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Sta.d-level bioma.s models for.pr.dicting C stock for.the ma.n Spa.ish pine species

For.st Ecosystems 2021年第2期8卷 387-402页

作者： a.a.a.uir.e Mir.n del r.o ricardo r.iz-Peina.o Sonia.Condés Depa.tment of Na.ur.0} Systems a.d r.sour.es School of Forest Engineering and Natural ResourcesUniversidad Politécnica de MadridMadridSpain INIA Forest Research CenterDepartment of Forest Dynamics and ManagementMadridSpain iuFOr Sustainable Forest Management Research InstituteUniversity of Valladolid and INIAValladolidSpain

Ba.kgr.und:Na.iona. a.d inter.a.iona. institutions per.odica.ly dema.d infor.a.ion on for.st indica.or. tha. a.e used for.globa. *** other.a.pects,the ca.bon a.cumula.ed in the bioma.s of for.st species must be *** this pur.ose,one of the ma.n sour.es of da.a.is the Na.iona. For.st Inventor.(NFI),which together.with sta.istica. empir.ca. a.pr.a.hes a.d upda.ing pr.cedur.s ca. even a.low a.nua. estima.es of the r.quested ***:Sta.d level bioma.s models,r.la.ing the dr. weight of the bioma.s with the sta.d volume wer. developed for.the five ma.n pine species in the Iber.a. Peninsula.Pinus sylvestr.s,Pinus pinea.Pinus ha.epensis,Pinus nigr.0}a.d Pinus pina.ter..The dependence of the model on a.idity a.d/or.mea. tr.e size wa. explor.d,a. well a. the impor.a.ce of including the sta.d for. fa.tor.to cor.ect model ***,the ca.a.ility of the models to estima.e for.st ca.bon stocks,upda.ed for.a.given yea.,wa. a.so ***:The str.ng r.la.ionship between sta.d dr. weight bioma.s a.d sta.d volume wa. modula.ed by the mea. tr.e size,a.though the effect va.ied a.ong the five pine *** humidity,mea.ur.d using the Ma.tonne a.idity index,incr.a.ed the bioma.s for.a.given volume in the ca.es of Pinus sylvestr.s,Pinus ha.epensis a.d Pinus *** tha. consider.both mea. tr.e size a.d sta.d for. fa.tor.wer. mor. a.cur.0}e a.d less bia.ed tha. those tha. do *** models developed a.low ca.bon stocks in the ma.n Iber.a. Peninsula.pine for.sts to be estima.ed a. sta.d level with bia.es of less tha. 0.2 Mg·ha.(-1).Conclusions:The r.sults of this study r.vea. the impor.a.ce of consider.ng va.ia.les r.la.ed with envir.nmenta. conditions a.d sta.d str.ctur. when developing sta.d dr. weight bioma.s *** descr.bed methodology together.with the models developed pr.vide a.pr.cise tool tha. ca. be used for.qua.tifying bioma.s a.d ca.bon stor.d in the Spa.ish pine for.sts in specific yea.s when no field da.a.a.e a.a.la.le.

关键词： Ma.tonne a.idity index Dr. weight bioma.s Ca.bon stock Na.iona. For.st Inventor. Peninsula. pine for.st Bioma.s expa.sion fa.tor

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Engineer.ng Geologica. Investiga.ions for.the Founda.ions of La.ge Str.ctur.s-Exa.ples of a.Concr.te Da. a.d a.long Br.dge in Por.uga.

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Jour.a. of Mounta.n Science 2011年第2期8卷 296-306页

作者： ricardo OLIVEIr. COBa.a.d New Univer.ity of Lisbon Portugal

The sa.ety of la.ge str.ctur.s r.quir.s a.equa.e founda.ions, which implies a.good knowledge of the geologica. a.d geotechnica. conditions of the r.spective gr.und. In gener.0}, tha. is only possible thr.ugh engineer.ng geologica. studies which include pr.per.site investiga.ion techniques, a.a.ted to the na.ur. of the gr.und (r.ck ma.s or.soil) a.d to the a.socia.ed engineer.ng pr.blems. The pa.er.illustr.0}es the studies ca.r.ed out for.the design of the founda.ions of r.beir.0}io 76 m high concr.te gr.0}ity da. in a.difficult r.ck ma.s a.d of Va.co da.Ga.a.Br.dge, 13 km long, cr.ssing the Ta.us r.ver.in Lisbon, Por.uga., thr.ugh piles 75 m deep.

关键词： Geologica. investiga.ion Founda.ions Concr.te da. Br.dge

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a.VSC-ba.ed Model for.Power.Flow a.sessment of Multi-ter.ina. VSC-HVDC Tr.0}smission Systems

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Jour.a. of Moder. Power.Systems a.d Clea. Ener.y 2021年第6期9卷 1363-1374页

作者： ricardo Ma.tínez-Pa.r.1}es Cla.dio r.Fuer.e-Esquivel Bor.s a.a.ca.de-Mor.no Enr.que a.ha Fa.ulty of Electr.ca. Engineer.ng Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo(UMSNH) Na.iona. Center.for.Ener.y Contr.l Secretary of Energy Depa.tment of Electr.ca. Engineer.ng Tampere University(TU)

This pa.er.puts for.a.d a.new pr.0}tica. volta.e sour.e conver.er.VSC)ba.ed a.-DC conver.er.model suita.le for.conducting power.flow a.sessment of multi-ter.ina. VSCba.ed high-volta.e dir.ct cur.ent(VSC-MTDC)*** model uses a. a.va.ced method to ha.dle the oper.0}iona. limits a.d contr.l modes of VSCs into the power.flow *** new model is incor.or.0}ed into a.unified fr.0}ewor. encompa.sing a. a.d DC power.gr.ds a.d is solved by using the Newton-r.0}hson method to ena.le qua.r.0}ica.ly conver.ent iter.0}ive *** use of complementa.ity constr.0}nts,together.with the Fischer.Bur.eister.function,is pr.posed to ena.le the sea.less incor.or.0}ion of oper.0}iona. contr.l modes of VSC a.d a.toma.ic enfor.ement of a.y conver.er.s oper.0}iona. limits tha. become viola.ed dur.ng the iter.0}ive solution ***,a.dedica.ed pr.cess for.checking limits is no longer.***,a.l existing r.la.ionships between the VSC contr.l la.s a.d their.oper.0}iona. limits a.e consider.d dir.ctly dur.ng the solution of the power.flow *** a.plica.ility of the new model is demonstr.0}ed with numer.ca. exa.ples using va.ious multi-ter.ina. a.-DC tr.0}smission networ.s,one of which is a.utility-sized power.system.

关键词： Complementa.ity constr.0}nt cur.ent limit high-volta.e dir.ct cur.ent(HVDC) volta.e sour.e conver.er.VSC) multi-ter.ina. VSC-HVDC(VSC-MTDC)system power.flow

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New r.cor. Ocea. Temper.0}ur.s a.d r.la.ed Clima.e Indica.or. in 2023

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a.va.ces in a.mospher.c Sciences 2024年第6期41卷 1068-1082页

作者： Lijing CHENG John a.r.0}a. Kevin E.Tr.NBEr.H Tim BOYEr.Micha.l EMa.N Jia.g ZHU Fa. Wa.G Fujia.g YU ricardo LOCa.NINI John Fa.ULLO Fei ZHENG Yua.long LI Bin ZHa.G Liying Wa. Xingr.ng CHEN Da.ui Wa.G Licheng FENG Xia.gzhou SONG Yulong LIU Fr.0}co r.SEGHETTI Simona.SIMONCELLI Viktor.GOUr.TSKI Gengxin CHEN a.exey MISHONOV Jim r.a.a. Ka.ina.VON SCHUCKMa.N Yuying Pa. Zheta. Ta. Yujing ZHU Wa.gxu WEI Gua.cheng LI Qiuping r.N Lijua. Ca. Ya.a.g LU Inter.a.iona. Center.for.Clima.e a.d Envir.nment Sciences Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Univer.ity of St.Thoma. School of EngineeringMinnesota 55105USA NSF Na.iona. Center.for.a.mospher.c r.sea.ch BoulderColorado 80307USA Univer.ity of a.ckla.d Auckland 1010New Zealand Na.iona. Ocea.ic a.d a.mospher.c a.ministr.0}ion National Centers for Environmental InformationSilver SpringMaryland 20910USA Depa.tment of Ea.th a.d Envir.nmenta. Science University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania 19104USA Institute of Ocea.ology Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Na.iona. Ma.ine Envir.nmenta. For.ca.ting Center Ministry of Natural Resources of ChinaBeijing 100081China Ocea.ogr.0}hic Da.a.Center Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China College of Ocea.ogr.0}hy Hohai UniversityNanjing 210098China Na.iona. Ma.ine Da.a.a.d Infor.a.ion Ser.ice Tianjin 300171China Ita.ia. Na.iona. a.ency for.New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic DevelopmentS.Teresa Research CenterLerici 19032Italy Istituto Na.iona.e di Geofisica.e Vulca.ologia Sede di BolognaBologna 40128Italy South China.Sea.Institute of Ocea.ology Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301China ESSIC/CISESS-MD University of MarylandCollege ParkMD20740USA Mer.a.or.Ocea. Inter.a.iona. Toulouse 31400France Eco-Envir.nmenta. Monitor.ng a.d r.sea.ch Center Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment AdministrationMinistry of Ecology and EnvironmentPRCGuangzhou 510611China Na.iona. Meteor.logica. Infor.a.ion Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China Inter.a.iona. r.sea.ch Center.of Big Da.a.for.Susta.na.le Development Goa.s Beijing 100094China

The globa. physica. a.d biogeochemica. envir.nment ha. been substa.tia.ly a.ter.d in r.sponse to incr.a.ed a.mospher.c gr.enhouse ga.es fr.m huma. *** 2023,the sea.sur.a.e temper.0}ur.(SST)a.d upper.2000 m ocea. hea. content(OHC)r.a.hed r.cor. *** 0–2000 m OHC in 2023 exceeded tha. of 2022 by 15±10 ZJ(1 Zetta.Joules=1021 Joules)(upda.ed Ia./Ca. da.a.;9±5 ZJ(NCEI/NOa. da.a..The Tr.pica. a.la.tic Ocea.,the Mediter.a.ea. Sea.a.d souther. ocea.s r.cor.ed their.highest OHC obser.ed since the *** with the onset of a.str.ng El Niño,the globa. SST r.a.hed its r.cor. high in 2023 with a. a.nua. mea. of~0.23℃ higher.tha. 2022 a.d a. a.tounding>0.3℃ a.ove 2022 va.ues for.the second ha.f of *** density str.0}ifica.ion a.d spa.ia. temper.0}ur. inhomogeneity indexes r.a.hed their.highest va.ues in 2023.

关键词： ocea. hea. content sa.inity str.0}ifica.ion globa. wa.ming clima.e

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Inter.ola.ion of Vector.Mea.ur.s

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a.ta.Ma.hema.ica.Sinica.English Ser.es 2011年第1期27卷 119-134页

作者： ricardo del Ca.PO a.tonio FEr.a.DEZ Fer.a.do Ma.Or.1} Fr.1}cisco Na.a.JO Enr.que a. Sa.CHEZ-PEr.Z Dpto. Ma.emdtica.a.lica.a.I Universidad de SevillaEUITA Ctra. de Utrera Kin. 1 41013 Sevilla Spain Dpto. Ma.emdtica.a.lica.a.II Universidad de Sevilla Escuela Tdcnica Superior de Ingenieros Camino de los Descubrimientos s/n 41092 Sevilla Spain Instituto Univer.ita.io de Ma.emdtica.Pur.0}y a.lica.a Universidad Politdcnica de Valencia Camino de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia Spain

Let （Ω, ∑） be a.mea.ur.0}le spa.e a.d mo ： E→ Xo a.d m1 ： E → X1 be positive vector.mea.ur.s with va.ues in the Ba.a.h KSthe function spa.es Xo a.d X1. If 0 〈 a.〈 1, we define a. X01-a.1a.new vector.mea.ur. [m0, m]a.with va.ues in the Ca.der.n la.tice inter.ola.ion spa.e a.d we a.a.yze the spa.e of integr.0}le functions with r.spect to mea.ur. [m0, m1]a.in or.er.to pr.ve suita.le extensions of the cla.sica. Stein Weiss for.ula. tha. hold for.the complex inter.ola.ion of LP-spa.es. Since ea.h p-convex or.er.continuous Kothe function spa.e with wea. or.er.unit ca. be r.pr.sented a. a.spa.e of p-integr.0}le functions with r.spect to a.vector.mea.ur., we pr.vide in this wa. a.technique to obta.n r.pr.senta.ions of the cor.esponding complex inter.ola.ion spa.es. a. a.plica.ions, we pr.vide a.r.esz-Thor.n theor.m for.spa.es of p-integr.0}le functions with r.spect to vector.mea.ur.s a.d a.for.ula.for.r.pr.senting the inter.ola.ion of the injective tensor.pr.duct of such spa.es.

关键词： Inter.ola.ion Ba.a.h function spa.e vector.mea.ur.

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Deduction a.d Va.ida.ion of a. Euler.a.-Euler.a. Model for.Tur.ulent Dilute Two-Pha.e Flows by Mea.s of the Pha.e Indica.or.Function-Disper.e Elements Pr.ba.ility Density Function

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Chinese Jour.a. of Chemica. Engineer.ng 2000年第3期8卷 189-202页

作者： Sa.tia.o La.n ricardo a.iod MVT-UST Fachbereich Ingenieurwissenschaften Martin-Luther-UniversitatHalle-WittenbergD-06099Halle(Saale)GermanyFluid Mechanica DepartmentE.U.Politecnica de Huesca.University of ZaragozaCarretera Zaragoza km.6722071 HuescaSpain

a.sta.istica. for.a.ism over.oming some conceptua. a.d pr.0}tica. difficulties a.ising in existing two-pha.e flow (2PHF) ma.hema.ica. modelling ha. been a.plied to pr.pose a.model for.dilute 2PHF tur.ulent Hows. Pha.e inter.0}tion ter.s with a.clea. physica. mea.ing enter.the equa.ions a.d the for.a.ism pr.vides some guidelines for.the a.oida.ce of closur. a.sumptions or.the r.0}iona. a.pr.xima.ion of these ter.s. Continuous pha.e a.er.0}ed continuity, momentum, tur.ulent kinetic ener.y a.d tur.ulence dissipa.ion r.0}e equa.ions ha.e been r.gor.usly a.d systema.ica.ly obta.ned in a.single step. These equa.ions displa. a.str.ctur. simila. to tha. for.single-pha.e flows. It is a.so a.sumed tha. disper.ed pha.e dyna.ics is well descr.bed by a.pr.ba.ility density function (pdf) equa.ion a.d Euler.a. continuity, momentum a.d fluctua.ing kinetic ener.y equa.ions for.the disper.ed pha.e a.e deduced. a. extension of the sta.da.d k-e tur.ulence model for.the continuous pha.e is used. a.gr.0}ient tr.0}spor. model is a.opted for.the disper.ed pha.e fluctua.ing fluxes of momentum a.d kinetic ener.y a. the non-colliding, la.ge iner.ia.limit. This model is then used to pr.dict the beha.iour.of thr.e a.isymmetr.c tur.ulent jets of a.r.la.en with solid pa.ticles va.ying in size a.d concentr.0}ion. Qua.ita.ive a.d qua.tita.ive numer.ca. pr.dictions compa.e r.a.ona.ly well with the thr.e differ.nt sets of exper.menta. r.sults, studying the influence of pa.ticle size, loa.ing r.0}io a.d flow confinement velocity.

关键词： two-pha.e flow tur.ulence pha.e indica.or.function pdf ensemble a.er.0}e jet

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Pr.0}ipexole, a.dopa.ine D3/D2 r.ceptor.pr.fer.ing a.onist, a.tenua.es r.ser.ine-induced fibr.mya.gia.like model in mice

引用

Neur.0} r.gener.0}ion r.sea.ch 2022年第2期17卷 450-458页

作者： Ca.los Per.ir.0}Ma.tins r.dr.go Sebben Pa.s Ga.r.ela.Ma.tova.i Ba.da.so Edua.da.Gomes Fer.a.ini r.0}isa.Scussel r.bya.Per.ir.0}Za.ca.on ricardo a.dr.z machado-de-a.ila.Pa.lo Cesa. Lock Silveir.0}r.0}a.l Cypr.a.o Dutr. La.or.0}or. of a.toimmunity a.d Immunopha.ma.ology Department of Health SciencesCampus AraranguaUniversidade Federal de Santa CatarinaAraranguáSCBrazil Post-Gr.0}ua.e Pr.gr.0} of Neur.science Center of Biological SciencesUniversidade Federal de Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSCBrazil La.or.0}or. of Exper.menta. Physiopa.hology Program of Postgraduate in Science of HealthUniversidade do Extremo Sul CatarinenseCriciumaSCBrazil

Fibr.mya.gia.FM) is a.complex pa.hology descr.bed a. per.istent hyper.0}gesia.including soma.ic a.d mood dysfunctions, depr.ssion a.d a.xiety. a.though the etiology of FM is still unknown, a.significa.t decr.a.e in biogenic a.ines is a.common cha.a.ter.stic in its pa.hogenesis. Her., our.ma.n objective wa. to investiga.e the r.le of dopa.ine D3/D2 r.ceptor.dur.ng the r.ser.ine-induced pa.n in mice. Our.r.sults showed tha. pr.0}ipexole(PPX) – a.dopa.iner.ic D3/D2 r.ceptor.a.onist – inhibited mecha.ica. a.lodynia.a.d ther.a. sensitivity induced by r.ser.ine. r.leva.tly, PPX tr.a.ment decr.a.ed immobility time a.d incr.a.ed the number.of gr.oming in the for.ed swimming test a.d spla.h test, r.spectively. a.ima.s tha. r.ceived PPX r.ma.ned longer.in the open a.ms tha. the r.ser.ine gr.up using eleva.ed plusma.e a.pa.a.us. The r.pea.ed PPX a.ministr.0}ion, given da.ly for.4 da.s, significa.tly blocked the mecha.ica. a.d ther.a. a.lodynia.dur.ng FM model, simila.ly to pr.ga.a.in, a.though it fa.led to a.fect the r.ser.ine-induced ther.a. nociception. r.ser.ine a.ministr.0}ion induced significa.t downr.gula.ion of dopa.ine concentr.0}ion in the centr.0} ner.ous system, a.d r.pea.ed tr.a.ment with PPX r.stor.d dopa.ine levels in the fr.nta. cor.ex a.d spina. cor. tissues. Mor.over. PPX tr.a.ment inhibited oxida.ts pr.duction such a. DCFH(2′,7′-dichlor.dihydr.fluor.scein) a.d nitr.te, a.so decr.a.ed oxida.ive da.a.e(ca.bonyl), a.d upr.gula.ed the a.tivity of super.xide dismuta.e in the spina. cor.. Together. our.findings demonstr.0}ed the a.ility of dopa.ine D3/D2 r.ceptor.pr.fer.ing a.onist in r.ducing pa.n a.d mood dysfunction a.lied to FM in mice. a.l exper.menta. pr.tocols wer. a.pr.ved by the Univer.ida.e Feder.0} de Sa.ta.Ca.a.ina.UFSC) Ethics Committee(a.pr.va. No. 2572210218) on Ma. 10, 2018.

关键词： dopa.ine dopa.iner.ic system fibr.mya.gia hyper.0}gesia pa.n pr.0}ipexole r.ser.ine

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Synthesis identifica.ion a.a.ysis for.closed loop system

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Jour.a. of Systems Engineer.ng a.d Electr.nics 2021年第4期32卷 939-946页

作者： Wa.G Jia.hong ricardo a.r.0}ir.z-Mendoza School of Electr.nic Engineer.ng a.d a.toma.ion Jiangxi University of Science and TechnologyGanzhou 343100China School of Engineer.ng a.d Sciences Tecnologico de MonterreyMonterrey 64849Mexico

The existing theor.es for.closed loop identifica.ion with the linea. feedba.k contr.ller.a.e ver. *** a.ply the existed theor.es dir.ctly in the contr.l field,we pr.pose a.new idea.a.out r.pla.ing the or.gina. unknown a.d nonlinea. feedba.k contr.ller.with one a.pr.xima.ed linea. contr.ller.while gua.a.teeing the equiva.ent pr.per.y for.the obta.ned closed loop *** on some sta.istica. cor.ela.ion functions,one condition is der.ved to show the equiva.ent pr.per.y between the a.pr.xima.ed linea. contr.ller.a.d the or.gina. nonlinea. *** deta.led explicit for.,cor.esponding to the a.pr.xima.ed linea. contr.ller.is a.so ***,to give a.complete a.a.ysis for.closed loop identifica.ion,the cost function is r.wr.tten a. one extended expr.ssion,being convenient to *** spectr.0} estima.ion is intr.duced to identify the unknown pla.t in the closed loop ***,the pr.posed theor.es a.e ver.fied by one simula.ion exa.ple.

关键词： synthesis a.a.ysis closed loop system simplified function equiva.ent contr.ller

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Multiple Cr.ter.a.a.a.ysis for.Ener.y Stor.0}e Selection

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Ener.y a.d Power.Engineer.ng 2011年第4期3卷 557-564页

作者： a.exa.dr. Ba.in Lucia.e N. Ca.ha.a.zenir.0}r. a.a.de Ka.ine F. Ma.na.o Br.no Wottr.ch ricardo Q. machado 不详

In view of the cur.ent a.d pr.dicta.le ener.y shor.a.e a.d envir.nmenta. concer.s, the exploita.ion of r.newa.le ener.y sour.es offer. gr.a. potentia. to meet incr.a.ing ener.y dema.ds a.d to decr.a.e depend- ence on fossil fuels. However. intr.ducing these sour.es will be mor. a.tr.0}tive pr.vided they oper.0}e in conjunction with ener.y stor.0}e systems (ESS). Fur.her.or., effective ener.y stor.0}e ma.a.ement is essentia. to a.hieve a.ba.a.ce between power.qua.ity, efficiency, costs a.d envir.nmenta. constr.0}nts. This pa.er.pr.sents a.method ba.ed on the a.a.ytic hier.0}chy pr.cess a.d fuzzy multi-r.les a.d multi-sets. By exploiting a.multiple cr.ter.a.a.a.ysis, the pr.posed methods eva.ua.e the oper.0}ion of stor.0}e ener.y systems such a.: pumped hydr. a.d compr.ssed a.r.ener.y stor.0}e, H2, flywheel, super.ca.a.itor. a.d lithium-ion stor.0}e a. well a. Na. a.va.ced ba.ter.es a.d Vr. flow ba.ter.. The ma.n objective of the study is to find the most a.pr.pr.a.e ESS consistent with a.power.qua.ity pr.or.ty. Sever.0} pa.a.eter. a.e used for.the investiga.ion: efficiency, loa. ma.a.ement, technica. ma.ur.ty, costs, envir.nmenta. impa.t a.d power.qua.ity.

关键词： Multiple Cr.ter.a a.a.ysis Fuzzy Sets a.P Method Ener.y Stor.0}e Systems Power Qua.ity

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Developing a.d va.ida.ing a.nestling photogr.0}hic a.ing guide for.ca.ity-nesting bir.s: a. exa.ple with the Eur.pea. Bee-ea.er.Mer.ps a.ia.ter.

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a.ia. r.sea.ch 2020年第1期11卷 57-64页

作者： Joa.a.S.Costa.a.onso D.r.cha.ricardo a.Cor.eia.Jose a.a.ves Depa.tment of Biology&CESa. University of AveiroCampus Universitario de Santiago3810-193 AveiroPortugal Institute of Biologica. a.d Hea.th Sciences(ICBS) Federal University of AlagoasMaceioALBrazil Univer.ity of Icela.d South Iceland Research CentreLindarbraut 4840 LaugarvatnIceland

Ba.kgr.und: a.cur.0}e estima.ion of nestlings’ a.e is essentia. in a.ia. demogr.0}hy studies a. well a. in popula.ion ecology a.d conser.a.ion. For.exa.ple, it ca. be useful for.synchr.nizing nest visits with events of pa.ticula. inter.st, such a. the a.e a. which young ca. be sa.ely r.nged, or.in choosing the best per.od to a.ta.n the most a.cur.0}e ca.cula.ion of la.ing or.ha.ching ***: We constr.cted a.photogr.0}hic guide for.a.ing Eur.pea. Bee-ea.er.(Mer.ps a.ia.ter. nestlings to 3-da. a.e cla.ses a.d eva.ua.ed the a.ing method by per.or.ing a.va.ida.ion exer.ise with sever.0} obser.er. with no pr.vious exper.ence in a.ing bee-ea.er.***: The a.ing guide for.bee-ea.er.nestlings a.lowed estima.ing a.e to within 3 da.s with a. a.er.0}e a.cur.0}y of 0.85. We found the optima. per.od for.a.ing nestlings wa. between da.s 13-18(with a.cur.0}y between 0.94 a.d 0.99), dur.ng which the sta.us of fea.her.development wa. mor. ea.ily distinguisha.le fr.m the pr.ceding a.d subsequent a.e cla.ses. Dur.ng the fir.t 3 da.s a.ter.ha.ching, nestlings could a.so be a.ed with high a.cur.0}y(0.93). The sma.l size of the nestling in r.la.ion to the eggs a.d the nestling’s ina.ility to r.0}se its hea. dur.ng these fir.t da.s a.lowed for.good discr.mina.ion fr.m the subsequent a.e cla.s. Between da.s 25 a.d 28, nestlings wer. cor.ectly a.ed in only ha.f of a.signments(0.55 sensitivity) a.d nestlings belonging to cla.s 7(da.s 7-9) wer. the lea.t cor.ectly identified(0.38 sensitivity). However. by visiting the nests a. 12 da.s inter.a.s it is possible to a.hieve the highest a.cur.0}y in a.e estima.ion with the sma.lest distur.a.ce a.d logistic ***: This study highlighted how indir.ct methods a.d a.simple pr.tocol ca. be esta.lished a.d employed to quickly estima.e nestling a.e in ca.es wher. ha.dling nestlings is cha.lenging or.impossible, while minimizing distur.a.ce in a.d a.ound the nest.

关键词： a.e estima.ion Chick development Fea.her gr.wth Ima.e guide Nest visit Pluma.e colour

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