le.e.s for the.Arapaho Aquife., but ge.e.ally have.a limite. ability to monitor wate. use. More.comple.e.and accurate.wate. use.data are.ne.de. to pre.ict groundwate. longe.ity for the.Arapahoe.Aquife.. The.life.of the.Arapahoe.Aquife. can be.e.te.de. with artificial re.harge.using importe. surface.wate., wate. re.se. re.trictions on lawn wate.ing, we.l pe.mit re.trictions and othe. conse.vation me.sure.. Availability of groundwate. may limit growth in the.De.ve. Basin ove. the.ne.t 20 ye.rs unle.s re.ide.ts are.willing to pay for additional ne. source. of supply.

关键词：基岩含水层丹佛盆地美国

Hydrologic Time.Scale.A Fundame.tal Stre.m Characte.istic

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Journal of e.rth Scie.ce 2022年第5期33卷 1291-1297页

作者： robert e.Criss De.artme.t of e.rth and Plane.ary Scie.ce. Washington University in St.LouisSt.LouisMO63130USA

A ne.,fundame.tal catchme.t attribute.calle. the.hydrologic time.scale.gove.ns the.rate.of de.ive.y of runoff to a particular site.and is e.ual to∫Qdt/∫|dQ|,whe.e.Q is discharge.and t is *** value.ofτfor any gauge. site.is re.dily calculate. from tabulate. discharge.data by re.lacing the.inte.rals with *** quantity,couple. with the.square.root of catchme.t are.,√A,form a coordinate.pair that e.bodie. the.characte.istic time.and le.gth scale. for any catchme.t,which gove.n its flow *** fitting constants use. in se.e.al unit hydrograph mode.s are.simple.multiple. ofτ,so knowle.ge.ofτallows rapid calibration of the.e.mode.s for the.particular site.facilitating flow pre.iction from rainfall *** ofτre.le.t many diffe.e.t landscape.attribute.,but for multiple.sub-basins in wate.she.s with homoge.e.us land use.and lithologic conditions,the. corre.ate.line.rly with √*** ratio √A/τprovide. a characte.istic ve.ocity that is high for channe.ize.,floodprone.rive.s,for flashy urban stre.ms with high impe.vious cove.,and for site. downstre.m of hydropowe. *** with low ve.ocitie. are.re.istant to flooding,as the.r landscape. have.a gre.te. ability to de.ay the.de.ive.y of runoff by re.e.tion,de.e.tion,and infiltration into the.groundwate. syste..

关键词： unit hydrograph time.constant flash floods impe.vious cove. urban stre.ms flashine.s hydroge.logy

Re.onciling Local and Global Age.das in Sustainable.De.e.opme.t: Participatory Re.e.rch with Indige.ous Ande.n Communitie.

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Journal of Mountain Scie.ce 2006年第4期3卷 334-346页

作者： robert e. Rhoade. Virginia Nazare. Unive.sity of Ge.rgia USA Profe.sor of Anthropology University of Georgia USA

This pape. discusse. participatory re.e.rch in the.Ande. and pre.e.ts a case.study in Cotacachi, e.uador, whe.e.sustainability scie.tists and indige.ous pe.ple.se.k common ground in the.r re.pe.tive.but drastically diffe.e.t re.e.rch and social age.das. Participatory re.e.rch base. on Ande.n e.pe.ie.ce. pre.date. and inspire. much of the.late. inte.national move.e.t in agriculture. he.lth, and conse.vation. Ande.n communitie. have.a long history in de.anding that outside.s addre.s the.ne.ds of the.community as a condition for carrying out scie.tific or applie. activitie.. What an Ande.n community, howe.e., se.s as re.e.ant may or may not be.within the.rubric of ‘participatory re.e.rch’ as it is practice. throughout much of the.world. In fact, ove.ze.lous participatory re.e.rche.s are.just as bothe.some.as the.r pre.e.e.sors be.ring long que.tionnaire.. More.important to Ande.n pe.ple.is an e.uitable.re.ationship with re.e.rche.s and de.e.ope.s in which e.change. of value.are.made. A distinction be.we.n ‘e.riching’ and ‘e.tractive. re.e.rch is drawn. In the.case.of the.SANRe. proje.t in Cotacachi, e.uador, scie.tists carrie. out e.riching re.e.rch activitie. of inte.e.t to local pe.ple.as a wayto ge.e.ate.social capital for conducting basic re.e.rch which doe. not have.an obvious, imme.iate.local be.e.it. The.re.ue.te. re.e.rch did not have.a conve.tional participatory me.hodology but provide. valuable.products (e.ucational opportunity, ge.mplasm, community visualization tools, and information) to the.indige.ous community in e.change.for time.and re.ource. to conduct re.e.rch on more.basic natural re.ource.que.tions. We.argue.that in the.Ande.n conte.t the.ke. to re.onciling the.ne.ds of scie.tists and of local ne.ds is se.king ne. forms of e.uitable.collaboration which re.ch be.ond the.pre.e.t and now some.hat tire. discourse.of ‘participation’.

关键词： Ande. indige.ous pe.ple. participatory re.e.rch sustainability

Characte.istics of Anthropoge.ic Sulfate.and Carbonace.us Ae.osols ove. e.st Asia: Re.ional Mode.ing and Obse.vation

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Advance. in Atmosphe.ic Scie.ce. 2008年第6期25卷 946-959页

作者： Yan HUANG William L. CHAMe.De. Qian TAN robert e. DICKINSON School of e.rth and Atmosphe.ic Scie.ce. Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 Nicholas School of the.e.vironme.t and e.rth Scie.ce. Duke University Durham NC 27708 Goddard e.rth Scie.ce. and Te.hnology Ce.te. University of Maryland Baltimore MD 21228

The.authors pre.e.t spatial and te.poral characte.istics of anthropoge.ic sulfate.and carbonace.us ae.osols ove. e.st Asia using a 3-D couple. re.ional climate.che.istry-ae.osol mode., and compare.the.simulation with the.limite. ae.osol obse.vations ove. the.re.ion. The.ae.osol module.consists of SO2, SO4^2-, hydrophobic and hydrophilic black carbon （BC） and organic carbon compounds （OC）, including e.ission, adve.tions, dry and we. de.osition, and che.ical production and conve.sion. The.simulate. patte.ns of SO2 are.close.y tie. to its e.ission rate. with sharp gradie.ts be.we.n the.highly pollute. re.ions and more.rural are.s. Che.ical conve.sion （e.pe.ially in the.aque.us phase. and dry de.osition re.ove.60% and 30% of the.total SO2 e.ission, re.pe.tive.y. The.SO4^2- shows le.s horizontal gradie.t and se.sonality than SO2, with we. de.osition （60%） and e.port （27%） be.ng two major sinks. Carbonace.us ae.osols are.spatially smoothe. than sulfur spe.ie.. The.aging proce.s transforms more.than 80% of hydrophobic BC and OC to hydrophilic compone.ts, which are.re.ove. by we. de.osition （60%） and e.port （30%）. The.simulate. spatial and se.sonal SO4^2-, BC and OC ae.osol conce.trations and total ae.osol optical de.th are.ge.e.ally consiste.t with the.obse.vations in rural are.s ove. e.st Asia, with lowe. bias in simulate. OC ae.osols, like.y due.to the.unde.e.timation of anthropoge.ic OC e.issions and missing tre.tme.t of se.ondary organic carbon. The.re.ults sugge.t that our mode. is a use.ul tool for characte.izing the.anthropoge.ic ae.osol cycle.and for asse.sing its pote.tial climatic and e.vironme.tal e.fe.ts in future.studie..

关键词： re.ional climate.mode.ing anthropoge.ic e.ission sulfate.ae.osol black carbon and organic carbon e.st Asia

Statistics of e.olving Populations and The.r Re.e.ance.to Flood Risk

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Journal of e.rth Scie.ce 2016年第1期27卷 2-8页

作者： robert e.Criss De.artme.t of e.rth and Plane.ary Scie.ce. Washington University in St.Louis

Statistical me.hods are.commonly use. to e.aluate.natural populations and e.vironme.tal variable., ye. the.e.must re.ognize.te.poral tre.ds in population characte. to be.appropriate.in an e.olving world. Ne. e.uations pre.e.te. he.e.de.ine.the.statistical me.sure. of aggre.ate.historical populations affe.te. by line.r change. in population me.ns and standard de.iations. The.e.can be.use. to e.tract the.statistical characte. of pre.e.t-day populations, ne.de. to de.ine.mode.n variability and risk, from table. of historical data that are.dominate. by me.sure.e.ts made.whe. conditions we.e.diffe.e.t. As an e.ample. many factors such as climate.change.and in-channe. structure. are.causing flood le.e.s to rise. so re.listic e.timation of future.flood le.e.s must take.such se.ular change. into account. The.ne. e.uations provide.e.timate. of wate. le.e.s for ＂100-ye.r＂ floods in the.USA Midwe.t that are.0.5 to 2 m highe. than official calculations that routine.y assume.population stationarity. The.e.e.uations also show that flood le.e.s will continue.to rise.by se.e.al ce.time.e.s pe. ye.r. This rate.is ne.rly te. time. faste. than the.rise.of se. le.e., and thus re.re.e.ts one.of the.faste.t and most damaging rate. of change.that is docume.te. by robust data.

关键词： flood risk statistical the.ry Mississippi Rive..