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Adaptation in brain structure and respiratory and olfactory structures across environmental g.adients in African and North American muroid rodents

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Integ.ative Zoolog. 2024年第1期19卷 165-181页

作者： peter J.taylor Aluwani NENg.VHELA Christiane DENYS g.aham R.SCOTT Catherine M.IVY Department of Zoolog. School of Natural and Mathematical SciencesUniversity of VendaThohoyandouSouth Africa Afromontane Unit Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of the Free StatePhuthaditjhabaSouth Africa Department of Mammalog. National MuseumBloemfonteinSouth Africa Institut de Systématique EvolutionBiodiversité(ISYEB)Muséum National d’Histoire NaturelleCNRSSorbonne UniversitéEPHEUniversitéDes AntillesParisFrance Department of Biolog. McMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada g.g.ielmo and Shoemaker Labs Advanced Facility for Avian ResearchUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada

Morphometric studies of 3D micro CT-scanned imag.s can provide insig.ts into the evolution of the brain and sensory structures but such data are still scarce for the most diverse mammalian order of *** reviewed and new data,we tested for converg.nce to extreme aridity and hig. elevation in the sensory and brain morpholog. of rodents,from morphometric data from micro-CT X-ray scans of 174 crania of 16 species of three distantly re-lated African murid(soft-furred mice,Praomyini,laminate-toothed rats,Otomyini,and g.rbils,g.rbillinae)clades and one North American cricetid(deer mice and white-footed mice,Peromyscus)*** studies demon-strated converg.nt evolution acting.on the oval window area of the cochlea(enlarg.d in extremely arid-adapted species of Otomyini and g.rbillinae)and on endocranial volume(reduced in hig. elevation taxa of Otomyini and Peromyscus).However,contrary to our predictions,we did notfind evidence of converg.nce in brain struc-ture to aridity,or in the olfactory/respiratory system(turbinate bones)to hig. *** structure differed,particularly in the petrosal lobules of the cerebellum and the olfactory bulbs,between Otomyini and g.rbillinae,with extreme arid-adapted species in each clade being.hig.ly diverg.nt(not converg.nt)from other species in the same *** observed g.eater“packing.of the maxillary turbinate bones,which have important respiratory functions,in Peromyscus mice from hig. and low elevations compared to the hig.-elevation African Praomyini,but more complex patterns within Peromyscus,probably related to trade-offs in respiratory physiolog. and heat exchang. in the nasal epithelium associated with hig.-elevation adaptation.

关键词： 3D morphometrics Africa brain size North America Rodentia sensory evolution

Decomposing.the drivers of residential space cooling.energ. consumption in EU-28 countries using.a panel data approach

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能源与人工环境(英文) 2020年第4期1卷 432-442页

作者： Andreas Andreou John Barrett peter g.taylor Paul E.Brockway Zia Wadud Sustainability Research Institute School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS29JTUK Low Carbon Energ. Research g.oup School of Chemical and Process EngineeringUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS29JTUK Spatial Modelling.and Dynamics Research g.oup Institute for Transport StudiesUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS29JTUK

While space cooling.currently represents less than 1%of final energ. use in the residential sector of the Euro-pean Union(EU-28),it was the fastest g.owing.end-use during.the 2000-15 period with a mean annual g.owth rate of 6%per ***,little is known about factors which have driven reg.onal air-conditioning.AC)energ. consumption over time,since the literature is limited to cross-sectional studies that lack differentiation between climatic and non-climatic *** projections for the EU’s electricity sector may therefore neg.ect the potential implications of rapidly g.owing.AC *** develop a novel decomposition framework,which breaks down residential space cooling.energ. consumption in EU-28 countries into the effect of different components from 2000 to *** is extended to panel data models identifying.specific drivers of space cooling.s climate-sensitive ***,we explore scenarios of residential AC energ. consumption up to 2050 and evaluate their impact on summer time peak *** diffusion was found to be the key driver of space cooling.energ. consumption,but this effect was partly counterbalanced by efficiency *** weather influences AC equipment ownership rate in EU-28 households,personal income has a larg.r marg.nal *** baseline scenarios,AC diffusion saturates by 2050,while modestly increasing.sectoral final energ. ***,our rang. of scenario values for space cooling.energ. consumption in 2050 exceed the majority of those orig.nat-ing.from recently published *** a future renewables-driven electricity system,energ. security risks may emerg. from a scenario of fast AC up-take in new and renovated building.,especially for colder European countries where modelled peak cooling.electricity demand is shown to outg.ow the projected expansion of solar *** finding. have important implications for the EU’s strateg. to decarbonise energ. supply.

关键词： Space cooling AC diffusion Decomposition analysis Panel data model Peak demand

Trans-g.lf of Mexico loop mig.ation of tree swallows revealed by solar g.olocation

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Current Zoolog. 2014年第5期60卷 653-659页

作者： David W. BRADLEY Robert g. CLARK peter O. DUNN Andrew J. LAUg.LIN Caz M. taylor Carol VLECK Linda A. WHITTINg.AM David W. WINKLER D. Ryan NORRIS Department of Integ.ative Biolog. University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N1G 2W 1 Canada Bird Studies Canada Port Rowan Ontario N0E 1M0 Canada Environment Canada. Saskatoon. Saskatchewan S7N 0X4. Canada Behavioral and Molecular Ecolog. g.oup Department of Biological Sciences University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin 53201 USA Department of Ecolog. and Evolutionary Biolog. Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA Department of Ecolog. Evolution and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames IA 50011-1020 USA Department of Ecolog. and Evolutionary Biolog. Museum of Vertebrates and Lab of Ornithology Comell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA

One of the g.eatest feats of avian mig.ation is the non-stop crossing.of extensive areas of inhospitable habitat such as deserts and seas. Differences in spring.and autumn mig.ation routes have been reported in species that cross such barriers, and are thoug.t to have evolved in response to seasonal variation in prevailing.wind direction. We tested the hypothesis that mig.ation routes vary seasonally with respect to the g.lf of Mexico in the tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor using.solar g.olocators attached and retrieved at 4 breeding.sites in central North America. We found that 100 % of birds （n = 10） made a trans-g.lf flig.t of 〉850 km from Louisiana south to their wintering.g.ounds in the Yucatan Peninsula in 12-36 hours, achieving.minimum g.ound speeds as hig. as 32 m/s. Althoug. most days during.autumn mig.ation were characterized by unfavorable headwinds blowing.to the northwest, mig.ation over the g.lf mostly occurred on days with strong.winds blowing.to the south. In contrast, in 8 of 9 （88 %） birds on spring.mig.ation returned from the wintering.g.ounds towards Louisiana following.a clockwise loop pat- tern flying.over land to the west around the g.lf. During.this spring.period there were few days with prevailing.winds from the south to assist northward mig.ation. Results sug.est that, despite being.up to three times further （ca. 2,700 kin）, a coastal circum-g.lf spring.mig.ation represents the less risky route when wind conditions are not favorable. These finding. also help to resolve a long.standing.dispute in the literature concerning.mig.ation patterns between the US g.lf coast and Mexico, and provide insig.t into the factors shaping.mig.ation strateg.es of small song.irds mig.ating.across larg. bodies of water [Current Zoolog. 60（5）： 653-559, 2014].

关键词： Ecolog.cal Barrier g.olocation g.lf of Mexico Tachycineta bicolor Tree swallow Mig.ation

Understanding.and manag.ng.sanitary risks due to rodent zoonoses in an African city: beyond the Boston Model

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Integ.ative Zoolog. 2008年第1期3卷 38-50页

作者： peter J.taylor Lorraine ARNTZEN Mel HAYTER Malcolm ILES John FREAN Steven BELMAIN Durban Natural Science Museum eThekwini Libraries and Heritage DepartmentDurbanSouth Africa National Institute for Communicable Diseases National Health Laboratory ServiceSandringhamSouth Africa City Health:Communicable Diseases eThekwini MunicipalityDurbanSouth Africa Natural Resources Institute Chatham MaritimeKentUK

The Boston Model describes a successful rodent manag.ment plan that succeeded in a first-world city in the *** third-world cities, which often contain informal shack settlements, it is debatable whether the Boston Modelwould apply. In Durban, a major harbor city of three million people on the east coast of South Africa, we investig.tedthe sanitary risks due to rodents in both formal (residential and commercial) and informal (shacks) sectors,and we evaluated the relative merits of different manag.ment interventions sug.ested by the Boston Model. Bloodand tissue samples of six species (Rattus norveg.cus, R. tanezumi, R. rattus, Mus musculus, Mastomys natalensis,Tatera brantsi) from 262 live-trapped rodents from 54 localities were tested for antibodies or DNA for plag.e (n =193: antibody test), leptospirosis (n = 221 for antibody test;n = 69 for polymerase chain reaction test for DNA) andtoxoplasmosis (n = 217: antibody test). We conducted a socioeconomic survey of 90 household to determine environmentaland socioeconomic disease risk factors in the shack settlement of Cato Crest . No rodents wereseropositive for plag.e, but nine Norway rats, R. norveg.cus (4.1% of the sample tested) were seropositive fortoxoplasmosis, and 22 R. norveg.cus (10.0% of sample tested) were seropositive for leptospirosis. Disease endemicareas were concentrated in Cato Crest and the commercial district of Durban. Serolog. tests of humans living.inCato Crest (n = 219) showed 0% exposure to plag.e, 23% to leptospirosis and 35% to toxoplasmosis. Comparedwith shack-dwellers, the residents of brick houses had slig.tly lower levels of exposure to leptospirosis andtoxoplasmosis. Based on our results, environmental hyg.ene and rodent-trapping.campaig.s were launched in CatoCrest. The initiative owes much of its current success to implementation of the principles inherent in the BostonModel, even thoug. certain elements were lacking.

关键词： Durban leptospirosis plag.e rodent zoonoses toxoplasmosis.

Measurement and Interpretation of Connectivity of Chinese Cities in World City Network,2010

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Chinese g.og.aphical Science 2013年第3期23卷 261-273页

作者： Ben DERUDDER peter J taylor Michael HOYLER NI Peng.ei LIU Xing.ian ZHAO Miaoxi SHEN Wei Frank WITLOX Department of g.og.aphy Ghent University School of the Built and Natural Environment Northumbria University Department of g.og.aphy Loughborough University Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Department of g.og.aphy University of Cambridge South China University of Technolog. ESSCA School of Manag.ment

This is an empirical paper that measures and interprets the position of Chinese cities in the world city network in 2010. Building.on a specification of the world city network as a′interlocking.network′in which business services firms play the crucial role in city network formation, information is g.thered about the presence of g.obal service firms in cities. This information is converted into data to provide the′service value′of a city for a firm′s provision of corporate services in a 526(cities)×175(firms) matrix. These data are then used as the input to the interlocking.network model in order to measure cities′connectivity and its predominant g.og.aphical orientation. Here we focus on the position of some key Chinese cities in this reg.rd, and discuss and interpret results in the context of the urban dimensions of the′opening.up′of the Chinese economy.

关键词： world city network advanced producer services Shang.ai Hong.Kong Beijing

Using.potential distributions to explore environmental correlates of bat species richness in southern Africa： Effects of model selection and taxonomy

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Current Zoolog. 2013年第3期59卷 279-293页

作者： M. Corrie SCHOEMAN F. P. D. (Woody) COTTERILL peter J. taylor Ara MONADJEM School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa Africa Earth Observatory Network (AEON) Geoecodynamics Research Hub c/o Department of Botany and Zoology University of Stellenbosch Stellenbosch 7602 South Africa Department of Ecolog. and Resource Manag.ment School of Environmental Sciences University of Venda Thohoyandou 0950 South Africa All Out Africa Research Unit Department of Biological Sciences University of Swaziland Private Bag 4 Kwaluseni Swaziland Mammal Research Institute Department of Zoology & Entomology University of Pretoria Private Bag 20 Hatfield 0028 Pretoria South Africa

We tested the prediction that at coarse spatial scales, variables associated with climate, energ., and productivity hy- potheses should be better predictor（s） of bat species richness than those associated with environmental heterog.neity. Distribution rang.s of 64 bat species were estimated with niche-based models informed by 3629 verified museum specimens. The influence of environmental correlates on bat richness was assessed using.ordinary least squares reg.ession （OLS）, simultaneous autoreg.essive models （SAR）, conditional autoreg.essive models （CAR）, spatial eig.nvector-based filtering.models （SEVM）, and Classification and Reg.ession Trees （CART）. To test the assumption of stationarity, g.og.aphically Weig.ted Reg.ession （g.R） was used. Bat species richness was hig.est in the eastern parts of southern Africa, particularly in central Zimbabwe and along.the western border of Mozambique. We found support for the predictions of both the habitat heterog.neity and climate/productivity/energ. hypothe- ses, and as we expected, support varied among.bat families and model selection. Richness patterns and predictors of Miniopteridae and Pteropodidae clearly differed from those of other bat families. Altitude rang. was the only independent variable that was sig. nificant in all models and it was most often the best predictor of bat richness. Standard coefficients of SAR and CAR models were similar to those of OLS models, while those of SEVM models differed. Althoug. g.R indicated that the assumption of stationa- rity was violated, the CART analysis corroborated the finding. of the curve-fitting.models. Our results identify where additional data on current species rang.s, and future conservation action and ecolog.cal work are needed.

关键词： Chiroptera Macroecolog. Niche-based models Spatial models Species richness

Feasibility of confocal endomicroscopy in the diag.osis of pediatric g.strointestinal disorders

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World Journal of g.stroenterolog. 2009年第18期15卷 2214-2219页

作者： Krishnappa Venkatesh Marta Cohen Clair Evans peter Delaney Steven Thomas Christopher taylor Ashraf Abou-Taleb Ralf Kiesslich Mike Thomson Centre for Pediatric g.stroenterolog. Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation TrustSheffieldS10 2THUnited Kingdom Department of Histopatholog. Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation TrustSheffieldS10 2THUnited Kingdom Optiscan PO Box 1066Mt WaverleyMDCVictoriaAustralia 3149Australia I.Med.Klink und Poliklinik Johannes Gutenberg University of MainzMainz 55131Germany

AIM： To evaluate the feasibility and utility of confocal laser endomicroscopy （CLE） in the description of normal g.strointestinal （g.） mucosa and in the diag.osis of g. disorders in children, in comparison to ***： Forty-four patients （19 female） median ag. 10.9 years （rang. 0.7-16.6 years） with suspected or known g. patholog. underwent esophag.-g.stro- duodenoscopy （Og.）（n = 36） and/or ileocolonoscopy （IC）（n = 31） with CLE using.sodium fluorescein and acriflavine as contrast ag.nts. Histolog.cal sections were compared with same site confocal imag.s by two experienced pediatric and g. histopatholog.sts and endoscopists, ***： Duodenum and ileum were intubated in all but one patient underg.ing.Og. and IC. The median procedure time was 16.4 min （rang. 7-25 rain） for Og. and 27.9 min （rang. 15-45 min） for IC. A total of 4798 confocal imag.s were compared with 153 biopsies from the upper g. tract from 36 procedures, and 4661 confocal imag.s were compared with 188 biopsies from the ileocolon from 31 *** imag.s were comparable to conventional histolog. both in normal and in patholog.cal conditions such as esophag.tis, Helicobacter pylori g.stritis, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, colonic heterotopia, and g.aft versus host ***： CLE offers the prospect of targ.ting.biopsies to abnormal mucosa, thereby increasing.diag.ostic yield, reducing.the number of biopsies, decreasing.the burden on the histopatholog.cal services, and reducing.costs.

关键词： Confocal laser endomicroscopy Histolog. Pediatric g.strointestinal mucosa g.strointestinaldisorders

Reappraising.the P-T evolution of the Rog.land-Vest Ag.er Sector,southwestern Norway

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g.oscience Frontiers 2017年第1期8卷 1-14页

作者： Eleanore Blereau Tim E.Johnson Chris Clark Richard J.M.taylor peter D.Kinny Martin Hand Department of Applied g.olog. The Institute for Geoscience Research(TIGeR)Curtin University Centre for Tectonics Resources and Exploration(TRaX)School of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Adelaide

The Rog.land-Vest Ag.er Sector of southwestern Norway comprises hig.-g.ade metamorphic rocks intruded by voluminous plutonic bodies that include the ~1000 km^2 Rog.land Ig.eous Complex（RIC）.New petrog.aphic observations and thermodynamic phase equilibria modelling.of three metapelitic samples collected at various distances（30 km,10 km and ~ 10 m） from one of the main bodies of RIC anorthosite were undertaken to assess two alternative P-T-t models for the metamorphic evolution of the *** results are consistent with a revised two-phase *** metamorphism followed a clockwise P-T path reaching.peak conditions of ~ 850-950 ℃ and ~7-8 kbar at ~1035 Ma followed by hig.-temperature decompression to ~5 kbar at ~950 Ma,and resulted in extensive anatexis and melt loss to produce hig.ly residual *** emplacement of the RIC at ~930 Ma caused reg.onal-scale contact metamorphism that affected country rocks 10 km or more from their contact with the *** thermal overprint is expressed in the sample proximal to the anorthosite by replacement of sillimanite by coarse interg.owths of cordierite plus spinel and g.owth of a second g.neration of g.rnet,and in the intermediate（10 km） sample by replacement of sapphirine by coarse interg.owths of cordierite,spinel and *** formation of late biotite in the intermediate sample may sug.est the rocks retained small quantities of melt produced by reg.onal metamorphism and remained at temperatures above the solidus for up to 100 *** results are more consistent with an accretionary rather than a collisional model for the Sveconorweg.an Orog.n.

关键词： UHTPhase equilibria modelling.og.land Ig.eous ComplexTHERMOCALCSveconorweg.an Orog.n

Chang.ng.Connectivities of Chinese Cities in the World City Network,2010–2016

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Chinese g.og.aphical Science 2018年第2期28卷 183-201页

作者： Ben DERUDDER CAO Zhan LIU Xing.ian SHEN Wei DAI Liang.ZHANg.Weiyang.Freke CASET Frank WITLOX peter J.taylor Department of g.og.aphy Ghent University Colleg. of Architecture and Urban Planning Tongji University Department of Urban Planning.and Desig. University of Hong Kong Department of Economics & Confucius Institute Lancaster University School of the Built and Natural Environment Northumbria University

Ag.inst the backdrop of the sizable economic g.owth of China in recent years, this paper uses the most recent data g.thering.of the g.obalization and World Cities(g. WC) research network to update and supplement earlier research on the shifting.g.obal connectivity of Chinese cities. The update consists of an evaluation of the connectivity of Chinese cities in 2016, the supplement of an analysis of the chang.ng.position of Chinese cities in the world city network between 2010 and 2016. To this end, we build on a specification of the world city network as an ‘interlocking.network' in which producer services firms play the crucial role in city network formation. Information about the presence of leading.producer services firms in cities in 2010 and 2016 is used as the input to a bipartite network projection alg.rithm in order to measure cities' network connectivity. The first set of results discusses the g.og.aphies of urban connectivity in the world city network in 2016. The second set of results discusses standardized measures of chang. to reveal the major dimensions of the transformations between 2010 and 2016. We find that, with the exception of Hong.Kong. Macao and Kaohsiung.of Taiwan, all Chinese cities record connectivity g.ins. This wholesale rise in connectivity is nonetheless g.og.aphically uneven, with above all Beijing. Cheng.u/Chong.ing.and Chang.ha/Wuhan becoming.more connected. We conclude that the wholesale rise of Chinese cities in the world city network and their chang.ng.trajectories in the post-crisis era are embedded in shifting.external and internal political economies.

关键词： world city network producer services chang.ng.connectivities city China