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Photolysis of hexamethylenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonic acid)(HDTMP)using manganese and hydrogen peroxide

Emerging Contaminants 2020年第1期6卷 10-19页

作者： ramona kuhn Isaac Mbir Bryant Robert Jensch Stephan Liebsch Marion Martienssen Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg Institute of Environmental Technology and Process EngineeringChair of Biotechnology of Water Treatment03046CottbusGermany University of Cape Coast Department of Environmental ScienceCape CoastGhana Zschimmer&Schwarz Mohsdorf GmbH&Co KG Chemnitztalstr.109217BurgstoadtGermany

Aminophosphonates such as hexamethylenediaminetreta(methylene phosphonic acid)(HDTMP)are categorised as persistent *** are commonly used as scale inhibitors in cooling water systems and desalination *** utilisation,they are often discharged into aquatic environment without *** oxidation processes(AOP)are promising pre-treatments for industrial wastewater *** investigated the photodegradation of HDTMP with or without addition of manganese(Mn2t)and/or *** to results of our former photodegradation studies,we found that HDTMP also undergoes conversion with or without additives during the ultra violet(UV)*** reaction rate was most affected by the addition of H2O2,*** HDTMP degradation was accelerated by a factor 3.85 compared with UV treatment without *** addition of Mn2t accelerated the degradation of HDTMP only by a factor 1.53 compared with the UV treatment without *** combined addition of Mn2t and H2O2 accelerated the HDTMP degradation by a factor ***,the initial cleavage is not initiated as expected at the CeN bond but at the CeP bond of the methyl carbon and the phosphorus of the methylenephosphonic acid group of *** initial cleavage was independent whether the UV treatment was performed with or without ***,we conclude that the degradation mechanism is similar independent of the four tested treatment *** identified amino(methylenephosphonic acid)AMPA,dimethylamino(methylenephosphonic acid)DAMP and iminodi(methylenephosphonic acid)IDMP as the major breakdown products by performing LC/MS *** major mineralisation products were ortho-phosphate,ammonium and carbon *** mass balances of unknown breakdown products allowed us to speculate about the molecular size of the unknown organic breakdown products.

关键词： HDTMP Hydrogen peroxide Manganese LC/MS Phosphonates Photolysis

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Economic growth and nutrition transition: an empirical analysis comparing demand elasticities for foods in China and Russia

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2015年第6期14卷 1008-1022页

作者： Christine Burggraf Lena kuhn ZHAO Qi-ran ramona Teuber Thomas Glauben Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO) College of Economics and Management China Agricultural University

This study provides empirical evidence on the link between economic growth and nutrition transition in two emerging economies, China and Russia. Both countries have experienced rising average incomes, accompanied by an increasing rate of nutrition-related chronic diseases in recent years. Given the regional heterogeneity between these two countries, we analyze the extent to which income growth as a major driver of nutrition transition has a significant effect on the consumption of different food aggregates and how these effects differ between Chinese and Russian consumers. Our results indicate that with increasing household incomes over time the demand for carbohydrates decreases, while the demand for meat and dairy products, as well as fruits increases. This is a development generally known as nutrition transition. Further, we estimate a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System（QUAIDS） for nine different food aggregates for China and Russia. Our results indicate that in both countries all food aggregates have positive expenditure elasticities and are thus normal goods. Moreover, our results indicate that in 2008/2009 meat is still a luxury good in China yet a necessity good in Russia. For 2009, the highest own-price elasticities in China are found for non-meat protein sources and dairy products. Within the meat group, beef, poultry and mutton have the highest price elasticities in China. In Russia, the milk and dairy group, together with the vegetable group, is the most price-elastic food group in 2008. In line with the definition of a nutrition transition, our overall results underscore the finding that income growth in China and Russia tends to increase the demand for animal-based products much stronger than, for example, the demand for carbohydrates. Despite being a positive signal for problems of malnutrition in rural China, this trend of increasing meat consumption might further increase the incidence of chronic diseases in urban areas since there is convincing sc

关键词： Russia nutrition dairy expenditure vegetable considerably empirical household income consumed

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