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Review on heat-to-power conversion technologies for hypersonic vehicles

Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2024年第5期37卷 148-179页

作者： Yinke QI Xiaofeng MA peixue jiang Yinhai ZHU Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education Department of Energy and Power EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Beijing Key Laboratory of CO_(2)Utilization and Reduction Technology Department of Energy and Power EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

Hypersonic vehicles have enormous military and economic value,while their power and thermal protection demands will increase substantially with the rise in Mach number and *** the tremendous high-quality heat on the vehicle surface and engine wall into electrical energy through heat-to-power technologies will not only play a role in thermal protection,but also supply power for the *** paper provides a comprehensive review of heat-to-power conversion technologies on hypersonic vehicles,including the indirect conversion of Brayton and Rankine cycles,direct conversion of thermoelectric materials,and combined *** the open Brayton cycle with hydrocarbon fuel as the working fluid,the Power-to-Weight Ratio(PWR)can achieve the highest,at around 1.8,due to the high PWR of the hydrocarbon fuel turbine and the few components of the ***,its work capacity is limited by the flow rate of the supplied *** closed Brayton cycle can maintain a relatively high PWR,ranging from 0.2 to 0.8,while achieving relatively high output power and conversion *** Rankine cycle has a higher PWR,its range is close to that of the closed Brayton cycle,peaking at about *** thermoelectric materials technology has a small power generation level,making it more suitable for scenarios with low power *** review provides a basis for selecting and developing heat-to-power conversion technologies on hypersonic vehicles.

关键词： Hypersonic vehicles Heat-to-power conversion Brayton cycle Rankine cycle Thermoelectric materials

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纳米受限效应下流体自扩散机理及规律研究

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工程热物理学报 2024年第3期45卷 778-784页

作者：曾克成姜培学胥蕊娜热科学与动力工程教育部重点实验室清华大学能源与动力工程系北京100084

当固体壁面间距仅有几个纳米时,纳米受限效应使得流体自扩散系数降低12个数量级,孔径、温度和压力的影响显著且复杂。分析受限流体扩散机理和规律,建立简洁的关联式具有重要意义。本研究从分子模拟出发,经过仔细计算和分析,获得了大量... 详细信息

当固体壁面间距仅有几个纳米时,纳米受限效应使得流体自扩散系数降低12个数量级,孔径、温度和压力的影响显著且复杂。分析受限流体扩散机理和规律,建立简洁的关联式具有重要意义。本研究从分子模拟出发,经过仔细计算和分析,获得了大量纳米孔隙中流体自扩散系数数据。分析了壁面吸附作用对流体扩散的影响机理和规律,提出了可简单描述流体扩散行为的无量纲扩散系数,从而与努森数建立相应关联式,具有较强的适用性。

关键词：纳米受限流体扩散分子动力学

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陶瓷基复合材料相变发汗冷却实验研究

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工程热物理学报 2024年第2期45卷 506-513页

作者：李晓阳李浩姜培学胥蕊娜清华大学能源与动力工程系热科学与动力工程教育部重点实验室北京100084

采用轻质耐高温陶瓷基复合材料和相变冷却剂分别是发汗冷却的重要发展方向,然而两者相结合的发汗冷却研究相对缺乏。本文在超声速风洞中实验研究了C/C-SiC陶瓷基复合材料的相变发汗冷却过程,分析了复合材料孔隙结构对发汗冷却性能的影... 详细信息

采用轻质耐高温陶瓷基复合材料和相变冷却剂分别是发汗冷却的重要发展方向,然而两者相结合的发汗冷却研究相对缺乏。本文在超声速风洞中实验研究了C/C-SiC陶瓷基复合材料的相变发汗冷却过程,分析了复合材料孔隙结构对发汗冷却性能的影响。结果表明,陶瓷基复合材料平板中,非均匀分布的孔隙结构加剧了蒸汽堵塞效应,导致平板存在局部高温且难以随注入率提升而消除;而孔隙结构较为均匀的材料,表面的温度分布均匀性和冷却效率明显提高。与金属烧结多孔材料相比,陶瓷基复合材料渗透率和热导率较低导致相变比例低,发汗冷却效率偏低。未来需要继续对孔隙结构的优化方法进行研究,以进一步提升复合材料相变发汗冷却效率和均匀性。

关键词：发汗冷却复合材料相变超声速

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大型双馈风电机组弹性支承动态特性分析

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可再生能源 2024年第8期42卷 1054-1060页

作者：尹尧杰褚景春姜培学国电联合动力技术有限公司北京100039 国家能源集团新能源技术研究院有限公司北京102209 清华大学热能工程系北京100084

风电机组正在朝着大型化与智能化方向发展,机组载荷成倍增长,这对机组部件的动力学设计提出了更高要求。文章以风电机组齿轮箱弹性支承为研究对象,首先,采用多体动力学软件建立了风电机组整机动力学模型,并耦合风轮气动载荷计算与风电... 详细信息

风电机组正在朝着大型化与智能化方向发展,机组载荷成倍增长,这对机组部件的动力学设计提出了更高要求。文章以风电机组齿轮箱弹性支承为研究对象,首先,采用多体动力学软件建立了风电机组整机动力学模型,并耦合风轮气动载荷计算与风电机组控制程序;然后,利用搭建的风电机组整机模型计算了均匀风速下齿轮箱弹性支承的动态响应时频特性,对比分析了风切变、塔影效应以及非线性刚度对弹性支承响应的影响规律;最后,结合实际仿真计算了湍流风速工况下风电机组一个弹性支承出现损坏时的动态响应。结果表明,当弹性支承出现损坏仅能匹配50%刚度时,其响应会急剧增大,超过振动标准安全阈值4倍以上,影响风电机组整机安全稳定运行。

关键词：风电机组多体动力学非线性刚度弹性支承动态特性

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Effect of reactive surface area of minerals on mineralization trapping of CO_2 in saline aquifers

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Petroleum Science 2012年第3期9卷 400-407页

作者： LUO Shu XU Ruina jiang peixue Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education Beijing Key Laboratory of CO_(2) Utilization and Reduction TechnologyDepartment of Thermal EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

The reactive surface area, an important parameter controlling mineral reactions, affects the amount of mineralization trapping of CO2 which affects the long-term CO2 storage. The effect of the reactive surface area on the mineralization trapping of CO2 was numerically simulated for CO2 storage in saline aquifers. Three kinds of minerals, including anorthite, calcite and kaolinite, are involved in the mineral reactions. This paper models the relationship between the specific surface area and the grain diameter of anorthite based on experimental data from literature （Brantley and Mellott, 2000）. When the reactive surface areas of anorthite and calcite decrease from 838 to 83.8 m^2/m^3, the percentage of mineralization trapping of CO： after 500 years decreases from 11.8% to 0.65%. The amount of dissolved anorthite and the amounts of precipitated kaolinite and calcite decrease significantly when the reactive surface areas ofanorthite and calcite decrease from 838 to 83.8 m2/m3. Calcite is initially dissolved in the brine and then precipitates during the geochemical reactions between CO2-H20 and the minerals. Different reactive surface areas of anorthite and calcite lead to different times from dissolution to precipitation. The pH of the brine decreases with decreasing reactive surface areas of anorthite and calcite which influences the acidity of the saline aquifer. The gas saturation between the upper and lower parts of the saline aquifer increases with decreasing reactive surface areas of anorthite and calcite. The mass density distribution of brine solution shows that the CO2^＋brine solution region increases with decreasing reactive surface areas ofanorthite and calcite.

关键词： Reactive surface area, mineralization trapping, dissolution precipitation, brine mass density,CO2 geological storage

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Theoretical and experimental study of the thermal conductivity of nanoporous media

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2012年第8期55卷 2140-2147页

作者： jiang peixue XIANG Heng XU RuiNa Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education Beijing 100084China Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology Beijing 100084China Department of Thermal Engineering Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

The nanoparticle thermal conductivity and nanoscale thermal contact resistance were investigated by molecular dynamics(MD) simulations to further understand nanoscale porous media thermal *** porous media thermal conductivity models were then revised for nanoporous *** effective thermal conductivities of two packed beds with nanoscale nickel particles and a packed bed with microscale nickel particles were then measured using the Hot *** measured results show that the nano/microscale porous media thermal conductivities were much less than the thermal conductivities of the solid *** of the measured and calculated results shows that the revised combined parallel-series model and the revised Hsu-Cheng model can accurately predict the effective thermal conductivities of micro-and nanoparticle packed beds.

关键词： thermal conductivity nanoparticle nanoporous media molecular dynamics(MD) simulation contact resistance

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Pore-scale visualization on a depressurization-induced CO2 exsolution

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Science Bulletin 2017年第11期62卷 795-803页

作者： Ruina Xu Rong Li Feng Huang peixue jiang Key Laboratory for CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology of Beijing Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education Department of Thermal Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China

The pore-scale behavior of the exsolved CO_2 phase during the depressurization process in CO_2 geological storage was *** reservoir pressure decreases when the injection stops or when a leaking event or fluid extraction *** exsolution characteristics of CO_2 affect the migration and fate of CO_2 in the storage site ***,a micromodel experimental system that can accommodate a large pressure variation provides a physical model with homogeneous porous media to dynamically visualize the nucleation and growth of exsolved CO_2 *** pressure decreased from 9.85 to 3.95 MPa at different temperatures and depressurization rates,and the behavior of CO_2 bubbles was *** the pore-scale,the nuclei became observable when the CO_2 phase density was significantly reduced,and the pressure corresponding to this observation was slightly lower than that of the severe expansion pressure *** lower temperature and faster depressurization rate produced more CO_2 *** exsolved CO_2 bubble preferentially grew into the pore body instead of the *** progress of smaller CO_2 bubbles merging into a larger CO_2 bubble was first captured,which validated the existence of the Ostwald ripening *** dispersed CO_2 phase after exsolution shows similarity with the residually trapped CO_*** observation is consistent with the low mobility and high residual trapping ratio of exsolved CO_2 measured in the core-scale measurement,which is considered to be a self-sealing mechanism during depressurization process in CO_2 geological storage.

关键词： Depressurization process CO2 exsolution Ostwald ripening CO2 geological storage

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A numerical study of segmented cooling-stream injection in supersonic film cooling

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2022年第6期35卷 156-171页

作者： Hang NI Mingjun WANG peixue jiang Wei PENG Yinhai ZHU Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy TechnologyKey Laboratory of Advanced Reactor Engineering and Safety of Ministry of EducationTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China School of Nuclear Science and Technology Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710049China Department of Energy and Power Engineering Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of EducationTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Tsinghua University-Zhang Jiagang Joint Institute for Hydrogen Energy and Lithium-Ion Battery Technology Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

The present study proposes a segmented cooling-stream injection structure based on a certain coolant mass flow rate,and numerically investigates the effect of segmented cooling-stream injection on supersonic film *** results indicate that without shock-wave impingement and with helium as the coolant,segmented cooling-stream injection can reduce the mixing between the mainstream and the cooling stream to produce better cooling performance than single injection,especially at larger coolant Mach ***,with nitrogen as the coolant,the cooling effect of the segmented-injection system is very close to that of the single-injection *** at the impinging region is enhanced significantly when there is an incident shock *** the shock wave impinges between the two coolant inlets,segmented cooling-stream injection improves film cooling effectiveness in the midstream and downstream regions more than single injection because only part of the cooling stream undergoes the enhanced mixing effect of the shock *** advantage of segmented injection is reduced when the impinging region is behind the second coolant *** further downstream the impinging region,the smaller the associated advantage.

关键词： Film cooling Mach number Segmented injection Shock wave Supersonic flow

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Review on active thermal protection and its heat transfer for airbreathing hypersonic vehicles

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2018年第10期31卷 1929-1953页

作者： Yinhai ZHU Wei PENG Ruina XU peixue jiang Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education Department of Energy and Power Engineering Tsinghua University Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy TechnologyKey Laboratory of Advanced Reactor Engineering and Safety of Ministry of Education Tsinghua University

Hypersonic vehicles with turbojet, ramjet, and scramjet engines are expected to be widely applied to future transportation systems. Due to high-speed flight in the atmosphere, body outer surfaces suffer strong aerodynamic heating, and on the other hand, combustion chamber inter walls are under extremely high temperature and heat flux. Therefore, more efficient and stable active cooling technologies are required in hypersonic vehicles, such as regenerative cooling, film cooling, and transpiration cooling, as well as their combinations. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on three active cooling methods, i.e., regenerative cooling, film cooling, and transpiration cooling, and deeply analyzes the mechanism of each cooling method, including the fluids flow, heat transfer, and thermal cracking characteristics of different hydrocarbon fuels in regenerative cooling,the heat transfer and flow mechanism of film cooling under supersonic mainstream conditions, and the heat transfer and flow mechanism of transpiration cooling.

关键词： Film cooling Hypersonic vehicle Regenerative cooling Thermal protection Transpiration cooling

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Influence of shock wave impinging region on supersonic film cooling

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2021年第5期34卷 452-465页

作者： Xiaokai SUN Hang NI Wei PENG peixue jiang Yinhai ZHU Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy TechnologyKey Laboratory of Advanced Reactor Engineering and Safety of Ministry of EducationTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China China Institute of Nuclear Industry Strategy 100048China Department of Energy and Power Engineering Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of EducationTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

Shock waves can significantly affect the film cooling for supersonic flow and shock waves may have different influence when impinging in different *** present study numerically compared the results of shock wave impinging in three different regions and analyzed the effect of impinging *** shock wave generators were located at x/s=5,25,45 with 4°,7°and 10°shock wave *** mainstream Mach number was 3.2 and the coolant Mach number was 1.2 or *** numerical results illustrated that the shock wave impinged in the further upstream region led to a larger high-pressure region and a larger vortex in the boundary ***,placing the shock wave generator upstream resulted in the lower mass fraction of coolant in the downstream *** velocity in the upstream part of the cooling layer was lower than the midstream and downstream part,which resulted in the less ability to resist the shock wave ***,the upstream impingement deteriorated the cooling performance to a greater *** study also manifested that the stronger shock wave had a larger effect on supersonic film *** the coolant inlet Mach number can increase the blowing ratio and reduce the mixing,which was of benefit to improve cooling effect.

关键词： Film cooling Impinging region Mach number Shock wave Supersonic flow

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