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古代世界

商业性生产中鸡传染性法氏囊病的高效防控方法

作者： (英)理查德·迈尔斯(richard miles)

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国外畜牧学（猪与禽） 2020年第12期40卷 63-66页

作者：孟霞(译) 陈权(校) Gary D Butcher richard D miles 不详

传染性法氏囊病(Infectious Bursal Disease,IBD)是一种会给养鸡生产造成严重经济影响的疾病,引发该病的病原体是一种双股RNA病毒。IBD病毒具有传播迅速、变异株多、对许多消毒剂和环境因素有较强抵抗力等特点,这给预防病毒的流行带来... 详细信息

传染性法氏囊病(Infectious Bursal Disease,IBD)是一种会给养鸡生产造成严重经济影响的疾病,引发该病的病原体是一种双股RNA病毒。IBD病毒具有传播迅速、变异株多、对许多消毒剂和环境因素有较强抵抗力等特点,这给预防病毒的流行带来了难题。相关研究表明,仅对雏鸡接种IBD疫苗以及对种蛋接种用IBD病毒标准株制成的疫苗仍无法预防传染性法氏囊病的发生。本文详细介绍了IBD病毒的特性、发病机制、临床和亚临床特征以及诊断方法等,最后介绍了有效的防制方案。

关键词：传染性法氏囊病变异株标准株病变

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种公鸡的营养需要量

国外畜牧学（猪与禽） 1991年第5期11卷 14-17页

作者： Salim M.Bootwalla richard D.miles 王建生美国佛罗里达大学家禽科学系美国佛罗里达大学家禽科学系博士博士

本文论述了通过调整营养而获取种公鸡最佳繁殖效率的问题,揭示了种公鸡对各种养分尤其是对代谢能和粗蛋白的需要量。本文还指出,人们对来杭和肉用型种公鸡营养需要量的了解远不及对其他类型的鸡的了解。还必须进一步研究种公鸡对其他养... 详细信息

本文论述了通过调整营养而获取种公鸡最佳繁殖效率的问题,揭示了种公鸡对各种养分尤其是对代谢能和粗蛋白的需要量。本文还指出,人们对来杭和肉用型种公鸡营养需要量的了解远不及对其他类型的鸡的了解。还必须进一步研究种公鸡对其他养分的需要量,如必需氨基酸、维生素和矿物质,还应重新确定种公鸡的最低标准体重。

关键词：公鸡鸡种鸡营养饲料

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饲料卫生和家禽健康

国外畜牧学（猪与禽） 2002年第6期22卷 53-55页

作者：唐文渊 Mujtaba Yegany Gary Butcher Amir Nilipour richard D.miles Rohani Karegar 美国弗罗里达大学伊朗Razi研究所

每年 ,仅仅肉鸡就会消耗一亿吨以上的成品饲料。饲料产品中一小部分受到污染就会使养鸡者和消费者付出高昂的代价。污染的饲料是不卫生的 ,不适合用于饲喂畜禽 ,因为这样的饲料会危害畜禽的生产性能参数 ,比如健康、体重、饲料转化率。

关键词：饲料卫生家禽健康危害污染饲料

Transgenerational bone toxicity in F3 medaka (Oryzias latipes) induced by ancestral benzo[a]pyrene exposure: Cellular and transcriptomic insights

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第5期127卷 336-348页

作者： Jiezhang Mo miles Teng Wan DorisWai-Ting Au Jingchun Shi Nathan Tam Xian Qin Napo K.M.Cheung Keng Po Lai Christoph Winkler richard Yuen-Chong Kong Frauke Seemann Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou) Guangzhou 510000China Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity Research Centre for the Oceans and Human HealthShenzhen Research InstituteCity University of Hong KongShenzhen 518057China State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry City University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics Guilin Medical UniversityHuan Cheng North 2nd Road 109Guilin 541004China Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore119077Singapore Center for Coastal Studies and Department of Life Sciences Texas A&M University-Corpus ChristiCorpus ChristiTexas 78412USA

Benzo[a]pyrene(BaP),a ubiquitous pollutant,raises environmental health concerns due to induction of bone toxicity in the unexposed offspring.Exposure of F0 ancestor medaka(Oryzias latipes)to 1μg/L BaP for 21 days causes reduced vertebral bone thickness in the unexposed F3 male offspring.To reveal the inherited modifications,osteoblast(OB)abundance and molecular signaling pathways of transgenerational BaP-induced bone thinning were assessed.Histomorphometric analysis showed a reduction in OB abundance.Analyses of the miRNA and mRNA transcriptomes revealed the dysregulation of Wnt signaling(frzb/ola-miR-1–3p,sfrp5/ola-miR-96–5p/miR-455–5p)and bone morphogenetic protein(Bmp)signaling(bmp3/ola-miR-96–5p/miR-181b-5p/miR-199a-5p/miR-205–5p/miR-455–5p).Both pathways are major indicators of impaired bone formation,while the altered Rank signaling in osteoclasts(c-fos/miR-205–5p)suggests a potentially augmented bone resorption.Interestingly,a typical BaP-responsive pathway,the Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response(gst/ola-miR-181b-5p/miR-199a-5p/miR-205),was also affected.Moreover,mRNA levels of epigenetic modification enzymes(e.g.,hdac6,hdac7,kdm5b)were found dysregulated.The findings indicated that epigenetic factors(e.g.,miRNAs,histone modifications)may directly regulate the expression of genes associated with transgenerational BaP bone toxicity and warrants further studies.The identified candidate genes and miRNAs may serve as potential biomarkers for BaP-induced bone disease and as indicators of historic exposures in wild fish for conservation purposes.

关键词： Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Transcriptome Impaired bone formation Molecular pathways MicroRNAs Medaka(Oryzias latipes)

Disaster Risk Reduction in Cameroon: Are Contemporary Disaster Management Frameworks Accommodating the Sendai Framework Agenda 2030?

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2019年第4期10卷 462-477页

作者： Henry Ngenyam Bang Lee Stuart miles richard Duncan Gordon Disaster Management Centre Bournemouth UniversityDorsetTalbot CampusFern BarrowPoole BH125BBUK

Many African countries are prone to numerous hazardous events,exacerbated by the vulnerability of their rapidly increasing population and leading to frequent disasters that often have dire fiscal and development implications.Yet,there is declining sensitivity to these risks,contrary to the conventional wisdom of disaster management(DM)principles.The primary aim of this research is to understand the constraints and/or challenges limiting the ability of contemporary African DM systems/institutional frameworks from implementing adequate disaster risk reduction(DRR)measures.Using a qualitative,case study based research strategy,this research investigates resistance to the effective implementation of DM/DRR within Cameroon’s contemporary DM system by using the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 guiding principles for DRR as benchmark.The findings reveal the existence of resistance factors that particularly complicate the communication,decision making,and coordination of DRR activities,the provision of resources,aspects of international assistance,as well as DRR planning and policies.The authors argue that such resistance factors contribute to making Cameroon’s DM system more reactive and further undermine risk reduction.The article concludes by offering key recommendations that have the potential to alleviate the identified resistance factors as well as strengthen Cameroon’s DM,particularly in relation to capacity building,training,research development,and organizational resilience.

关键词： Cameroon Communication resistance Disaster management Disaster management system Disaster risk reduction West Africa

Multicentre collaborative cohort study of the use of Kirschner wires for the management of supracondylar fractures in children

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Chinese Journal of Traumatology 2019年第5期22卷 249-254页

作者： Henry Claireaux richard Goodall Joshua Hill Elizabeth Wilson Philippa Coull Sebastian Green James Schuster-Bruce Diana Lim Joanna miles Payam Tarassoli University of Bristol Senate HouseTyndall AveBristolBS8 1THUK Bristol Royal Hospital for Children Maudlin StBristolBS2 8BJUK

Purpose:Supracondylar fractures of the humerus cause significant morbidity in children.Nerve damage and loss of fracture reduction are common recognised complications in patients with this injury.Uncertainty surrounds the optimal Kirschner wire configuration and diameter for closed reduction and pinning of these fractures.This study describes current practice and examined the association between wire configuration or diameter and outcomes(clinical and radiological)in the operative management of paediatric supracondylar fractures.Methods:Children presenting w让h GartlandⅡorⅢsupracondylar fractures at five hospitals in southwest England were eligible for inclusion.Collaborators scrutinised paper and electronic case notes.Outcome measures were maintenance of reduction and iatrogenic nerve injury.Results:Altogether 209 patients were eligible for inclusion:15.7%had a documented neurological deficit at presentation;3.9%who were neurologically intact at presentation sustained a new deficit caused by treatment and 13.4%experienced a clinically significant loss of reduction following fixation.Maintenance of reduction was significantly better in patients treated specifically with crossed×3 Kirschner wire configuration compared to all other configurations.The incidence of iatrogenic nerve injury was not significantly different between groups treated with different wire configurations.Conclusion:We present a large multicentre cohort study showing that crossed×3 Kirschner wires are associated with better maintenance of reduction than crossed×2 or lateral entry wires.Greater numbers would be required to properly investigate nerve injury relating to operative management of supracondylar fractures.We found significant variations in practice and compliance w让h the British Orthopaedic Association Standard for Trauma(BOAST)11 guidelines.

关键词： Fracture fixation Humerus Child Nerve injury Bone wires

The Irony of Flood Risks in African Dryland Environments: Human Security in North Cameroon

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World Journal of Engineering and Technology 2017年第3期5卷 109-121页

作者： Henry Bang Lee miles richard Gordon Disaster Management Centre Faculty of Management Bournemouth University Bournemouth United Kingdom

North Cameroon, though located in an arid environment, ironically also suffers from the serious threat of flooding in the region. This article examines contemporary challenges resulting from frequent flooding in North Cameroon. Using Cutter’s “Hazard of Place Model” of vulnerability as the conceptual basis, the article triangulates data from a variety of sources to analyze environmental risks, social and biophysical vulnerability and flood impact, including flood risk management in North Cameroon. The findings reveal that North Cameroon is vulnerable to frequent flooding due to a combination of environmental, socio-economic, and geographic factors further compounded by low organizational resilience to flooding with dire consequences for livelihoods. We argue that, if not handled appropriately, the impact of flooding in North Cameroon risks trapping the population in a permanent and vicious cycle of destitution and poverty. The government urgently needs to review its disaster management policies to be more proactive and strategic in flood management in order to enhance human security and prevent permanent damage to the livelihoods and the micro-economy of the region. Lessons learned from this research, when applied, can help to reduce the vulnerabilities of the poverty-stricken population and enhance resilience to flood risks.

关键词： Frequent Flooding North Cameroon Vulnerability Flood Management

Hurricane Occurrence and Seasonal Activity: An Analysis of the 2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season

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American Journal of Climate Change 2019年第4期8卷 454-481页

作者： Henry Ngenyam Bang Lee Stuart miles richard Duncan Gordon Disaster Management Centre Bournemouth University Dorset Talbot Campus Fern Barrow Poole UK

This article provides a reckoning of the 2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season’s place in history to ascertain how unique it was from other hurricane seasons. A research strategy involving qualitative, descriptive and analytical research approaches, including content analysis, sequential description of events and comparative analysis, were used to assess how and why the 2017 AHS season is distinct from others. Findings reveal that the 2017 AHS was extraordinary by all meteorological standards—in many ways, being hyperactive, and producing a frenetic stretch of huge, long-lived and dramatic, tropical storms including 10 hurricanes. The season was, arguably, the most expensive in history and will be remembered for the unprecedented devastation caused by the season’s major hurricanes (Harvey, Irma and Maria). While the extremely active season can be attributed to anomalously high, climate change induced, hurricane friendly environmental conditions in the Atlantic basin, early forecasts did not also predict the hyperactivity of the season. This article, therefore, advances for a more strategic anticipatory and proactive approach in dealing with these severe storms, underpinned by effective mitigation of their effects. Furthermore, the article adds value to the literature examining extreme natural forces, particularly in understanding variations in the ferocity of the meteorological events associated with hurricane seasons.

关键词： Hurricanes Disaster Hurricane Season Tropical Cyclones Seasonal Activity