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Dynamics and origin of cytokinins involved in plant manipulation by a leaf-mining insect

Insect Science 2017年第6期24卷 1065-1078页

作者： Hui Zhang Antoine Guiguet Geraldine Dubreuil Anna kisiala peter Andreas R. j. Neil Emery Elisabeth Huguet Melanie Body David Giron Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de I'lnsecte UMR 7261 CNRSIUniversite Francois-Rabelais de Tours Tours France Departement de Biologie Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon Lyon France Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Kyoto Prefectural University Kyoto Japan Department of Biology Trent University Peterborough Canada Division of Plant Sciences Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center University of Missouri Columbia USA

Several herbivorous insects and plant-associated microorganisms control the phytohormonal balance, thus enabling them to successfully exploit the plant by inhibiting plant defenses and withdrawing plant resources for their own benefit. The leaf-mining moth Phyllonorycter blancardella modifies the cytokinin （Ck） profile of mined leaf-tissues, and the insect symbiotic bacteria Wolbachia is involved in the plant manipulation to the benefit of the insect host. To gain a deeper understanding into the possible origin and dynamics of Cks, we conducted an extensive characterization of Cks in larvae and in infected apple leaves. Our results show the enhanced Ck levels in mines, both on green and yellow leaves, allowing insects to control their nutritional supply under fluctuating environmental conditions. The spatial distribution of Cks within the mined leaves shows that hormone manipulation is strictly limited to the mine suggesting the absence of Ck translocation from distant leaf areas toward the insect feeding site. Mass spectrometry analyses reveal that maj.r Ck types accumulating in mines and larvae are similar to what is observed for most gall-inducers, suggesting that strategies underlying the plant manipulation may be shared between herbivorous insects with distinct life histories. Results further show that Cks are detected in the highest levels in larvae, reinforcing our hypothesis that Cks accumulating in the mines originate from the insect itself. Presence of bacteria- specific methylthio-Cks is consistent with previous results suggesting that insect bacterial symbionts contribute to the observed phenotype. Our study provides key findings toward the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying this intricate plant-insect-microbe interaction.

关键词： cytokinins insect bacterial symbionts leaf-miners phytohormones plantinsect-microbe interactions plant manipulation

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Finishing Cattle in All-Natural and Conventional Production Systems

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Open j.urnal of Animal Sciences 2020年第2期10卷 237-253页

作者： Zachary k. Smith peter T. Anderson Bradley j. j.hnson Department of Animal Science South Dakota State University Brookings SD USA Midwest PMS LLC Firestone CO USA Department of Animal and Food Sciences Texas Tech University Lubbock TX USA

Beef cattle producers in the North America have a variety of production and marketing options and must choose the best production system for their situation. This review describes considerations involved in choosing between feeding cattle conventionally versus feeding them in programs that prohibit the use of certain technologies. Data from peer-reviewed j.urnals, extension publications, nutritional consultants, governmental organizations, and feed companies were used to construct this review. Most cattle in North America are fed in conventional production systems. Conventional beef production systems typically use steroidal implants, ionophores, and beta-adrenergic agonists to improve animal productivity;as well as feed grade and inj.ctable antimicrobials to control, treat or prevent disease and improve animal health. These technologies have been shown to lower the cost of production, allowing for beef to be competitive in the global protein market. Some consumers have expressed a preference for beef produced without these technologies. These “All-natural” (AN) cattle may bring a premium price in the market. The economic impact of differing productions systems can be described in relation to 1) cost of production, 2) operating costs of the feedlot, 3) price paid for feeder calves, and 4) price received for fed cattle. Conventional production provides the most favorable outcome for factors 1, 2, and 3, while AN production provides the most favorable outcome for item 4. There are also industry wide and societal aspects related to differing beef production systems related to health and safety of beef, land use, and cost of production allowing for a greater share of the global protein market. Technologies used in conventional production are critical tools to North American beef production. Differences in efficiencies between each type of non-conventional production systems must be re-captured in added premiums when cattle are marketed and sold. Premiums for AN cattle a

关键词： All-Natural Beef Beta-Adrenergic Agonist Conventional Ionophore

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Effect of restricted feeding on hen performance,egg quality and organ characteristics of individual laying hens

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Animal Nutrition 2023年第3期14卷 141-151页

作者： Doreen O.Anene Yeasmin Akter peter C.Thomson peter Groves Cormac j.O'Shea Department of Animal Science School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughLE125RDUnited Kingdom School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of ScienceUniversity of SydneyCamdenNSW 2570Australia Sydney School of Veterinary Science Faculty of SciencePoultry Research FoundationUniversity of SydneyCamdenNSW 2570Australia Department of Bioveterinary and Microbial Sciences Technological University of the Shannon:Midlands MidwestDublin RoadAthloneCo WestmeathN37 HD68Ireland

This study was to assess the impact of permanent or temporary restricted feeding on laying hen production traits,physiology,and egg *** hundred and forty individually housed ISA Brown hens were monitored across 2 phases,assigned to 3 treatments:ad libitum feeding(ALF),temporary restricted feeding(TRF)and permanent restricted feeding(PRF),n=80 hens per *** Phase 1(P1),22 to40 weeks,the TRF and PRF hens were offered 115 g of feed *** Phase 2(P2),41 to 46 weeks,the TRF hens were transitioned to ALF status while the ALF and PRF hens remained as in *** 35 to 40 weeks,eggs were collected once weekly from 15 hens per treatment and assessed for differences in albumen,yolk,and shell *** 45 weeks,10 hens each from the ALF and PRF groups were euthanized and differences in organ characteristics were *** P1,feed intake,feed to egg conversion ratio and body weight(BW)change were lower(Pke and feed conversion ratio were higher in TRF followed by ALF and least in the PRF treatment group(Pks ALF hens had a greater abdominal fat pad weight and fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome lesion score compared to *** hens to 115 g of feed per day from point of lay restrained BW,improved feed conversion ratio and albumen quality and reduced abdominal fat pad deposition and clinical signs of fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome in individually housed laying hens.

关键词： Restricted feeding Albumen quality Fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome Abdominal fat Laying hen Body weight

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The Effect of Direct Gas Fluorination on Medical Grade Poly(methyl methacrylate)

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Open j.urnal of Organic Polymer Materials 2014年第4期4卷 74-83页

作者： Balj.t k. Ghatora Stephen j. Barton peter j. S. Foot Philip Miller Tate Materials Research Centre Kingston University Penrhyn Road Kingston upon Thames Surrey UK

Medical-grade poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is extensively employed in the fabrication of a variety of medical implants, including intraocular lenses (IOLs). However, a postoperative complication that leads to the failure of the implanted intraocular lenses has been recently identified. This process, termed calcification, occurs when calcium-containing deposits accumulate on the surface of the IOL. In this study direct gas fluorination was used to modify the surface of PMMA in an attempt to increase the service lifetime of the material in optical applications. PMMA discs exposed to a 20% fluorine/nitrogen gas mixture for 24 h were compared with untreated PMMA discs serving as control samples. Over time, both surface-fluorinated and untreated PMMA samples immersed in a simulated aqueous humour solution (SAHS) (pH 7.4, 35°C) were used to carry out in vitro studies. Attenuated total refractive Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), coupled with Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), showed that calcium-containing surface deposits were less abundant on surface-fluorinated PMMA compared with the control samples, indicating that the fluorinated surface was acting as a barrier to the deposits. Gravimetric analysis data showed that the decreased rate of diffusion compared with that of a control sample was due to the fluorinated surface.

关键词： Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) Surface Fluorination In Vitro Studies Simulated Aqueous Humour Solution (SAHS) Medical Polymers

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DEBRA: On the Unsupervised Learning of Concept Hierarchies from (Literary) Text

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International j.urnal of Intelligence Science 2023年第4期13卷 81-130页

作者： peter j. Worth Domagoj.Doresic Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton USA Interdisciplinary Research Unit Mathematics and Life Sciences University of Bonn Bonn Germany

With this work, we introduce a novel method for the unsupervised learning of conceptual hierarchies, or concept maps as they are sometimes called, which is aimed specifically for use with literary texts, as such distinguishing itself from the maj.rity of research literature on the topic which is primarily focused on building ontologies from a vast array of different types of data sources, both structured and unstructured, to support various forms of AI, in particular, the Semantic Web as envisioned by Tim Berners-Lee. We first elaborate on mutually informing disciplines of philosophy and computer science, or more specifically the relationship between metaphysics, epistemology, ontology, computing and AI, followed by a technically in-depth discussion of DEBRA, our dependency tree based concept hierarchy constructor, which as its name alludes to, constructs a conceptual map in the form of a directed graph which illustrates the concepts, their respective relations, and the implied ontological structure of the concepts as encoded in the text, decoded with standard Python NLP libraries such as spaCy and NLTk. With this work we hope to both augment the knowledge Representation literature with opportunities for intellectual advancement in AI with more intuitive, less analytical, and well-known forms of knowledge representation from the cognitive science community, as well as open up new areas of research between Computer Science and the Humanities with respect to the application of the latest in NLP tools and techniques upon literature of cultural significance, shedding light on existing methods of computation with respect to documents in semantic space that effectively allows for, at the very least, the comparison and evolution of texts through time, using vector space math.

关键词： Ontology Learning Ontology Engineering Concept Hierarchies Concept Mapping Concept Maps Artificial Intelligence Philosophy Natural Language Processing knowledge Representation knowledge Representation and Reasoning Machine Learning Natural Language Processing NLP Computer Science Theoretical Computer Science Epistemology Metaphysics Philosophy Logic Computing Ontology First Order Logic Predicate Calculus

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Labial tip sensilla of Blissus leucopterus leucopterus （Hemiptera： Blissidae）： Ultrastructure and behavior

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Insect Science 2008年第3期15卷 271-275页

作者： Gerald T. Baker Xiong Chen peter W.k. Ma Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Box 9775 Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS 39762 USA

The cuticular sensory receptors that are found on the apex of the labium of hemipterans play an important role in their feeding behavior. In this study we describe the ultrastructure, number, and distribution of sensilla on the labium apex of the chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus leucopterus. Each apical field of sensilla on the labium contains 11 uniporous peg sensilla and one sensillum chaeticum. The uniporous peg sensilla are innervated by 4-5 bipolar neurons that send dendrites in the lumen of each peg. Three neurons are associated with each sensillum chaeticum, two neurons have dendrites in the lumen of the sensillum, and the third dendrite ends in a tubular body at the base of the sensillum. Behavioral tests that involve chemical blockage of the sensory receptors show the importance of the labial sensilla in feeding behavior. Both morphological and behavioral evidence indicate that the labial sensilla have a chemosensitive function.

关键词： behavioral tests chinch bug electron microscopy labial sensilla Nmethylmaleimide

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Enhancing prognostic accuracy in predicting rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms

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World j.urnal of Gastroenterology 2024年第37期30卷 4087-4089页

作者： Renin peter AA Raj.Abdulqadir j.Nashwan Department of Medicine Aston Medical SchoolBirmingham B47ETUnited Kingdom Department of Nursing&Midwifery Research Hamad Medical CorporationDoha 3050Qatar

The recently published retrospective study introduces the GATIS score,a new predictive model for rectal neuroendocrine *** analyzing data from a large Chinese multicenter cohort,the study shows that the GATIS score,incor-porating tumor grade,T stage,tumor size,age,and prognostic nutritional index,demonstrates superior predictive power for overall survival and progression-free survival compared to traditional World Health Organization grade and tumor,nodes and metastases staging *** editorial aims to discuss the impor-tance of the GATIS score,its potential impact on clinical practice,and the strengths and limitations of the ***,it explores the significance,methodology,and clinical implications of these findings.

关键词： Rectal neuroendocrine neoplasm Nomogram Random forest Prognosis Overall survival Progression-free survival

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The Designer's Guide to VHDL 2nd ed.

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2002年

作者： peter j. Ashenden

ISBN: (纸本)9781558606746

Since the publication of the first edition of The Designer's Guide to VHDL in 1996, digital electronic systems have increased exponentially in their complexity, product lifetimes have dramatically shrunk, and reliability requirements have shot through the roof. As a result more and more designers have turned to VHDL to help them dramatically improve productivity as well as the quality of their designs. VHDL, the IEEE standard hardware description language for describing digital electronic systems, allows engineers to describe the structure and specify the function of a digital system as well as simulate and test it before manufacturing. In addition, designers use VHDL to synthesize a more detailed structure of the design, freeing them to concentrate on more strategic design decisions and reduce time to market. Adopted by designers around the world, the VHDL family of standards have recently been revised to address a range of issues, including portability across synthesis tools. This best-selling comprehensive tutorial for the language and authoritative reference on its use in hardware design at all levels--from system to gates--has been revised to reflect the new IEEE standard, VHDL-2001. peter Ashenden, a member of the IEEE VHDL standards committee, presents the entire description language and builds a modeling methodology based on successful software engineering techniques. Reviewers on *** have consistently rated the first edition with five stars. This second edition updates the first, retaining the authors unique ability to teach this complex subj.ct to a broad audience of students and practicing professionals.

关键词： VHDL (Computer hardware description language)

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Simulation of Propagation Loss Models and Antenna Designs for Naval Troposcatter and Tropospheric Duct Communications

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China Communications 2007年第3期4卷 63-68页

作者： Nikos j.Farsaris peter P.Stavroulakis Aristotle's University of Thessaloniki Faculty of Electrical Engineering Telecommunications Department Technical University of Crete Electronic and Computer Engineering Department Systems Sector Prof.

Tropospheric Scattering(Troposcatter) and Tropospheric Ducting are two different mechanisms due to in-homogenoueties in the lower part of the Earths *** common influence in propagation of microwaves is studied here in order to achieve a feasible naval communication *** not new,Troposcatter together with Tropospheric Ducting communications are regaining popularity in current military and civil applications such as isolated islands and oil extraction facilities in the open *** innovation proposed here is the application of such systems in naval communications where at least one of the stations is *** propagation together with fading models are simulated using appropriate programs and scientific simulation packets in order to predict maximum range of such communication systems in each dominant mode of *** appropriate antenna design proposals are given to overcome the high propagation loss and minimize possible interferences.

关键词： naval communications tropospheric scattering tropospheric ducting

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On environmental threats to male infertility

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Asian j.urnal of Andrology 2013年第2期15卷 199-200,I0005页

作者： Allen j.Wilcox j.ns peter E Bonde Epidemiology Branch National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Durham NC 27709-2233 USA Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine University Hospital of Copenhagen Copenhagen NV DK-2400 Denmark

The possibility that environmental pollutants damage human fertility is a topic of both public concern and scientific interest. The effect of environmental factors on male fertility （semen parameters） has been a special focus, stimulated in part by the dramatic damage inflicted by the pcstlcide DBCP on testicular function. Extensive searches for testicular toxicants （in particular, the proposed effects of endocrine-disrupting compounds through fetal exposure） have produced little hard evidence of impairment in humans. This scarcity of evidence may reflect the difficultles of studying human fertility. Future fertifity studies should consider the wide spectrum of environmental exposures that plausibly affect reproduction.

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