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impact of smoking on nasal mucociliary clearance time in Kano metropolis,Nigeria

World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2023年第1期9卷 53-58页

作者： Ahmad Mahmud Abubakar D.Salisu Emmanuel S.Kolo Muhammad G.Hasheem Nafisatu Bello-Muhammad Ahmad R.Tukur Yasir J.Nuhu rabiu i.jalo Department of ENT Federal Medical Centre YolaYolaNigeria Department of ENT Aminu Kano Teaching HospitalKanoNigeria Department of ENT Aminu Kano Teaching HospitalBayero University KanoKanoNigeria Department of Community Medicine Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital/Bayero University KanoKanoNigeria

Background:Mucociliary clearance is an important defense mechanism in human upper and lower respiratory *** of this process by certain conditions such as cigarette smoking can predispose to chronic infection and neoplasm of the nose and paranasal ***:This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Kano metropolis,*** adults were enrolled,a saccharine test was conducted,and the nasal mucociliary clearance time was *** of the result was carried out using Statistical Product and Service Solutions version ***:There were 225 participants categorized into 75 active smokers(33.3%),74 passive smokers(32.9%),and 76 nonsmokers(33.8%,living in a smoking-free zone).The age range of the participants was between 18 and 50 years,with a mean age of(31.2±5.6)*** participants were *** were 139(61.8%)of Hausa-Fulani ethnic group,24(10.7%)Yoruba,18(8.0%)igbo,and 44(19.5%)other ethnic *** in this study showed that the average mucociliary clearance time among active smokers was prolonged([15.25±6.20]min)compared to passive([11.41±4.25]min)and nonsmokers([9.17±2.76]min)respectively,with a statistical significance(F=33.59,Pinary logistic regression revealed that the number of cigarettes smoked per day was an independent predictor of prolonged mucociliary clearance time(P=0.008,odds ratio=0.44,95%confidence interval=0.24–0.80).Conclusion:Active cigarette smoking is associated with prolonged nasal mucociliary clearance *** number of cigarette sticks smoked per day was found to be an independent predictor of prolonged mucociliary clearance time.

关键词： ciliary dyskinesia mucociliary clearance saccharin test smoking

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Cholelithiasis in Children with Sickle Cell Anaemia: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from Northeast Nigeria

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Open Journal of Pediatrics 2019年第1期9卷 75-88页

作者： Ayomikun Ajani iliya jalo Suleiman Tanimu Saad Department of Paediatrics Federal Teaching Hospital (FTH) Gombe Nigeria Department of Paediatrics College of Medical Sciences Gombe State University Gombe Nigeria Department of Radiology Federal Teaching Hospital (FTH) Gombe Nigeria

Background: Nigeria contributes 30% to the global sickle cell anaemia burden. Cholelithiasis occurs commonly in children with sickle cell anaemia and may remain undiagnosed, mimic abdominal vaso-occlusive crises or become complicated by calculus cholecystitis. Early identification of children with sickle cell anaemia who have Cholelithiasis reduces the chances of misdiagnosis, mistreatment and improves outcomes. There is limited knowledge about the prevalence of Cholelithiasis among Nigerian children with sickle cell anaemia. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of Cholelithiasis in children with sickle cell anaemia in Gombe, northeast Nigeria. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional analysis of children with sickle cell anaemia being followed-up at the sickle cell centre of the Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe, northeast Nigeria. We consecutively recruited 294 children aged 2 - 17 years while in steady state from June to November 2017. Quantitative data were collected from parents/caregivers via a researcher administered questionnaire and cholecystosonography performed after a minimum of 8-hour fast. Predictors of Cholelithiasis were examined using binary logistic regression. Results: The mean age of children with sickle cell anaemia was 9.0 ± 4.5 years. The prevalence of Cholelithiasis in children with sickle cell anaemia in steady state was 4.8%. Children aged 15 - 17 years had 12 times higher odds of having Cholelithiasis [AOR = 12.268 (95% Ci = 1.3 - 112.8)]. Conclusion: The prevalence of Cholelithiasis in children with sickle cell anaemia though generally low, increases progressively with age to peak during middle to late adolescence.

关键词： Children Sickle Cell Anaemia Cholelithiasis Northeast Nigeria Adolescence

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HiV Viral Suppression in Children in a Subnational Antiretroviral Treatment Programme in Nigeria

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World Journal of AiDS 2020年第3期10卷 170-185页

作者： Elon Warnow isaac Ayomikun Ajani.jalo iliya Oyeniyi Christianah Danlami Mohammed Hassan Department of Paediatrics College of Medical Sciences Gombe State University Gombe Nigeria Department of Paediatrics Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe Nigeria infectious Diseases Training and Research Group Gombe Nigeria Department of Medical Microbiology Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe Nigeria

Background: Despite years of Paediatric Antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria, the National implementation plan for the scale up of viral load testing was only rece ntly launched. Viral load determination is the most important indicator of ART response. Material & methods: First viral load samples were collected from 663 children living with HiV between December 2017-Decemb er 2019 aged 0 - 18 years on highly active antiretroviral therapy from 4 states within Nigeria. Samples were analyzed at a Polymerase Chain Reaction laboratory of the Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe. Results: Males were 311 (46.9%) and 352 (53.1%) female. Children aged 0 - 9 years constituted 44.9% (298);55.1% (365) were aged 10 - 18 years. This first viral load was primarily routine in 94 .2% (625);2.9% (19) of children respectively had suspected clinical or immunological failure. ART combination was AZT/3TC/NVP in 78.1% (518/663) of CLHiV;TDF/3TC/EFV in 21.2% (141);AZT/3TC/LPV/rtv in 4 (0.6%). Prior to initiation of routine viral load testing $0.55 (366/663) CLHi V had received HAART for 1 - 5 years;7.8% (52/663) for 6 months but 10 years. The most recent CD4 count before viral load request was ≥1000/μL in 24.7% (164) of CLHiV;500 - 999/μL in 42.9% (285);350 - 499 μL in 11% (73) and in 21.3% (141) of children. Viral load was ≥1000 c/ml in 51.3% (340/663) of children. Viral load was >1000 c/ml in 59.9% (174/311) males and 47.2% (166/352) females. Viral load was significantly lower among females (P-value 0.02). Of children aged 0 - 9 years 50.3% (150/298) had viral load > 1000 c/ml and 10 - 18 years 52.1% (190/365) (P value 0.660). Viral load was >1000 c/ml in 38.5% (20/52) of children on HAART for 6 months - 1 year and 52.2% (191/366) after receiving HAART for 1 - 5 years. 52.3% (114/218) and 55.6% (15/27) CLHiV had viral load > 1000 c/ml after receiving HAART for 6 - 10 and >10 years respectively (P value 0.29).

关键词： Children ART Viral Load > 1000 c/ml Nigeria

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Spectrum of Poisoning and Outcome among Children in a Tertiary Hospital, North-East Nigeria: A 20 Years Restrospective Review, 2000-2019

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Open Journal of Pediatrics 2022年第1期12卷 100-124页

作者： Warnow Elon isaac jalo iliya Sani Adamu Daniel Apllos Christianah Oyeniyi Department of Paediatrics College of Medical Sciences Gombe State University Gombe Nigeria Department of Chemical Pathology Gombe State University Gombe Nigeria Department of Paediatrics Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe Nigeria infectious Diseases Training and Research Group Gombe Nigeria

introduction: Acute poisoning in children is cause of hospitalization and death worldwide. it is a Paediatrics emergency with significant economic cost. There are epidemiological differences in acute poisonings in children evaluated in Emergency departments across different countries and regions of the world. The aim of this study was to determine the causes of poisoning in children in our health facility during the period 2000-2019. Methodology: Case notes of children 6 months to 18 years managed for acute poisoning from January 2000 to December 2019 at Paediatrics unit, Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe (FTHG), were analysed. The international classification of Disease iCD 10 was used. Ethical Clearance was obtained. Results: 26,716 children were admitted with 76 cases of Acute poisoning giving a prevalence rate of 2.8/1000 children. 56.6% (43) were males. 63.2% (48) of children were years of age. 69.7% (53) were urban dwellers and 59.2% (45) from low socioeconomic class. 52.6% (40) of poisoning occurred in rainy season. 97.3% (74) of children had unintentional poisoning. Organophosphates 22.3% (17) and kerosine 22.3% (17) were the most common substances ingested. Snake-bite and corrosive ingestion occurred in 13.1% and 11.8% of children respectively. ingestion was the route in 84.2% of cases. 75.0% (57) of poisoning occurred at home. ACP occurred in children aged 1 - 5 years (p-value = 0.025);More in Children from low socioeconomic status (p-value = 0.001) and urban settings (p-value = 0.001). There was no statistically significant relation between type of poisoning and gender p = 0.839, season p = 0.608, religion p = 0.504 and ethnic background p = 0.342. 4.2% (3) children died each from organophosphate, snake bite and tramadol poisoning. Conclusion: Kerosine and organophosphate were the leading cause of accidental childhood poisoning.

关键词： Poisoning Accidental childhood Gombe Nigeria

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Polymerase Chain Reaction Status of HiV Exposed infants in a Sub Regional Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HiV Programme during the Period 2009-2020

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2023年第4期13卷 328-341页

作者： Elon Warnow isaac Ayomikun Ajani.jalo iliya Mohammed Manga Abubakar Joshua Difa Oyeniyi Christianah Oluwaseun Muhammad Danlami Hassan Department of Paediatrics College of Medical Sciences Gombe State University Gombe Nigeria infectious Disease Training and Research Group Gombe Gombe Nigeria Kettering General Hospital University Hospitals of Northamptonshire Kettering United Kingdom Department of Medical Microbiology College of Medical Sciences Gombe State University Gombe Nigeria Department of Community Medicine College of Medical Sciences Gombe State University Gombe Nigeria Department of Molecular Microbiology Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe Gombe Nigeria

introduction: Transitioning to more efficacious Antiretrovirals for HiV infected pregnant women and infant prophylaxis has reduced Mother to child transmission of HiV significantly. This study aimed to determine HiV infection status in HiVexposed infants who had their first DNA polymerase chain reaction test in our molecular Laboratory. Subjects, Materials and Methods: Dried Blood Spots for HiV DNA results from 5 states between 2009 and 2020 were analyzed in the PCR laboratory of the Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe. Results: Nine thousand eight hundred and twenty-three Human immunodeficiency Virus Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase Chain Reaction results were analysed;4937 (50.2%) were males. During the study period, there was an overall declining trend in the mother-to-child transmission rate from 3.8% in 2009 to 1.0% in 2020. 6120 (62.3%) of HiV + mothers received Highly active antiretroviral therapy HAART before pregnancy. 7845 (76.2%) of the infants received Nevirapine prophylaxis. Dried blood spot samples were collected from 4077 (41.5%) at 6 - 8 weeks. 8438 (85.9%) received cotrimoxazole. 9469 (96.4%) were ever breastfed. Of the 9823 HiV DNA PCR results, 255 (2.6%) were positive while 69/4077 (1.7%) and 109/2662 (4.1%) were positive for HiV DNA at 6 - 8 weeks and > 12 weeks respectively. (p = 0.001). 86/747 (11.5%) of infants whose HiV-positive mothers received no ARVS were HiV DNA positive. (p = 0.001). 106/884 (12.0%) of infants who had no Antiretroviral prophylaxis had positive HiV DNA results;7/413 (1.7%) with Zidovudine/Nevirapine prophylaxis had positive results. (p = 0.001). 246/9469 (2.6%) of infants that were ever breastfed were positive for HiV DNA;11/354 (3.0%) that never breastfed had positive HiV DNA. Conclusion: Lack of maternal/infant ARVs and prolonged breastfeeding increased the risk of infant HiV infection.

关键词： Mother to Child Transmission of HiV Antiretrovirals HiV Exposed infants Deoxyribonucleic Acid Polymerase Chain Reaction Early infant Diagnosis

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Bacterial Blood isolates in Children: Conventional vs. Bactec Automated Blood Culture System in a Tertiary Health Centre in Gombe, North East Nigeria

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Open Journal of Medical Microbiology 2022年第3期12卷 101-116页

作者： Elon Warnow isaac iliya jalo Abubakar Joshua Difa Mercy Raymond Poksireni Oyeniyi Christianah Muhammad Saminu Charanci ibrahim Mohammed Mohammed Mohammed Manga Department of Paediatrics College of Medical Sciences Gombe State University and Federal Teaching Gombe Nigeria infectious Disease Training and Research Group Gombe Nigeria Department of Community Medicine College of Medical Sciences Gombe State University and Federal Teaching Gombe Nigeria Department of Medical Microbiology and immunology Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe Nigeria Department of Medical Microbiology and immunology College of Medical Sciences Gombe State University Gombe Nigeria

Background/Aim: Blood culture is critical in the diagnosis and treatment of blood stream infections (BSis) especially in children. BSis are among the most common cause of morbidity/mortality and blood culture has remained the gold standard for diagnosis. We sought to compare Blood Culture isolates (BCi) from conventional and Bactec automated blood culture system (ABCS) among paediatric patients at the Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe (FTHG) Nigeria. Methods: BCi in children (0 - 18 years) by conventional method from 2008-2012 and Bactec Automated culture system from 2015-2020 were retrieved from the clinical microbiology laboratory register. information analyzed included, age, sex, month, and year and blood culture isolates. Results: There were 5276 (56.9% males, 43.1% females) and 1169 (54% males, 46% females) Blood Culture isolates by CM and ABCS respectively. Overall positive culture isolates were 9.7% (515/5276) in CM and 45.9% (536/1169) in ABCS (p = 0.01). Positivity rate in newborn was 13.3% (282/2114) by CM and 40.9% (219/263) by ABCS p = 0.01;under-5 was 10.5% (448/4253) vs. 37% (359/873) (p = 0.01);Gram positive 32.6% (172) vs. 65% (759) (p = 0.01;Gram negative 55% (2910) vs. 34% (397) (p = 0.01). Staph aureus 22% (114/515) by CM vs. 61.9% (332/536)) by ABCS (p = 0.01);Klebsiella 24.9% (128/515) by CM vs. 7.5% (40/536) p = 0.01) in ABCS, E. coli 8.9% (46/515) vs. 2.1% (11/536) p = 0.01;Proteus vs. 1.1% (6/515) by ABCS, Pseudomonas 3.3% (17/515) vs. 5.6% (30/536) p = 0.05, Alkaligenes 1% (5/515) vs. 8.2% (44/536) p = 0.01 and Citrobacter 1% (5/515) vs. 8.4% (45/536) p = 0.01. Conclusion: Blood culture yield was five times higher with Bactec compared with Conventional method.

关键词： Children Blood Culture isolates Manual Automated

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两种优良的锡—镍合金电镀液

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上海电镀 1990年第2期 53-54页

作者： jalo.,SK 郝允科

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Trends in Bacterial Blood Culture isolates and Resistance in Children in Two Microbiologic Eras from a Tertiary Health Facility in North East Nigeria

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Open Journal of Medical Microbiology 2023年第2期13卷 159-182页

作者： Elon Warnow isaac iliya jalo Mohammed M. Manga Abubakar Joshua Difa Mercy Raymond Poksireni Oyeniyi Christianah ibrahim Mohammed Muhammad Saminu Charanci Department of Paediatrics College of Medical Sciences Gombe State University Tudun Wada Nigeria infectious Disease Training and Research Group Gombe (iNDiTREGO) Gombe Nigeria Department of Medical Microbiology College of Medical Sciences Gombe State University Tudun Wada Nigeria Department of Community Medicine College of Medical Sciences Gombe State University Tudun Wada Nigeria Microbiology Laboratory Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe Gombe Nigeria

introduction: Antimicrobial Resistance surveillance is predicated on blood culture as a priority clinical specimen in especially resource limited settings. Establishing trends in blood stream infections and resistance patterns can inform institutional and national policy on antimicrobial stewardship, surveillance, infection prevention and control. Methodology: Blood Culture isolates in children (0 - 18 years) by conventional method from 2008-2012 and Bactec Automated culture system from 2015-2020 were retrieved. information analyzed included age, sex, month, and year and culture growth/identity of microorganisms and their sensitivity/resistance patterns. Clinical and Laboratory Standards institute (CLSi) guideline for antibiotic susceptibility testing was used. Results: 20,540 children were admitted: 8964 (44.6%) and 11,630 (55.4%) in the Manual and Bactec blood culture era respectively. Blood cultures were done in 5271 in the manual culture era and 1077 in the Bactec culture era;of these cultures, 514 (9.7%) and 461 (42.8%) were positive for isolates in the respective era (p = 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences in trend between positive and negative blood cultures in males and females. Newborns, followed by children 1 - 5 years had more blood culture performed on them than other age categories. in general, there is no significant relationship in blood culture outcomes between the age categories and sex of the patients. The isolation of Staph aureus, Citrobacter and Alkaligenes increased two-fold with Bactec automated system. Resistance to the quinolones and the penicillin was high. Resistance trend to Genticin, an aminoglycoside was less than 40%. Resistance to Ceftazidime was high. Conclusion: Antimicrobial resistance surveillance is critical to reduce AMR related morbidity and mortality.

关键词： Trend Blood Culture isolates Children Manual Bactec Resistance

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Transitioning to Automated Microbiologic Era: Blood Culture isolates in Children and Adults in Federal Teaching Hospital in Gombe, North East Nigeria 2016-2020

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Open Journal of Medical Microbiology 2022年第4期12卷 184-203页

作者： Elon Warnow isaac iliya jalo Mohammed M. Manga Abubakar Joshua Difa Mercy Raymond Poksireni Oyeniyi Christianah ibrahim Mohammed Muhammad Saminu Charanci Department of Paediatrics College of Medical Sciences Gombe State University Tudun Wada Gombe Nigeria Department of Medical Microbiology College of Medical Sciences Gombe State University Tudun Wada Gombe Nigeria Department of Community Medicine College of Medical Sciences Gombe State University Tudun Wada Gombe Nigeria infectious Disease Training and Research Group Gombe Gombe Nigeria Microbiology Laboratory Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe Gombe Nigeria

introduction: Automated blood culture systems for incubation and growth monitoring have become the standard in high-income countries (HiCs), but are still relatively expensive and not universally available for implementation in most low- and middle-income countries (LMiC). We aimed to report blood culture isolates using Automated technique in children and adults admitted into the Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe from 2016 to 2020. Materials and Methods: Blood Culture isolates in children (0 - 18 years) and adults (>19 yrs) by Bactec 9050 Automated culture system from 2016-2020 were retrieved from the medical and laboratory register. information analyzed included, age, sex, month, and year and culture growth and reported antibiotic sensitivity. A Bactec Blood culture tests is $20 in this facility. in Nigeria, the minimum monthly wage is $70 (Official currency exchange rate is N423/US Dollar). Results: Of the 1713 blood cultures performed, children 0 - 18 years were 1322 (77.2%) and adult (19 years above) (22.8%). Overall positivity was 733 (42.2%) with males 385 (52.5%). Of the 1322 Blood cultures (BC) in children 615 (46.5%) were positive for isolates and adults 118 (30.2)%. Blood culture positivity decreased with increasing age with newborns 251 (34.5%) and adults > 65 years 18 (2.5%). Staphylococcus aureus constituted 61.3% of all isolates and was the leading isolates in all age groups;Alkaligenes (9.1%);Citrobacter 8.1%, Klebsiella 6.7%;Pseudomonas 6.1%;E. coli 2.7%;Enterococcus 2%;Proteus 1%. Of the Antimicrobial resistance priority isolates E. coli susceptibility ranged from 71% to Gentamycin and 100% to Cefixime;Klebsiella from 25% sensitivity to Amikacin to 78% each to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin;Salmonella was 100% sensitive to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and cefuroxime. Klebsiella was 100% sensitive to Cefoxitin;Proteus sensitivity ranged from 35% to ampicillin and 100% to ciprofloxacin and cefuroxime. Staph aureus sensitivity was 35% to cefoxitin,

关键词： Children Adults Blood Culture isolates Bactec Sensitivity

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Low Level of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Screening in a Tertiary Health Facility in Nigeria 2000-2014: imperative for Provider initiated Testing and Counselling for Hepatitis B Virus?

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2020年第3期10卷 251-264页

作者： Elon Warnow isaac iliya jalo Yaya Saidu Alkali Ayomikun Ajani Joshua Difa Abubakar John Tunde Aremu Christianah Oluwaseun Oyeniyi Mohammed Hassan Danlami Department of Paediatrics College of Medical Sciences Gombe State University Gombe Nigeria Department of Paediatrics Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe Nigeria Department of Community Medicine College of Medical Sciences Gombe State University Gombe Nigeria Department of Medicine Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe Nigeria infectious Diseases Training and Research Group Gombe Nigeria Department of Molecular Microbiology Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe Nigeria

introduction: Viral hepatitis is a major public health challenge that requires an urgent response. Reducing mortality requires major scale-up in prevention, testing and treatment access;coverage in HBV vaccination, testing and treatment is low and must accelerate massively to achieve the 2030 targets. Less than 1% of HBV-infected individuals are diagnosed in Sub-Sahara Africa, despite the availability of rapid tests with good diagnostic accuracy. Materials and Methods: This was retrospective cross sectional study conducted in Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe, in North East Nigeria. All children and adults who presented to the out-patient departments, and those that were admitted irrespective of their HiV and or Hepatitis C virus status and had Hepatitis B and/or Hepatitis B envelope antigen test were conducted between 2000 to 2015. All children and adults were tested using the Hospital standard for Hepatitis B surface antigen test strip. Results: Between 2000 and 2014, 739,456 children and adults were admitted and reviewed in the outpatient units of the Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe;there were 685,552 adults and 53,904 children. Children constituted 7.3% (53,904/739,456) of admissions and outpatient consultations. 2.8% (210/7570), 3.3% (773/23,783), 3.6% (1145/32,142), 5.2% (1694/33,043), 3.3% (986/29,216), 1.9% (661/3321), 0.1% (53/41,626), 0.2% (113/46,634), 2.6% (1418/54,423), 5.4% (3717/69,696), 3.7% (2332/62,086), 3.5% (3241/90,623), 3.2% (2881/89,398), 3.8% (2428/62,687), 2.8% (1835/63,208) of children and adults were tested for HBsAg in 2000, 2001, 20002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 respectively. 23,487 children and adults were tested for HBsAg with a cumulative testing rate of 3%. Overall 4465/23,487 children and adults were seropositive for HBsAg giving a cumulative prevalence of 19%. Conclusion: HBV screening in our health facility is very low

关键词： Hepatitis B Testing Provider initiated Counseling and Testing Sub-Saharan Africa

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