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imaging biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease and Parkinsonian syndromes:current and emerging concepts

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Translational Neurodegeneration 2017年第1期6卷 67-91页

作者： Usman Saeed Jordana Compagnone richard i.Aviv Antonio P.Strafella Sandra E.Black Anthony E.Lang Mario Masellis institute of Medical Science Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit Sunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoCanada Department of Medical imaging University of Toronto and Division of NeuroradiologySunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoCanada Research imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental HealthTorontoCanada Division of Brain Imaging&Behaviour-Systems NeuroscienceToronto Western HospitalTorontoCanada Division of Neurology Department of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada Heart&Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery Sunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoCanada Movement Disorders Centre Toronto Western HospitalTorontoCanada Edmond J.Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease University Health NetworkTorontoCanada Cognitive&Movement Disorders Clinic Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre2075 Bayview Ave.Room A4-55TorontoOntario M4N 3 M5Canada

Two centuries ago in 1817,James Parkinson provided the first medical description of Parkinson’s disease,later refined by Jean-Martin Charcot in the mid-to-late 19th century to include the atypical parkinsonian variants(also termed,Parkinson-plus syndromes).Today,Parkinson’s disease represents the second most common neurodegenerative disorder with an estimated global prevalence of over 10 ***,atypical parkinsonian syndromes encompass a group of relatively heterogeneous disorders that may share some clinical features with Parkinson’s disease,but are uncommon distinct clinicopathological *** of scientific advancements have vastly improved our understanding of these disorders,including improvements in in vivo imaging for biomarker *** imaging for the visualization of structural and functional brain changes is especially important,as it allows a‘window’into the underlying pathophysiological *** this article,we first present an overview of the cardinal clinical and neuropathological features of,1)synucleinopathies:Parkinson’s disease and other Lewy body spectrum disorders,as well as multiple system atrophy,and 2)tauopathies:progressive supranuclear palsy,and corticobasal degeneration.A comprehensive presentation of wellestablished and emerging imaging biomarkers for each disorder are then *** for the following imaging modalities are reviewed:1)structural magnetic resonance imaging(MRi)using T1,T2,and susceptibilityweighted sequences for volumetric and voxel-based morphometric analyses,as well as MRi derived visual signatures,2)diffusion tensor MRi for the assessment of white matter tract injury and microstructural integrity,3)proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for quantifying proton-containing brain metabolites,4)single photon emission computed tomography for the evaluation of nigrostriatal integrity(as assessed by presynaptic dopamine transporters and postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors),a

关键词： Biomarkers Parkinson’s disease Atypical parkinsonian syndrome MRi PET SPECT Diffusion tensor imaging Molecular imaging Myocardial scintigraphy Transcranial sonography

Treatability aspects of urban stormwater stressors

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2012年第5期6卷 631-637页

作者： Anthony N. TAFURi richard FiELD National Risk Management Research Laboratory Water Supply and Water Resources Division Urban Watershed Management Branch U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Edison NJ 08837-3679 USA

Pollution from diffuse sources （pollution from contaminants picked up and carried into surface waters by stormwater runoff） has been identified as a significant source of water quality problems in the U.S. scientists and engineers continue to seek solutions that will allow them to optimize existing technologies and develop new ones that will provide the best possible protection to people, wildlife, and the environment. This paper addresses the various pollutants or stressors in urban stormwater, including flow （shear force）, pathogens, suspended solids/sediment, toxicants （organic and metals）, nutrients, oxygen demanding substances, and coarse solids. A broad overview of the pollutants removed and the removal mechanisms by and of conventional best management practices （BMPs） is also presented. The principal treatment mechanisms of conventional wet ponds, vegetative swales/ buffer strips, and wetlands are sedimentation and filtration. These mechanisms have the capability to remove sig- nificant amounts of suspended solids or particulate matter and are a vital component of strategies to reduce pollutant loads to receiving waters. in addition, because most of the nation＇s receiving water violations are caused by pathogen indicator bacteria, it is of utmost importance that research efforts address this problem. Further research is also needed on the treatment of emerging contaminants in BMPs and on the costs and affects of maintenance and maintenance schedules on the long-term performance of BMPs.

关键词： stormwater wet weather flow urban runoff

Metamorphic consequences of secular changes in oceanic crust composition and implications for uniformitarianism in the geological record

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Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第4期9卷 1009-1019页

作者： richard M.Palin Brendan Dyck Department of Geology and Geological Engineering Colorado School of Mines Department of Earth Sciences Simon Fraser University

Cooling of the Earth＇s mantle since the Meso-Archean is predicted by thermal and petrological models to have induced a secular change in the composition of primary mantle-derived magmas-and thus bulk oceanic crust; in particular, suggesting a decrease in maficity over time. This hypothesis underpins several recent studies that have addressed key geological questions concerning evolving plate tectonic styles, the rates and timing of continental crust formation, comparative planetology, and the emergence of complex life on Earth. Major, minor, and trace element geochemical analyses of（meta）mafic rocks preserved in the geological record allows exploration of this theory, although no consensus currently exists about the magnitude of this change and what compositions-if anything-constitute representative examples of Paleo-, Meso-, or Neo-Archean primitive oceanic crust. in this work, we review the current state of understanding of this issue, and use phase equilibria to examine the different mineral assemblages and rock types that would form during metamorphism of basalt of varying maficity in subduction zone environments. The presence（or absence） of such metamorphic products in the geological record is often used as evidence for（or against） the operation of modern-day subductiondriven plate tectonics on Earth at particular time periods; however, the control that secular changes in composition have on the stability of mineral assemblages diagnostic of subduction-zone metamorphism weakens such uniformitarianistic approaches. Geodynamic interpretations of the Archean metamorphic rock record must therefore employ a different set of petrological criteria for determining tectonothermal histories than those applied to Proterozoic or Phanerozoic equivalents.

关键词： Archean Mantle cooling Oceanic crust Basalt Metamorphism Uniformitarianism

Morphologic features of the cerebellum of the Atlantic stingray, and their possible evolutionary significance

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integrative Zoology 2009年第1期4卷 110-122页

作者： richard L.PUZDROWSKi Stephen GRUBER School of Science and Computer Engineering The University of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA

The morphology of the cerebellar corpus in cartilaginous fishes varies from a smooth,relatively simple structure to a complex,multilobed *** stingrays possess a trilobed corpus that includes an anterior lobe,divided into rostral and caudal lobules,and a posterior *** corpus in this stingray is *** asymmetry was examined in the stingray population of Galveston *** 49%of the animals the axis of the caudal lobule was right of the midline,in 27%it was across the midline,and in 24%it was to the *** variation is not related to size,sex,or an asymmetry in the cranial volume,but might reflect a variation in the cerebellar developmental *** gain insight into the factors that have driven cerebellar hypertrophy in cartilaginous fishes,the neural connections of the lobules of the cerebellum of the Atlantic stingray were examined using biotinylated *** was found that,for the most part,the stingray cerebellum receives inputs from the same diencephalic and brainstem nuclei as in cartilaginous fishes with a bilobed ***,in stingrays there is greater segregation of *** anterior lobe rostral lobule receives inputs from the accessory optic nuclei,the caudal lobule receives inputs from trigeminal and octavolateral nuclei,and the posterior lobe receives inputs from the spinal *** rostral lobule and posterior lobe also receive input from midbrain nuclei that do not appear to be present in carti-laginous fishes with a morphologically simple ***,it is proposed that the complex hypertrophy of the corpus in stingrays might result from a combination of functional specialization of the lobes,and the acquisition of new inputs.

关键词： anatomy brain chondrichthyan elasmobranch evolution.

The Long-term Survival Chances of Young Massive Star Clusters

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Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2007年第2期7卷 155-186页

作者： richard de Grijs Geneviève Parmentier Department of Physics & Astronomy The University of Sheffield Hicks Building Hounsfield Road Sheffield S3 7RH U. K.National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100012 institute of Astrophysics & Geophysics Université de LiègeAllée du 6 Aot17Sart-Tilman (B5c)B-4000 LiègeBelgium

We review the long-term survival chances of young massive star clusters （YMCs）, hallmarks of intense starburst episodes often associated with Violent galaxy interactions. We address the key question as to whether at least some of these YMCs can be considered protoglobular clusters （GCs）, in which case these would be expected to evolve into counterparts of the ubiquitous old GCs believed to be among the oldest galactic building blocks. in the absence of significant external perturbations, the key factor determining a cluster＇s long-term survival chances is the shape of its stellar initial mass function （iMF）. it is, however, not straightforward to assess the iMF shape in unresolved extragalactic YMCs. We discuss in detail the promise of using high-resolution spectroscopy to make progress towards this goal, as well as the numerous pitfalls associated with this approach. We also discuss the latest progress in worldwide efforts to better understand the evolution of entire cluster systems, the disruption processes they are affected by, and whether we can use recently gained insights to determine the nature of at least some of the YMCs observed in extragalactic starbursts as proto-GCs. We conclude that there is an increasing body of evidence that GC formation appears to be continuing until today; their long-term evolution crucially depends on their environmental conditions, however.

关键词： stellar dynamics - globular clusters general - galaxies interactions - Magellanic Clouds - galaxies starburst - galaxies star clusters

Novel Membranes Regenerated from Blends of Cellulose/Gluten Using Ethylenediamine/Potassium Thiocyanate Solvent System

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2019年第1期7卷 41-55页

作者： Yang Yu Ramiz Boy richard Kotek Fiber and Polymer Science Program College of TextilesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC 27606USA Department Textile Engineering Çorlu Faculty of EngineeringTekirdağNamık Kemal UniversityTekirdağ59860TURKEY

Current industrial methods for dissolution of cellulose in making regenerated cellulose products are relatively expensive,toxic and dangerous and have environmental problems coming with the hazard chemical *** solve these problems,a novel ethylenediamine and potassium thiocyanate(ED/KSCN)solvent system was developed,that is economical,ecofriendly,and highly *** ED/KSCN solvent system was proven to be a suitable solvent for fabricating cellulose(blended with other polymers)*** this study,gluten was used to develop nonporous membranes with *** method of casting these membranes provided better ones than the former researchers’*** composite membranes’physical and mechanical properties were studied by analysis of morphology,viscosity,crystallinity,thermal behaviors,tensile properties and water absorption of *** showed that membranes are nonporous,uniform,strong,flexible,ecofriendly and *** and physical properties were influenced by the ratio of cellulose/*** blending 40% gluten,the tensile strength of cellulose membrane dropped to 15.89 MPa from 35.11 ***,its elongation at break increased from 35.3% to 57.02% accordingly.

关键词： Cellulose gluten blended film novel ED/KSCN solvent physical and mechanical properties

Diapause development in early and late emerging phenotypes of Delia floralis

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insect Science 2014年第1期21卷 103-113页

作者： Tor J. Johansen richard Meadow Arctic Agriculture and Land Use Division Bioforsk - Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research Tromsm plant Health and Plant Protection Division Bioforsk - Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research As Norway

The turnip fly, Delia floralis Fall6n （Diptera： Anthomyiidae） is an important insect pest of brassica vegetable crops in the holarctic region. Different populations have strongly varying temperature requirements for fly emergence, a challenge for accurate prediction of activity. This study focused on diapause development in one early and one late emerging phenotype. The physiological state after various treatments was deduced from emergence data. Our results showed a slow diapause progression at chilling conditions for both populations and diapause ended about 7 months after pupae were formed for the early population. For the late population held at 4℃ diapause did not end, no matter how long the duration of chilling. These pupae required a period with elevated temperatures above 6~C to continue development. At constant non-chilling conditions （18℃） from the time pupae were formed both populations completed diapause most rapidly. These results indicate that chilling delayed, rather than accelerated development and was not a prerequisite for diapause development. For post-diapause, results indicated a linear relationship between rate of development and temperature within the range of 6-18℃and a theoretical base temperature for development of about 2℃ for both populations. in conclusion, D. floralis pupae are in diapause throughout a long winter period, and delayed emergence of the late population appears to be caused by prolonged diapause regulated by a developmental temperature threshold. The study has added information on the biology of turnip fly populations, a prerequisite for improved pest control.

关键词： brassica chilling emergence hibernation quiescence

Adaptation Decision Support: An Application of System Dynamics Modeling in Coastal Communities

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international Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2017年第4期8卷 374-389页

作者： Daniel Lane Shima Beigzadeh richard Moll C-Change International Community-University Research Alliance (ICURA) Telfer School of Management University of Ottawa

This research develops and applies a system dynamics(SD) model for the strategic evaluation of environmental adaptation options for coastal communities. The article defines and estimates asset-based measures for community vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity with respect to the environmental, economic, social, and cultural pillars of the coastal community under threat. The SD model simulates the annual multidimensional dynamic impacts of severe coastal storms and storm surges on the community pillars under alternative adaptation *** calculation of the quantitative measures provides valuable information for decision makers for evaluating the alternative strategies. The adaptation strategies are designed model results illustrated for the specific context of the coastal community of Charlottetown, Prince Edward island, Canada. The dynamic trend of the measures and model sensitivity analyses for Charlottetown—facing increased frequency of severe storms, storm surges, and sea-level rise—provide impetus for enhanced community strategic planning for the changing coastal *** research is presented as part of the international Community-University Research Alliance C-Change project ‘‘Managing Adaptation to Environmental Change in Coastal Communities: Canada and the Caribbean'' sponsored by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the international Development Resource Centre.

关键词： Canada Charlottetown Climate change adaptation Coastal community resilience Coastal community vulnerability System dynamics model

Fueling the engine and releasing the break: combinational therapy of cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors

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Cancer Biology & Medicine 2015年第3期12卷 201-208页

作者： Jennifer Kleponis richard Skelton Lei Zheng Department of Oncology Department of Surgery The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Masters of Health Science Program in Molecular Microbiology and immunology Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health

immune checkpoint inhibitors are increasingly drawing much attention in the therapeutic development for cancer treatment. However, many cancer patients do not respond to treatments with immune checkpoint inhibitors, partly because of the lack of tumor-infiltrating effector T cells. Cancer vaccines may prime patients for treatments with immune checkpoint inhibitors by inducing effector T-ceU infiltration into the tumors and immune checkpoint signals. The combination of cancer vaccine and an immune checkpoint inhibitor may function synergistically to induce more effective antitumor immune responses, and clinical trials to test the combination are currently ongoing.

关键词： Cancer vaccine immune checkpoint immunotherapy cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) programmed death-1(PD- 1) programmed cell death ligand- i (PD -L 1 )