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TPC1 - SV Channels Gain Shape

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Molecular Plant 2011年第3期4卷 428-441页

作者： rainer Hedrich Irene Marten University Wuerzburg Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2 D-97082 Wuerzburg Germany King Saud University Zoology Department College of Science RO. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia

The most prominent ion channel localized in plant vacuoles is the slow activating SV type. Slow vacuolar （SV） channels were discovered by patch clamp studies as early as 1986. In the following two decades, numerous studies revealed that these calcium- and voltage-activated, nonselective cation channels are expressed in the vacuoles of all plants and every plant tissue. The voltage-dependent properties of the SV channel are susceptible to modulation by calcium, pH, redox state, as well as regulatory proteins. In Arabidopsis, the SV channel is encoded by the AtTPC1 gene, and even though its gene product represents the by far largest conductance of the vacuolar membrane, tpcl-loss-of-function mutants appeared not to be impaired in major physiological functions such as growth, development, and reproduction. In contrast, the fou2 gain-of-function point mutation D454N within TPC1 leads to a pronounced growth phenotype and increased synthesis of the stress hormone jasmonate. Since the TPC1 gene is present in all land plants, it likely encodes a very general function. In this review, we will discuss major SV channel properties and their impact on plant cell physiology.

关键词： SV channel TPC1 vacuole transport CICR.

High resolution scanning gate microscopy measurements on InAs/GaSb nanowire Esaki diode devices

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Nano Research 2014年第6期7卷 877-887页

作者： James L. Webb Olof Perssor Kimberly A. Dick Claes Thelander rainer Timm Anders Mikkelsen Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research Lund University Sweden Center forAnalysis and Synthesis Lund University Sweden Division of Solid State Physics Lund University Sweden

Gated transport measurements are the backbone of electrical characterization of nanoscale electronic devices. Scanning gate microscopy （SGM） is one such gating technique that adds crucial spatial information, accessing the localized properties of semiconductor devices. Nanowires represent a central device concept due to the potential to combine very different materials. However, SGM on semiconductor nanowires has been limited to a resolution in the 50-100 nm range. Here, we present a study by SGM of newly developed III-V semiconductor nanowire InAs/GaSb heterojunction Esaki tunnel diode devices under ultra-high vacuum. Sub-5 nm resolution is demonstrated at room temperature via use of quartz resonator atomic force microscopy sensors, with the capability to resolve InAs nanowire facets, the InAs/GaSb tunnel diode transition and nanoscale defects on the device. We demonstrate that such measurements can rapidly give important insight into the device properties via use of a simplified physical model, without the requirement for extensive calculation of the electrostatics of the system. Interestingly, by precise spatial correlation of the device electrical transport properties and surface structure we show the position and existence of a very abrupt （〈10 nm） electrical transition across the InAs/GaSb junction despite the change in material composition occurring only over 30-50 nm. The direct and simultaneous link between nanostructure composition and electrical properties helps set important limits for the precision in structural control needed to achieve desired device performance.

关键词： nanowire,scanning gate microscopy Esaki tunnel diode,InAs,GaSb,III-V,heterostructure

Einstein’s Elevator in Cosmology

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Journal of Modern Physics 2016年第16期7卷 2347-2356页

作者： rainer Burghardt Obritz Austria

The metrics of gravitational and cosmological models are brought into canonical form in comoving coordinates. The FWR curvature parameter k is read from this and it is shown that k=0 does not correlate to a flat model, but for a spatially positively curved geometry in which reference systems which are in free fall exist. This also corresponds to Einstein’s elevator principle. Moreover, we will show that our subluminal cosmos is associated with the Rh=ct model of Melia, assuming that k=0 is related to a free-falling system in the sense described above.

关键词： Cosmology Einstein’s Elevator Canonical Form of the Metric

Fiduciary Duties in Company Law:A German Perspective

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Contemporary Social Sciences 2022年第6期7卷 83-110页

作者： rainer Kulms Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law

As Chinese practitioners and scholars ponder the scope of fiduciary obligations under the country’s company law,this paper offers a comparative perspective from German *** German corporate law has not rejected legal transplants,the common law trust has never been accepted as an organizational device for administering third-party funds or doing ***,the German judiciary has developed a sophisticated concept of fiduciary obligations where the statutes remain *** paper explores the application of fiduciary obligations to limited partnerships,limited liability companies,and stock *** takes a membership perspective to ascertain the legal relationships between a corporation and its shareholder-members and among fellow-shareholders,as business entities evolve from personalistic to capitalistic *** obligations also inform the relationship between the corporation and its directors and corporate *** German law does not classify directors and corporate officers as the shareholders’direct trustees,shareholders stand nonetheless to benefit from the way directors and corporate offices discharge their duties towards the respective corporate ***,criminal law rules on embezzlement operate to protect the corporation and the monies it administers from overly risky business projects.

关键词： German company law limited liability companies stock corporations directors’duties of loyalty and care criminal law liability for embezzlement

The fungal UmSrt1 and maize ZmSUT1 sucrose transporters battle for plant sugar resources

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2017年第6期59卷 422-435页

作者： Anke Wittek Ingo Dreyer Khaled A.S. Al-Rasheid Norbert Sauer rainer Hedrich Dietmar Geiger Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics Julius-von-Sachs-lnstitute Biocenter University of Wurzburg 97082 Wurzburg Germany Centro de Bioinformatica y Simulacion Molecular Facultad de Ingenieria Universidad de Talca Talca Chile College of Science King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia Molecular Plant Physiology University Erlangen-Nurnberg 91058 Erlangen Germany

The biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis causes corn smut disease, inducing tumor formation in its host Zea mays. Upon infection, the fungal hyphae invaginate the plasma membrane of infected maize ceils, establishing an interface where pathogen and host are separated only by their plasma membranes. At this interface the fungal and maize sucrose transporters, UmSrtl and ZmSUT1, compete for extracellular sucrose in the corn smut/maize pathos- ystem. Here we biophysically characterized ZmSUT1 and UmSrtl in Xenopus oocytes with respect to their voltage-, pH- and substrate-dependence and determined affinities toward protons and sucrose. In contrast to ZmSUT% UmSrtl has a high affinity for sucrose and is relatively pH- and voltage-independent. Using these quantitative parameters, we developed a mathematical model to simulate the competition for extracellular sucrose at the contact zone between the fungus and the host plant. This approach revealed that UmSrtl exploits the apoplastic sucrose resource, which forces the plant transporter into a sucrose export mode providing the fungus with sugar from the phloem. Importantly, the high sucrose concen- tration in the phloem appeared disadvantageous for the ZmSUT1 preventing sucrose recovery from the apoplastic space in the fungus/plant interface.

关键词： William J. Lucas, University of California, Davis, USAReceived Mar. 1, 2017 Accepted Mar. 10, 2017 Online on Mar. 15,2017

Lemaître Transformations of the Interior Schwarzschild Metric

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Journal of Modern Physics 2021年第2期12卷 99-104页

作者： rainer Burghardt A-2061 Obritz 246 Obritz Austria

A Lemaître transformation is set up for the free fall in the interior of a stellar object using the frame of the interior Schwarzschild solution. The metric is calculated in comoving coordinates and field strengths ar... 详细信息

关键词： Interior Schwarzschild Metric Lemaître Transformations Freely Falling Systems

Isolation of Microcystins from the Cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens Strain No80

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Natural Products and Bioprospecting 2014年第1期4卷 37-45页

作者： Timo H.J.Niedermeyer Peter Schmieder rainer Kurmayer Cyano Biotech GmbH Magnusstr.1112489 BerlinGermany Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tubingen Eberhard Karls University TubingenAuf der Morgenstelle 2872076 TubingenGermany Leibniz Institut fur Molekulare Pharmakologie Robert-Rossle-Str.1013125 BerlinGermany Research Institute for Limnology University of InnsbruckMondseestrasse 95310 MondseeAustria

Three minor microcystins have been isolated from a Planktothrix rubescens *** structures have been elucidated by one-and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry as the compounds[Asp^(3),(E)-Dhb^(7)]MC-LY(1),[Asp^(3),(E)-Dhb^(7)]MC-HtyW(2),and[Asp^(3),(E)-Dhb^(7)]MC-LW(3).The amino acids found at the variable positions 2 and 4 of the microcystin core structure are in accordance with the predicted amino acid substrate activation selectivities of the non-ribosomal peptide synthetases McyA and McyB described earlier for this *** structural microcystin variants produced by this strain were shown to inhibit protein phosphatase 1 in the nanomolar range.

关键词： Planktothrix Cyanobacteria Microcystins Protein phosphatase inhibition

Functional Surfactants for Molecular Fishing,Capsule Creation,and Single-Cell Gene Expression

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Nano-Micro Letters 2021年第9期13卷 377-385页

作者： Mohammad Suman Chowdhury Xingcai Zhang Leila Amini Pradip Dey Abhishek Kumar Singh Abbas Faghani Michael Schmueck‑Henneresse rainer Haag Institut Für Chemie Und Biochemie Freie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195 BerlinGermany John A.Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard UniversityCambridgeMA 02138USA School of Engineering Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USA Berlin Institute of Health-Center for Regenerative Therapies CharitéUniversitätsmedizin Berlin-CVKFöhrer Str.1513353 BerlinGermany BerlinCenter for Advanced Therapies CharitéUniversitätsmedizin Berlin-CVKFöhrer Str.1513353 BerlinGermany

Creating a single surfactant that is open to manipulation,while maintaining its surface activity,robustness,and compatibility,to expand the landscape of surfactant-dependent assays is extremely *** report an oxidation-responsive precursor with thioethers and multiple 1,2-diols for creating a variety of functional surfactants from one parent *** these multifunctional surfactants,we stabilize microfluidics-generated aqueous *** droplets encapsulate different components and immerse in a bioinert oil with distinct interfaces where an azide-bearing surfactant allow fishing of biomolecules from the droplets,aldehyde-bearing surfactant allow fabrication of microcapsules,and hydroxyl-bearing surfactants,with/without oxidized thioethers,allow monitoring of single-cell gene *** multifunctional surfactants poses opportunities for broad applications,including adsorption,bioanalytics,catalysis,formulations,coatings,and programmable subset of emulsions.

关键词： Dendronized fluorosurfactants Droplet microfluidics Microcapsules Oxidation-responsive fluorosurfactants Cell encapsulation

A Comparison of Citation Disciplinary Structure in Science between the G7 Countries and the BRICS Countries

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Journal of Data and Information Science 2018年第3期3卷 14-31页

作者： Ting Yue Liying Yang Per Ahlgren Jielan Ding Shuangqing Shi rainer Frietsch National Science Library of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19A Yuquan RoadBeijing 100049China KTH Library KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyOsquars backe 25Stockholm10044Sweden Library of Peking University Health Science Center Beijing100083China Fraunllofer Institute for Sysiems and Innovation Research ISI KarlsruheGermany

Purpose： This study aims to compare the characteristics of citation disciplinary structure between the G7 countries and the BRICS ***/Methodology/Approach： In this contribution, which uses about 1 million Web of Science publications and two publications years（1993 and 2013）, we compare the G7 countries and the BRICS countries with regard to this type of structure. For the publication year 2013, cosine similarity values regarding the citation disciplinary structures of these countries（and of nine other countries） were used as input to cluster analysis. We also obtained cosine similarity values for a given country and its citation disciplinary structures across the two publication years. Moreover, for the publication year 2013, the within-country JeffreysMatusita distance between publication and citation disciplinary structure was measured. Research limitations： First, the citation disciplinary structures of countries depend on multiple and complex factors. It is therefore difficult to completely explain the formation and change of the citation disciplinary structure of a country. This study suggests some possible causes, whereas detailed explanations might be given by future research. Second, the length of the citation window used in this study is three years. However, scientific disciplines differ in their citation practices. Comparison between citations across disciplines using the same citation window length may affect the citation discipline structure results for some *** limitations： First, the results of this study are based on the WoS database. However, in this database some fields are covered to a greater extent than others, which may affect the results for the citation discipline structure for some studied countries. In future research, we might repeat this study using another database（like Scopus） and, in that case, we would like to make comparisons between the two outcomes. Second, the use of a constant journal setyielded that

关键词： Citation disciplinary structure Country Bibliometrics