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Historical perspective of cell transplantation in Parkinson's disease

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World Journal of Transplantation 2017年第3期7卷 179-192页

作者： Alejandra Boronat-García Magdalena Guerra-Crespo rené drucker-colín Departamento de neuropatología Molecular Instituto de Fisiología CelularUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Cell grafting has been considered a therapeutic approach for Parkinson's disease(PD) since the 1980 s. The classical motor symptoms of PD are caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to a decrement in dopamine release in the striatum. Consequently, the therapy of celltransplantation for PD consists in grafting dopamineproducing cells directly into the brain to reestablish dopamine levels. Different cell sources have been shown to induce functional benefits on both animal models of PD and human patients. However, the observed motor improvements are highly variable between individual subjects, and the sources of this variability are not fully understood. The purpose of this review is to provide a general overview of the pioneering studies done in animal models of PD that established the basis for the first clinical trials in humans, and compare these with the latest findings to identify the most relevant aspects that remain unanswered to date. The main focus of the discussions presented here will be on the mechanisms associated with the survival and functionality of the transplants. These include the role of the dopamine released by the grafts and the capacity of the grafted cells to extend fibers and to integrate into the motor circuit. The complete understanding of these aspects will require extensive research on basic aspects of molecular and cellular physiology, together with neuronal network function, in order to uncover the real potential of cell grafting for treating PD.

关键词： Parkinson’s disease Cell replacement Animal models nigrostriatal pathway Striatum Dopaminergic loss

Pharmacological strategies for Parkinson’s disease

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Health 2012年第11期4卷 1153-1166页

作者： José-Rubén García-Montes Alejandra Boronat-García rené drucker-colín Department of Molecular neuropathology Institute of Cellular Physiology (UNAM) National Autonomous University of Mexico Mexico City Mexico

Parkinson’s disease (PD) or Paralysis Agitans was first formally described in “An essay on the shaking palsy”, published in 1817 by a British physician named James Parkinson. In the late 1950’s, dopamine was related with the function of the corpus striatum, thus with the control of motor function. But it was not until 1967, when the landmark study of George C. Cotzias, demonstrated that oral L-DOPA, the precursor of dopamine metabolism, was shown to induce remission of PD symptoms, that the definitive association between the two was firmly established. However, later on L-DOPA treatment began to show a loss of effectiveness and demonstrated to induce a variety of undesirable effects, the most prominent being diskinesia. As a result of this, a variety of alternative or complementary pharmacological strategies have been developed. In this chapter we review the wide variety of strategies that have been used through time, which are geared toward reducing the most disabling symptoms of PD. We additionally make some suggestions as to which are the most promising ones.

关键词： Parkinson’s Disease Pharmacological Strategies Preventive Agents Dopaminergic Agents L-DOPA

A Functioning Society

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Insect transmission of plant viruses： Multilayered interactions optimize viral propagation

1000年

作者： Peter F.drucker

来源：畅想之星图书光盘版（南... 评论

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Insect Science 2017年第6期24卷 929-946页

作者： Beatriz Dader Chrstiane Then Edwige Berthelot Marie Ducousso James C. K. ng Martin drucker InRA UMR 385 BGPI (CIRAD-INRA-SupAgroM) Montpellier France Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Center for Disease Vector Research University of California Riverside USA

By serving as vectors of transmission, insects play a key role in the infection cycle of many plant viruses. Viruses use sophisticated transmission strategies to overcome the spatial barrier separating plants and the impediment imposed by the plant cell wall. Interactions among insect vectors, viruses, and host plants mediate transmission by integrating all organizational levels, from molecules to populations. Best-examined on the molecular scale are two basic transmission modes wherein virus-vector interactions have been well characterized. Whereas association of virus particles with specific sites in the vector＇s mouthparts or in alimentary tract regions immediately posterior to them is required for noncirculative transmission, the cycle of particles through the vector body is necessary for circulative transmission. Virus transmission is also determined by interactions that are associated with changes in vector feeding behaviors and with alterations in plant host＇s morphology and/or metabolism that favor the attraction or deterrence of vectors. A recent concept in virus-host-vector interactions proposes that when vectors land on infected plants, vector elicitors and effectors ＂inform＂ the plants of the confluence of interacting entities and trigger signaling pathways and plant defenses. Simultaneously, the plant responses may also influence virus acquisition and inoculation by vectors. Over- all, a picture is emerging where transmission depends on multilayered virus-vector-host interactions that define the route of a virus through the vector, and on the manipulation of the host and the vector. These interactions guarantee virus propagation until one or more of the interactants undergo changes through evolution or are halted by environmental interventions.

关键词： arbovirus defense host plant insect vector interactions plant virus transmission

What makes an effective executive

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What makes an effective executive

作者： Peter F. drucker.

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Managing oneself

Managing oneself

作者： Peter F. drucker.

The theory of the business

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The theory of the business

作者： Peter F. drucker.

Whitefly feeding behavior and retention of a foregut-borne crinivirus exposed to artificial diets with different pH values

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Insect Science 2017年第6期24卷 1079-1091页

作者： Jaclyn S. Zhou Angel Y. S. Chen Martin drucker nicole H. Lopez Alyssa Carpenter James C. K. ng Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Center for Disease Vector Research University of California Riverside California USA InRA UMR BGPI Plant Pathogen Interactions Montpellier Cedex 5 France Barry University Miami Florida USA East Stroudsburg University E. Stroudsburg Pennsylvania USA

Transmission of plant viruses by phytophagous hemipteran insects encompasses complex interactions underlying a continuum of processes involved in virus acquisition, retention and inoculation combined with vector feeding behavior. Here, we investigated the effects of dietary pH on whitefly （Bemisia tabaci） feeding behavior and release of Lettuce infectious yellows virus （LIYV） virions retained in the vector＇s foregut. Electrical penetration graph analysis revealed that variables associated with whitefly probing and ingestion did not differ significantly in pH （4, 7.4, and 9） adjusted artificial diets. To investigate virus retention and release, whiteflies allowed to acquire LIYV virions in a pH 7.4 artificial diet were fed pH 4, 7.4, or 9 virion-free artificial （clearing） diets. Immunofluorescent localization analyses indicated that virions remained bound to the foreguts of approximately 20%-24% of vectors after they fed on each of the 3 pH- adjusted clearing diets. When RnA preparations from the clearing diets were analyzed by reverse transcription （RT） nested-PCR and, in some cases, real-time qPCR, successful amplification of LIYV-specific sequence was infrequent but consistently repeatable for the pH 7.4 diet but never observed for the pH 4 and 9 diets, suggesting a weak pH-dependent effect for virion release. Viruliferous vectors that fed on each of the 3 pH-adjusted clearing diets transmitted LIYV to virus-free plants. These results suggest that changes in pH values alone in artificial diet do not result in observable changes in whitefly feeding behaviors, an observation that marks a first in the feeding of artificial diet by whitefly vectors; and that there is a potential causal and contingent relationship between the pH in artificial diet and the release/inoculation of foregut bound virions.

关键词： Crinivirus dietary pH inoculation noncirculative semipersistent transmission retention whitefly

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21世纪的管理挑战

作者： (美)彼得·德鲁克(Peter F. drucker)