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Analytic Ph.nomenology(or"Wh.t It Is Like")*** Ph.nomenology

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Frontiers of Ph.losoph. in Ch.na 2020年第3期15卷 427-450页

作者： h.ath.williams Department of Ph.losoph. Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 519082China

I begin th.s paper by outlining two senses of"ph.nomenology."First,th."wh.t it is like"or"analytic tradition"sense:th. verbalization of qualitative states of consciousness of wh.ch.we are ***,th."Continental"sense:th. rigorous study of th. structures of consciousness.I outline th. ways in wh.ch.th.se two senses ***,Continental ph.nomenology involves a diversified account of consciousness,states of awareness,and th. h.man *** ph.nomenologist articulates th.s account not by introspection but via acts of ph.nomenological reflection concerning eidetic intuitions about essential structural ***,via th. meth.d of"sense explication,"th. ph.nomenologist can articulate an account of passive and subconscious states wh.ch.we are not strictly"aware"*** conclusion sh.ws th.se divergences of senses are sometimes overlooked,leading to *** and Gallagh.r must be employing th."wh.t it is like"sense wh.n th.y make certain"ph.nomenological"arguments concerning social cognition,yet Spaulding's ensuing critique of ph.nomenology is directed at Continental ***,it is only ph.nomenology in th."wh.t it is like"sense wh.ch.cannot contribute to subpersonal *** Continental ph.nomenology describes th. lawful relations amongst th. precursors and preconditions wh.ch.give rise to conscious experience,constituting a type of(non-causal)subpersonal explanation.

关键词： awareness ph.nomenological reflection passivity and th. unconscious genetic ph.nomenology th. simple ph.nomenological argument subpersonal psych.logy

Endoscopic management of biliary strictures after liver transplantation

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第30期15卷 3725-3733页

作者： Emmanuelle D williams Peter V Draganov Division of Gastroenterology University of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32610-0214United States

Bile duct strictures remain a major source of morbidity after orth.topic liver transplantation (OLT). Biliary strictures are classifi ed as anastomotic or non-anastomotic strictures according to location and are defi ned by distinct clinical beh.viors. Anastomotic strictures are localized and sh.rt. Th. outcome of endoscopic treatment for anastomotic strictures is excellent. Nonanastomotic strictures often result from isch.mic and immunological events, occur earlier and are usually multiple and longer. Th.y are ch.racterized by a far less favorable response to endoscopic management, h.gh.r recurrence rates, graft loss and need for retransplantation. Living donor OLT patients present a unique set of ch.llenges arising from tech.ical factors, and stricture risk for both.recipients and donors. Endoscopic treatment of living donor OLT patients is less promising. Current endoscopic strategies for biliary strictures after OLT include repeated balloon dilations and placement of multiple side-by-side plastic stents. Lifelong surveillance is required in all types of strictures. Despite improvements in incidence and long term outcomes with.endoscopic management, and a reduced need for surgical treatment, th. impact of strictures on patients after OLT is signifi cant. Future considerations include new endoscopic tech.ologies and improved stents, wh.ch.could potentially allow for a decreased number of interventions, increased intervals before retreatment, and decreased reliance on percutaneous and surgical modalities. Th.s review focuses on th. role of endoscopy in biliary strictures, one of th. most common biliary complications after OLT.

关键词： Anastomotic strictures Bile duct diseases Endoscopic retrograde ch.langiopancreatograph. Orth.topic liver transplantation Surgical anastomosis

A Review of th. Factors Affecting th. Incidence of Malignant h.perth.rmia in th. Greater Kansas City Area

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotech.ology 2014年第5期5卷 452-461页

作者： Ch.rles h. williams George P. h.ech.Mark G. Zukaitis Gastonia USA Kansas City USA Sunrise Beach USA

Malignant h.perth.rmia (Mh. is a rare genetic disease. h.wever, it is devastating wh.n it occurs in a patient. Mh.is usually triggered by inh.lational anesth.tics and/or depolarizing muscle relaxants. Public awareness of Mh.h.s increased with.th. presentation of an episode on th. television program, “h.use”, and th. availability of web-based information. For over 20 years, th. Mh.susceptible pig h.s been used in experiments by our group as an animal model for Mh.in h.mans. Th. incidence of Malignant h.perth.rmia in th. Greater Kansas City Area h.s declined dramatically since th. introduction of Sevoflurane in 1992 as th. anesth.tic of ch.ice (over 60% usage rate) in most surgical procedures. h.storically, Malignant h.perth.rmia was reported to occur at a rate of 1:50,000 during surgical procedures [1]. In th. Greater Kansas City Area, Malignant h.perth.rmia (Mh. occurred at a rate of 1:53,636 during th. 1965-1985 time period, as th.re were 38 Mh.cases in 35 patients [2]. During th. past ten years (1996-2006), th.re were only 2 cases of Mh. representing an incidence rate of 1:597,240. Th.t decrease is an 11.13 fold (or 89%) decrease wh.ch.is very significant. Despite th. reduced incidence of Malignant h.perth.rmia, two recent cases of Mh.th.t result in death. in Wisconsin and Florida make it imperative th.t Mh.is recognized early and appropriate treatment initiated with.ut delay. We h.ve expanded our analysis of th. futile cycle mech.nism th.t underlies th. Mh.syndrome. Mh.is equivalent to th. rapid disch.rge of a battery by a sh.rt circuit.

关键词： Sevoflurane Malignant h.perth.rmia

A Meth.dology to Measure th. Environmental Impact of ICT Operating Systems across Different Device Platforms

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Journal of Electronic Science and Tech.ology 2015年第3期13卷 255-263页

作者： Daniel R.williams Yinsh.n Tang th. Tech.ologies for Sustainable Built Environments (TSBE) Centre University of Reading th. h.nley Business Sch.ol University of Reading

A new meth.dology was created to measure th. energy consumption and related green h.use gas （Gh.） emissions of a computer operating system （OS） across different device platforms. Th. meth.dology involved th. direct power measurement of devices under different activity states. In order to include all aspects of an OS, th. meth.dology included measurements in various OS modes, wh.lst uniquely, also incorporating measurements wh.n running an array of defined software activities, so as to include OS application management features. Th. meth.dology was demonstrated on a laptop and ph.ne th.t could each.run multiple OSs, results confirmed th.t OS can significantly impact th. energy consumption of devices. In particular, th. new versions of th. Microsoft Windows OS were tested and h.gh.igh.ed significant differences between th. OS versions on th. same h.rdware. Th. developed meth.dology could enable a greater awareness of energy consumption, during both.th. software development and software marketing processes.

关键词： Environment green information and communications tech.ology operating system sustainability.

h.licopter EMS beyond Trauma: Utilization of Air Transport for Non-Trauma Conditions

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International Journal of Clinical Medicine 2013年第12期4卷 511-524页

作者： Steph.n h. Th.mas Lori J. Wh.lan Emily williams Loren Brown Department of Emergency Medicine University of Oklahoma College of Medicine Tulsa USA

h.licopter Emergency Medical Services (h.MS) use in civilian medical transport h.s its roots in th. use of rotor-wing trauma transport in th. military setting. Much.of th. literature and evidence based?on th. use of h.MS is th.refore related to scene and interfacility transport of injured patients. Regionalization of care and increased understanding of time-criticality of various non-trauma conditions h.s contributed to growing utilization of h.MS for non-trauma conditions over recent decades. It is common for h.MS to be utilized for a variety of non-trauma situations ranging from neonatal and obstetrics transports to cardiac and stroke transports. Th. purpose of th.s review is to overview th. use of h.MS for non-trauma, focusing on situations in wh.ch.th.re is evidence addressing possible h.MS utility.

关键词： h.licopter Emergency Medical Services Air Medical Transport Preh.spital Care

Transplantation of primary and reversibly immortalized h.man liver cells and oth.r gene th.rapies in acute liver failure and decompensated ch.onic liver disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2000年第5期6卷 636-642页

作者： Steph.n M.Riordan Roger williams Institute of h.patology University College London and University College London HospitalsLondonEngland Department of GastroenterologyThe Prince of Wales HospitalSydneyAustralia Institute of h.patology University College London and University College London HospitalsLondonEngland

Studies performed in experimental small animalswith.h.patic-based metabolic disorders but nostructural liver disease,including Gunn andanalbuminaemic rats and rabbits with.inh.rited low-density lipoprotein receptor deficiency,h.ve sh.wnth.t up to 95% of h.patocytes transplanted into th.spleen or liver remain in th.se sites,with.mprovement in metabolic function

关键词： liver failure acute liver diseases liver transplantation gene th.rapy animals laboratory transfering growth factor beta

Predicting th. mode of flow in pneumatic conveying systems—A review

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Particuology 2008年第5期6卷 289-300页

作者： Mark G.Jones Kenneth.C.williams Centre for Bulk Solids and Particulate Tech.ologies School of EngineeringUniversity of NewcastleNewcastle 2308Australia

An initial prediction of th. particulate mode of flow in pneumatic conveying systems is beneficial as th.s knowledge can provide clearer direction to th. pneumatic conveying design process. Th.re are th.ee general categories of modes of flow, two dense flows： fluidised dense ph.se and plug flow, and dilute ph.se oniy. Detailed in th.s paper is a review of th. commonly used and available tech.iques for predicting mode of flow. Two types of predictive ch.rts were defined： basic particle parameter based （e.g. particle size and density） and air-particle parameter based （e.g. permeability and de-aeration）. Th. basic particle tech.iques were found to h.ve strong and weak areas of predictive ability, on th. basis of a comparison with.data from materials with.known mode of flow capability. It was found th.t th.re was only sligh. improvement in predictive ability wh.n th. particle density was replaced by loose-poured bulk density in th. basic parameter tech.iques. Th. air-particle-parameter-based tech.iques also sh.wed well-defined regions for mode of flow prediction th.ugh.th. data set used was smaller th.n th.t for th. basic tech.iques. Also, it was found to be difficult to utilise de-aeration values from different research.rs and subsequently, an air-particle-based tech.ique was developed wh.ch.does not require any de-aeration parameter in its assessment.

关键词： Pneumatic conveying Mode of flow Dense ph.se Permeability De-aeration

Granular activated carbons from palm nut sh.lls for gold di-cyanide adsorption

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2013年第2期20卷 172-179页

作者： William K.Buah.Paul T.williams Energy Research.Institute The University of LeedsLeeds LS2 9JTUnited Kingdom

Granular activated carbons were produced from palm nut sh.lls by ph.sical activation with.steam. Th. proximate analysis of palm nut sh.lls was investigated by th.rmogravimetric analysis, and th. adsorption capacity of th. activated carbons, produced as a result of sh.ll pyrolysis at 600℃ followed by steam activation at 900℃ in varying activation times, was evaluated using nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. Applicability of th. activated carbons for gold dicyanide adsorption was also investigated. Increasing th. activation h.ld time with.th. attendant increase in th. degree of carbon burn-off results in a progressive increase in th. surface area of th. activated carbons, reach.ng a value of 903.1 m2/g after activation for 6 h. Th. volumes of total pores, mieropores, and mesopores in th. activated carbons also increase progressively with.th. increasing degree of carbon burn-off, resulting from increasing th. activation h.ld time. Th. gold di-cyanide adsorption of th. activated carbons increases with.th. rise of pore volume of th. activated carbons. Th. gold di-cyanide adsorption of palm nut sh.ll activated carbon obtained after 6-h.activation at 900℃ is superior to th.t of a commercial activated carbon used for gold di-cyanide adsorption.

关键词： activated carbon adsorption gold cyanides processing pyrolysis

A Survey of Language-Based Approach.s to Cyber-Ph.sical and Embedded System Development

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Tsingh.a Science and Tech.ology 2015年第2期20卷 130-141页

作者： Paul Soulier Depeng Li Joh. R. williams University of h.waii Massach.setts Institute of Tech.ology(MIT)

As computers continue to advance, th.y are becoming more capable of sensing, interacting, and communicating with.th. ph.sical and cyber world. Medical devices, electronic braking systems in automotive applications, and industrial control systems are examples of th. many Cyber-Ph.sical Systems （CPS） th.t utilize th.se computing capabilities. Given th. potential consequences of software related failures in such.systems, a h.gh.degree of safety, security, and reliability is often required. Programming languages are important tools used by programmers to develop CPS. Th.y provide a programmer with.th. ability to transform designs into mach.ne code. Of equal importance is th.ir ability to detect and avoid programming mistakes. Th. development of CPS h.s predominantly been accomplish.d using th. C programming language. Alth.ugh.C is a powerful language, it lacks features present in oth.r languages th.t facilitate th. development of reliable systems. Th.s h.s prompted research.into language-based alternatives for improving program quality th.ough.th. use of programming languages. Th.s paper presents an overview of th. ch.racteristics of embedded and cyber-ph.sical systems and th. associated requirements imposed on programming languages. Th.s is followed by a survey of relevant research.into language- based meth.ds for creating safe, reliable, and robust software for CPS.

关键词： cyber-ph.sical systems embedded systems programming languages type systems