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Effects of Pupil Diameter on Light Detection and Temporal modulation

Eye Science 2003年第3期19卷 137-141页

作者： rachel S Li Andrew W Siu Johnny C Liyu Elice C Chan Department of Optometry and Radiography The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China Corresponding author. Andrew W Siu PhD. Department of Optometry and Radiography The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon HongKong SAR ChinaDepartment of Optometry and Radiography The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China Department of Optometry and Radiography The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China

Purpose: This study compared the effects of pupil variation on light detection and temporal modulation across the central visual ***:Light detection sensitivity (LDS) and low flickering frequency (6Hz) temporal modulation sensitivity (TmS) of 20 young subjects were measured from the central visual field of the right eyes using an automated perimeter (medmont m600). The measurements were taken under 3 artificial pupils, I.e. 3 mm, 4.3 mm and 6 mm *** sensitivities were grouped and averaged for different retinal eccentricities(3°, 6°, 10° and 15°).Results:TmS and LDS were reduced with increasing retinal eccentricities( P ＜ 0.001)and decreasing pupil diameters( P ＜ 0.001). TmS collected from all pupil diameters were significantly different from each other( P ＜ 0.001). Similarly, LDS under 3 mm pupil was statistically different from those of 4.3 mm and 6 mm(P ＜ 0.003). Comparison of the hills of vision showed that pupil variation resulted in significantly different slopes (P=0.001).The slopes were also found to be significantly different between TmS and LDS (P=0.012).Conclusions: The data showed that dilated pupil resulted in significantly higher sensitivities than those of smaller pupil for both visual functions. The difference in the slopes of hills of vision also suggested that the variation in retinal illumination affected the visual responses differently at various retinal eccentricitities for TmS and LDS.

关键词：瞳孔直径光觉检查中央视野闪烁频率

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Prophylactic Bactericidal Orthopedic Implants – Animal Testing Study

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Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 2010年第9期3卷 917-926页

作者： Richard A. Wysk Wayne J. Sebastianelli Rohan A. Shirwaiker Gregory m. Bailey Charumani Charumani mary Kennett Amy Kaucher rachel Abrahams Thomas A. Fuller Patricia Royer Robert C. Voigt Paul H. Cohen 不详

This paper summarizes preliminary rat studies aimed at identifying the effectiveness of using electrically stimulated silver as a bactericidal agent for indwelling residual hardware devices (RHD). A variety of bactericidal indwelling devices were designed, fabricated and surgically inserted into the medullary cavity of live rats. The rats were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus to try and induce osteomyelitis. A total of 37 surgeries were performed by implanting the rats with both control and potentially bactericidal devices. As surgical procedures and devices were improved, it appeared that the implants produced antibiotic effects in the animals. All of the control animals and all of the animals where the device failed tested positive for Staphylococcus aureus growth. Of the rats with operational bactericidal devices (those that survived the surgery and incubation period), half tested negative for Staphylococcus aureus. The device designs are discussed in this paper along with the test procedures, operating practices and results. A statistical analysis of the results, which shows a very high confidence level in the effectiveness of electrically stimulated silver as a bactericidal agent/antibiotic, is also presented.

关键词： Antibacterial Antimicrobial Bactericidal Silver Ionic Silver Residual Hardware Devices (RHD) Animal Testing

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危重患儿的能量代谢是否可以预测

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中华儿科杂志 2003年第11期41卷 841-841页

作者： rachel m Taylor Paul Cheeseman Victor Preedy 唐浩勋樊寻梅

目的　研究危重儿是否处于高代谢状态 ,计算预测公式是否适用于危重儿。设计　前瞻性临床研究。地点　儿科重症监护病房。对象　 5 7名 (男 39名 ) 9个月～15 8岁的患儿。方法与结果　静息能量消耗由间接测热法测得 ,中位数为 37 2 (1... 详细信息

目的　研究危重儿是否处于高代谢状态 ,计算预测公式是否适用于危重儿。设计　前瞻性临床研究。地点　儿科重症监护病房。对象　 5 7名 (男 39名 ) 9个月～15 8岁的患儿。方法与结果　静息能量消耗由间接测热法测得 ,中位数为 37 2 (11 9～ 6 6 6 )kcal/ (kg·d)。显著低于由Schofield [4 2 7(2 6 9～ 6 5 4 )kcal/ (kg·d) ]或Fleisch公式[4 2 8(2 0 9～ 6 6 2 )kcal/ (kg·d) ]计算所得预测值 ,P <0 0 0 1,但显著高于专门用于计算PICU患儿能量消耗的White公式 [2 6 2 (8 5～ 70 1)kcal/ (kg·d) ],P <0 0 0 0 1。方法间比较显示一致性区间分别为 - 4 84～ +30 0kcal/d , 4 6 1～ +319kcal/d ,- 3 2～ 85 4kcal/d。多因素方差分析显示下列因素与低或高代谢有关 ,如年龄 (P =0 0 0 6 ) ,性别 (P =0 0 34)、PICU住院时间 (P =0 0 0 1)、诊断 (P =0 0 15 )、体重(P =0 0 0 9)、体温 (P =0 0 4 )、持续镇静时间 (P =0 0 4 )和神经肌肉阻滞 (P =0 0 3)。结论　危重症患儿并非处于高代谢状态。上述数据显示静息能量消耗与预测公式计算值差异较大。

关键词：危重患儿能量代谢预测间接测热法

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高温风险相关土地覆盖的种族/民族分布与居住隔离的关系

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环境与职业医学 2013年第10期30卷 747-747页

作者： Bill m.Jesdale rachel morello-Frosch Lara Cushing

[目的]研究不同种族/民族群体中高温风险相关土地覆盖(heat risk-related land cover,HRRLC)的分布特点和住宅隔离的程度。[方法]从2001年全国土地覆盖数据库获得美国和波多黎各人口稠密的市区的街区树冠和抗渗漏表面的估计数字,并与200... 详细信息

[目的]研究不同种族/民族群体中高温风险相关土地覆盖(heat risk-related land cover,HRRLC)的分布特点和住宅隔离的程度。[方法]从2001年全国土地覆盖数据库获得美国和波多黎各人口稠密的市区的街区树冠和抗渗漏表面的估计数字,并与2000年人口普查的人口特征联系起来。在一个给定的街区,如果某个种族/民族群体至少有一半的人生活在没有树冠的区域并且至少有一半的地面为抗渗漏表面所覆盖(屋顶、车道、人行道、公路),则认为这一群体生活在HRRLC地区。作者用多组相异指标描述美国和波多黎各大都市地区住宅隔离的特点。[结果]经生态区域和降雨量调整,隔离水平保持不变后,与非西班牙裔白人相比,52%非西班牙裔黑人(95%CI:37%～69%)、32%非西班牙裔亚洲人(95%CI:18%～47%)和21%西班牙裔(95%CI:8%～35%)更有可能居住于HRRLC环境。每个种族/民族群体内,随着大都市区域隔离程度增加,HRRLC环境增加。以房屋所有权和贫困进行进一步调整并未显著改变这些结果,但是以人口密度和大都市地区人口进行调整,隔离效果减弱,提示存在一种调节或混杂作用。[结论]在每个种族/民族群体中,土地覆盖与隔离相关联,其部分原因可能是在更大、隔离程度更高的城市中,少数种族/民族群体集中在人口稠密的社区。鉴于预期极端高温事件出现频率更高并且持续时间更长,人们应将气候变化适应策略,如在市区种植树木,明确纳入环境正义框架,从而解决种族/民族之间HRRLC的差距。

关键词：高温风险抗渗漏表面种族隔离树木覆盖城市

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改变可获得食物和饮料种类,使饮食更健康、更绿色

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英国医学杂志中文版 2022年第8期25卷 427-430页

作者： Theresa m marteau Gareth J Hollands rachel Pechey James P Reynolds Susan A Jebb 张向辉(译) 武阳丰(校) University of Cambridge Department of Public Health and Primary CareCambridge CB20SRUK University College London EPPI-CentreUCL Social Research InstituteLondon WC1H 0NRUK University of Oxford Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health SciencesRadcliffe Primary Care BuildingWoodstock RoadOxford OX26GGUK Aston University School of PsychologyBirmingham B47ETUK 北京大学临床研究所

Theresa marteau及其同事讨论了"可获得性干预"改善饮食和减少不平等的潜力。不理想饮食(饱和脂肪、游离糖和盐含量高而纤维含量低),是导致过早死亡、可预防疾病和健康不平等的最大因素之一1。食品生产,尤其是畜牧业,也是危害环境的一... 详细信息

Theresa marteau及其同事讨论了"可获得性干预"改善饮食和减少不平等的潜力。不理想饮食(饱和脂肪、游离糖和盐含量高而纤维含量低),是导致过早死亡、可预防疾病和健康不平等的最大因素之一1。食品生产,尤其是畜牧业,也是危害环境的一个主要因素2。

关键词：健康不平等饱和脂肪预防疾病危害环境游离糖纤维含量可获得性盐含量

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GREENHOUSE GAS AND AmmONIA EmISSION mITIGATION PRIORITIES FOR UK POLICY TARGETS

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2023年第2期10卷 268-280页

作者： Sarah BUCKINGHAm Cairistiona F.E.TOPP Pete SmITH Vera EORY David R.CHADWICK Christina K.BAXTER Joanna m.CLOY Shaun CONNOLLY Emily C.COOLEDGE Nicholas J.COWAN Julia DREWER Colm DUFFY Naomi JFOX Asma JEBARI Becky JENKINS Dominika J.KROL Karina A.mARSDEN Graham A.mCAULIFFE Steven J.mORRISON Vincent O'FLAHERTY Rachael RAmSEY Karl G.RICHARDS Rainer ROEHE Jo SmITH Kate SmITH Taro TAKAHASHI rachel E.THORmAN John WILLIAmS Jeremy WILTSHIRE Robert m.REES Scotland’s Rural College EdinburghEH93JGUK Institute of Biological&Environmental Sciences AberdeenAB243UUUK School of Natural Sciences Bangor UniversityBangorGwyneddLL572DGUK Agricultural Development and Advisory Service(ADAS) BoxworthCambridgeCB234NNUK School of Biological and Chemical Sciences University of GalwayH91 TK33Ireland Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bush EstateMidlothianEH260QBUK The James Hutton Institute DundeeDD25DAUK Rothamsted Research North WykeOkehamptonDevonEX202SBUK Ricardo Energy&Environment HarwellOxonOX110QRUK Environment Soils and Land Use DepartmentTeagascCounty WexfordY35 TC97Ireland Agri-food and Biosciences Institute HillsboroughCounty DownBT266DRUK Bristol Veterinary School University of BristolSomersetBS405DUUK

Agriculture is essential for providing food and maintaining food security while concurrently delivering multiple other ecosystem services. However,agricultural systems are generally a net source of greenhouse gases and ammonia. They, therefore, need to substantively contribute to climate change mitigation and net zero ambitions. It is widely acknowledged that there is a need to further reduce and mitigate emissions across sectors, including agriculture to address the climate emergency and emissions gap. This discussion paper outlines a collation of opinions from a range of experts within agricultural research and advisory roles following a greenhouse gas and ammonia emission mitigation workshop held in the UK in march 2022. The meeting identified the top mitigation priorities within the UK's agricultural sector to achieve reductions in greenhouse gases and ammonia that are compatible with policy targets. In addition, experts provided an overview of what they believe are the key knowledge gaps, future opportunities and cobenefits to mitigation practices as well as indicating the potential barriers to uptake for mitigation scenarios discussed.

关键词： agriculture ammonia greenhouse gas mitigation net zero

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纽约市室内不同浓度黑炭暴露与儿童肺功能发育的相关性研究

纽约市室内不同浓度黑炭暴露与儿童肺功能发育的相关性研究

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第十三届江浙沪儿科学术会议暨2016年浙江省医学会儿科学学术年会

作者：林芊 Adnan Divjan Luis m.Acosta rachel L.miller matthew S.Perzanowski 上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院儿童呼吸科美国哥伦比亚大学医学中心环境健康系

目的:明确肺功能发育是否可以作为持续哮喘的非创性预测指标,以及能否在入群研究中检测多种环境污染物的非依赖性效应。我们假设,不同浓度的室内黑炭暴露会导致儿童肺功能发育产生差异,尤其是那些纽约市不同哮喘发病率地区内7-8岁至10-1...

目的:明确肺功能发育是否可以作为持续哮喘的非创性预测指标,以及能否在入群研究中检测多种环境污染物的非依赖性效应。我们假设,不同浓度的室内黑炭暴露会导致儿童肺功能发育产生差异,尤其是那些纽约市不同哮喘发病率地区内7-8岁至10-11岁的哮喘患儿。

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Decreased Expression of TRPm3 and mAChRm3 in the Small Intestine in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/myalgic Encephalomyelitis

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International Journal of Clinical medicine 2018年第5期9卷 467-480页

作者： Sonya marshall-Gradisnik marshall Fretel Natalie Eaton Helene Cabanas Cassandra Balinas Vinod Gopalan Daniel Petersen rachel Passmore Kevin Tang mazhar Haque Alfred Lam Donald Staines School of medical Science Griffith University Brisbane Australia The National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Brisbane Australia Gold Coast University Hospital Parklands Australia mater Hill Gastroenterology South Brisbane Australia

Introduction: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/mE) is often associated with gastrointestinal disturbance and inflammatory markers;however, there have been no histological studies performed in the small intestine from CFS/mE patients. The aim of this investigation was to assess the expression of certain inflammatory markers and inflammatory receptors, namely transient receptor potential melastin 3 (TRPm3) ion channels and muscarinic acetylcholine m3 (mAChRm3) receptors, in small intestinal tissues in a case controlled study comprising a CFS/mE patient and a healthy non-fatigued control. method: Immunohistochemistry was performed on a small intestinal biopsy from a CFS/mE patient (age = 50;female) with self-reported symptoms of gastrointestinal disturbance and a non-fatigued control (NFC), (age = 28;female). Semi-quantitative analysis of expression was undertaken for interferon-gamma (IFNy), interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), TRPm3 ion channels and mAChRm3 acetylcholine receptors. Results: There was significantly decreased expression of TRPm3 in the CFS/mE patient (35% ±9%) and a significant decrease in mAChRm3 in the CFS/mE patient (54% ±9%). There was no difference in IL-1α between CFS/mE patient and NFC, however;there was an increase in IFNy (13% ±6%) in the CFS/mE patient compared to NFC. There was a difference observed in TNFα in CFS/mE compared to NFC. Conclusion: Differences were noted in the expression of specific TRP ion channels and cholinergic receptors in CFS/mE compared with NFC, with CFS/mE demonstrating decreased TRPm3 and mAChRm3. Further, IFNy was increased, and TNFα decreased, in the small intestine of the CFS/mE patient with reported gastrointestinal disturbance.

关键词： Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/myalgic Encephalomyelitis Irritable Bowel TRPm3 mAChRm3 Small Intestine Inflammation

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Prediction of delayed graft function using different scoring algorithms: A single-center experience

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World Journal of Transplantation 2017年第5期7卷 260-268页

作者： magda michalak Kristien Wouters Erik Fransen rachel Hellemans Amaryllis H Van Craenenbroeck marie m Couttenye Bart Bracke Dirk K Ysebaert Vera Hartman Kathleen De Greef Thiery Chapelle Geert Roeyen Gerda Van Beeumen marie-Paule Emonds Daniel Abramowicz Jean-Louis Bosmans Department of Nephrology-Hypertension Antwerp University Hospital Department of medical Statistics Antwerp University Hospital StatUa Center for Statistics University of Antwerp Department of Hepatobiliary Endocrine and Transplantation SurgeryAntwerp University Hospital Histocompatibility and Immunogenetic Laboratory

AIm To compare the performance of 3 published delayed graftfunction(DGF) calculators that compute the theoretical risk of DGF for each *** This single-center,retrospective study included 247 consecutive kidney transplants from a deceased *** kidney transplantations were performed at our institution between January 2003 and December *** compared the occurrence of observed DGF in our cohort with the predicted DGF according to three different published calculators. The accuracy of the calculators was evaluated by means of the c-index(receiver operating characteristic curve).RESULTS DGF occurred in 15.3% of the transplants under *** c index of the Irish calculator provided an area under the curve(AUC) of 0.69 indicating an acceptable level of prediction,in contrast to the poor performance of the Jeldres nomogram(AUC = 0.54) and the Chapal nomogram(AUC = 0.51). With the Irish algorithm the predicted DGF risk and the observed DGF probabilities were close. The mean calculated DGF risk was significantly different between DGF-positive and DGF-negative subjects(P m 10% to 51% for recipients with DGF and from 4% to 56% for those without *** sensitivity,specificity and positive predictive value of a calculated DGF risk ≥ 30% with the Irish nomogram were 32%,91% and 38%. CONCLUSION Predictive models for DGF after kidney transplantation are performant in the population in which they were derived,but less so in external validations.

关键词： Delayed graft function Kidney transplantation Nomogram Receiver operating characteristic curve Risk calculation

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法证科学中的情境偏差和交叉污染——对侦查、辩诉交易、审判和上诉的腐蚀性影响

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证据科学 2019年第5期27卷 588-607页

作者：王进喜(译) 朱海(译) [澳]Gary E dmond [澳]Jason m.Tangen [澳]rachel A.Searston [澳]Itiel E.Dror 澳大利亚研究理事会新南威尔士大学法学院英国Northumbria大学法学院英国伦敦学院大学法证科学中心中国政法大学中国政法大学司法文明协同创新中心中国政法大学证据科学研究院澳大利亚昆士兰大学心理学院

大多数法证科学证据是在这样的条件下形成的,即未保护分析人员免受案件情境信息对他们决策的影响。本文探讨了这些基本未被认识到的威胁是如何给刑事司法系统带来真正的问题的;从对痕迹的收集和解释到在审判和上诉时对证据进行展示和评... 详细信息

大多数法证科学证据是在这样的条件下形成的,即未保护分析人员免受案件情境信息对他们决策的影响。本文探讨了这些基本未被认识到的威胁是如何给刑事司法系统带来真正的问题的;从对痕迹的收集和解释到在审判和上诉时对证据进行展示和评价。本文解释了分析人员是如何经常接触到与他们的鉴定工作无关的信息(例如关于侦查或主要嫌疑人的信息),并且这些信息没有被记录在他们的报告中,但是这些信息已被证明会影响分析人员对法证科学证据的解释。此外,法证分析人员不仅不必要地接触到这些“与鉴定领域无关”的信息,而且他们受到认知污染的解释和意见往往会被不必要地透露给其他证人-无论是非专业人士还是专业人士。信息的这种来回传播会产生一种“偏差雪球效应”,会导致证据(越来越多地)受到交叉污染,因为在审判和上诉过程中提出的彼此独立的证据要彼此印证。文中指出,律师和法院还没有认识到情境偏差和认知过程是如何扭曲和破坏专家证据的证据价值的。本文建议,法院在采纳和评价归罪性的专家证据时,应该注意到情境偏差和交叉污染的可能性。

关键词：专家证据情境效应确认偏差认知科学人为因素期望效应印证暗示启动效应证明

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